Q. What is the product of 354783293 multiplied by 5423957? A. (1 minutes) 1924329325550401.

Q. What is the product of 6529710840352 divided by 98? A. (instantaneously) 66629710840352.

Q. 684028396281753, divide by 6541325. A. (2 minutes)

104570312

138353 6541325

Q. Divide 423339075240048565 by 708346795. A. (after five minutes) 597643807.

Q. Tell the square root of 582169. A. (immediately) 763.

Q. What is the cubic root of 318611987? A. 683.

Q. Tell the 19th root of 7093585369945932256195429028464404423 A. (after three minutes) 87.

Q. The steeple of the Nicolay Church being 180 feet high, how many such steeples must be towered upon each other before the last reaches the moon, assuming the distance to be 50,000 German miles? A. (immediately) 6666666 and two-thirds.

Q. What time would a snail require to perform this journey, assuming that it covers two inches and three-sevenths in a minute? A. (after a few minutes) 5929411764 1 minutes; 988235297 hours; 4117647 days; or, 11281 years and 82 days.

17

17

At the end of his representations, Dase gave some specimens of what he calls his "surveying glance." Thus, he mentioned at once the number of a handful of peas or beans, the number of books on the shelves, or the pieces in a bundle of firewood without a moment's hesitation. If ever he commits an error, he instantly corrected it. Thus, he estimated the number of a handful of peas to be 242, but he immediately corrected it by saying that he had probably counted two peas twice.

The most difficult tasks which Dase performed were the extraction of the 52nd root of a number of 97 ciphers, and the multiplication of two sums, each consisting of 100 ciphers, which he accomplished at Munich, in 8 hours.

He stated that during this calculation, the conversation of the spectators rather entertained him, and that neither noise nor loud conversation disturbed him in the least.

On my questioning him how far he thought he might go in multiplication of sums, he replied that he could not tell, but he had no hesitation in saying that he could undertake the multiplication of sums of 300 ciphers, and might probably require 100 hours mentally to accomplish the task.

From the experiments it resulted that he solved the multiplication of 8 ciphers in of a minute; 12 in 2 minutes; 20 in 6-8 minutes; 40 in 40 minutes; 60 in 3 hours; 100 in 8 hours.

Zacharias Dase, the son of a publican, was born at Hamburg, June 23, 1824. He was sent to an infant school at the age of two and a-half years, and entered a popular school in his sixth year. Up to his fifteenth year he received instruction in reading, arithmetic, writing, geography, history, and the German language. He was always the first in arithmetic, nor was there any book published on

this subject in Hamburg which he had not studied through. He says of himself:-" Originally I occupied myself more with written than with mental calculation, and I am therefore justified in asserting that, though my calculating capacity may be innate, it has been developed by undeviating industry. My mind never becomes fatigued by calculations. I may continue them for the whole day and am as fresh to begin again in the evening." From his early childhood Dase suffered from a spasmodic affection of the stomach, and epileptic attacks. Speaking of his moral character, he says:- "I am not passionate nor sensual; I am indifferent to the fair sex; I avoid spirituous liquors; I am good natured, tolerant, companionable, a man of peace, and make no distinction in my intercourse with my fellow beings, whether they be of high rank or not; I am fond of children, and am rather economical." With regard to his mental faculties, he complains that he could make no great progress in mathematics, that he had no memory for form and space. Nor did he make much progress in the highest branches of arithmetic, his great skill being limited to the extraction of roots, the calculation of factors and logarithms. He could give no exact account of the process by which he arrived at his results; but he seems to proceed in his mental calculations as if he were performing them on paper or a slate. In multiplying, all the numbers are plainly visible to him; he multiplies the multiplicands successively with the multiplicator, placing the sums mentally beneath each other. He further states that besides this capacity for number, he possesses order and locality in an eminent degree, so that in large towns he soon finds his way. He complains of possessing neither the faculty of ambition nor wit, but, on the other hand, much patience.

Man and the Gorilla.-As the work by Professor OWEN (Catalogue of the Osteological Collection in the College of Surgeons. 4to. Lond. 1853) may not be accessible to all our readers, we make no excuse for reprinting the following excerpt, in the present state of our knowledge of the subject :

"The chief differences which the cranium and teeth of the Tr. gorilla present, as compared with those parts of the human structure, may be summed up as follows:-1. The smaller proportionate size of the cranium; 2. The more backward position of the foramen magnum, and its more oblique plane in relation to the base of the skull, 3. The smaller relative size, and more backward position of the occipital condyles; 4. The longer basioccipital, and broader, flatter, and lower superoccipital; 5. The longer basisphenoid, and shorter alisphenoids; 6. The smaller size of the coalesced parietals; and their separation from the alisphenoids; 7. The conversion of a greater part of the outer surface of the parietals into concavities or depressions for the lodgment of the temporal muscles, by reason of the bony crest developed from the line of the obliterated sagittal suture and of the lambdoidal crest; 8. The larger proportion of this crest and of the squamosal plate developed from the mastoid, and the smaller size of the proper mastoid process; 9. The smaller size of the vaginal

and styliform processses, and the absence of the styloid process, arising from the non-anchylosis of the stylohyal bone; 10. The larger post glenoid process and the longer auditory process (tympanic bone,) with their relative position, one behind, but not below the other; 11. The position of the stronger zygomata opposite the middle third of the basis cranii; 12. The prominent superorbital ridge; 13. The longer nasal bones, anchylosed together, and flattened at their lower half; 14. The greater proportional size, and greater prominence of the upper and lower jaws; 15. The longer osseous palate, and the median emargination of its posterior border; 16. The parallelism of the alveoli of the molars and canine of one side with those of the other; 17. The diastema or vacant place in front of the socket of the canine in the upper jaw, and behind that socket in the lower jaw; 18. The large and more produced premaxillaries; the persistence of more or less of their sutures, showing the intervention of their upper extremities between the nasal and maxillary bones; 19. The minor extent of the connexion of the lacrymal with the "pars plana" of the æthmoid, or their separation by the junction of the orbital plate of the maxillary with that of the frontal behind the lacrymal; 20. The greater depth of the rhinencephalic fossa, and the absence or rudimental state of the crista galli; 21. The squamosal, lambdoidal, alisphenoidal, and pterygoid air-cells; 22. The more prominent cusps of the molar teeth; 23. The larger relative size, and more complex grinding surface, of the last molar tooth in both jaws : 24. The larger relative size of the premolars, especially of the first; 25. The more complex implantation of the premolars by three roots, two external, and one internal; 26. The much larger and longer canines; 27. The sexual distinction in the development of these teeth; 28. The more sloping position of the crowns of the incisors; 29. The broader and higher ascending ramus of the lower jaw; 30. The total absence of the prominence of the symphysis forming the chin."

Extracts from "Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie", by Drs. Lazarus and Steinthal. Berlin, 1859. (Journal for National Psychology.)-Introduction. . . . . . Anthropological-physiological and climatal conditions, however much they may contribute towards the explanation of a national character, can never sufficiently explain the psychical state of a nation. . . .

...

Ethnology, as it has been hitherto treated, may be termed a chapter of zoology, for its object is, properly speaking, man considered as an animal, a natural product, independent of his mental development, merely according to his physical structure and his diversities as they are found conditioned by soil and climate. There are also taken into consideration the descent and relations of nations, their intermixture and migrations.

But man is by nature more than an animal. Man is a spiritual animal, with innate mental dispositions, inclinations, feelings, independent of his spiritual development in history. Man must also be considered in this aspect. Ethnology would, thus treated, not actually

abandon zoology; we would only add psychical ethnology to physical ethnology. Its object is to fathom the specific mental activity of the various minds, in as far as they form the psychical nature of nations. . . .

Franklin's definition, "Man is a tool-making animal," is, both theoretically and practically, important. New forces are imparted beyond those given by nature, whilst animals are confined to them. And the instrument and its products re-act on the mind, stimulating its inventive powers. Not less important is it that man can invent spiritual instruments. Rules, laws, and schemes are formed to arrange the perceptions. . . .

The metaphysical dispute, whether the history of the human species commences with a gradual progress or decay, does not concern us. Science cannot take into account the mythical suppositions of a destroyed antediluvian civilization; it must attempt to elucidate the development of humanity from historical facts, and the mental condition of mankind as it manifests itself at present.

To the Editor of the "Anthropological Review."-Sir,-At page 186 in the report of the discussion before the Anthropological Society* it is stated, that Mr. Bollaert mentioned a case of a number of Negroes being kidnapped and carried to Easter Island, where they rapidly died out of dysentery and measles.

What I said was, that a number of the aboriginal (say Polynesian) inhabitants of Easter Island (between 75° 5' and 75° 12' south latitude, and between 109° and 110° west longitude) had been kidnapped and taken to Peru, with the intention of making labourers of them. They could, or they would not, be taught to work. The Indian generally is not a working individual, and, consequent on the change of climate and food, many had died of dysentery and measles.

I may add, that kidnapping of natives from some of the Polynesian islands had been perpetrated, and they had been taken to Peru as labourers. However, the native and French authorities in those seas put a stop at once to this nefarious proceeding, as did also the Peruvian government.

At page 191 of same report the following may be added to my observations relative to Jewish blood in New Granada :-Not long after the discovery of America, some two hundred Jewish families having had Romanism thrust upon them in Spain, emigrated to Antioquia, in the interior of New Granada. Here Spaniards, Israelites, and Criollos mixed freely, producing, according to Samper, a New Granadian writer, "the most beautiful and energetic Mestizo-European race known in Spanish America. At present the state of Antioquia contains more than 300,000 inhabitants of these 250,000 correspond to this mixed race, in which figures the Jewish element."

London, May 2, 1863.

W. BOLLAERT.

* We insert Mr. Bollaert's note, but take the opportunity of observing that we do not hold ourselves in any way responsible for the contents of the Journal of the Society, just as the Anthropological Society is in no way responsible for the contents of the Review. ED.

INDEX TO VOLUME I.