erous King without fear for himself thought | Come, receive it, Boabdil, come, take the of his subjects only-for them he shed pious sceptre you so much desire. You will often tears-for them alone he invoked the eter-find it too heavy for your strength. Apnal Being. Oh Allah!' exclaimed he, ex-proach, my son, approach and fear not. Look tending his tremulous hands towards Heaven, upon these gray hairs and tell me, do you 'break my sceptre, but save my people-think that for the few sands which remain pardon their fury! They are deceived-they to me of life I would permit the murder of are led headlong into crime! Punish them my vassals. Ah! Boabdil, Boabdil! you not, merciful God.' have never known my heart; a thousand "Almanzor prepared to defend us; he col-times you have filled it with bitterness, but lected the scattered guards-placed arms in your father will forgive you, if you will renthe hands of the slaves-caused the gates der your subjects happy, and if by your jus of the Alhambra to be closed-stationed tice and benevolence they never have reaarchers in the towers and presented himself son to repent for what this day they do for on a platform, with his lance at his side. you.' The old man ceased, and then exThe Zegris trembled at the sight. Soon the tended to his son the crown and the sceptre. brave Abencerrages arrived, armed in bril- Boabdil, stupified by the recollection of his liant steel, burning with fury and indignation. crimes, remained motionless and dared not The Almorades and the Alabaces, tribes raise his eyes to his father's face. He had faithful to their King, came to defend him or not the power to take one step towards him. die, and disdaining to wait for the enemy be- Muley observed it, advanced and placed upon hind the walls of the palace, they placed his blushing brow that crown which had themselves before the gates. Almanzor went been the unhappy object of his desires. He among them and was received with accla- turned towards the two parties, who looked mations. Other acclamations were heard at on in astonishment, and said—" Abencerrathe same moment. The Zegris, the Vena-ges! salute the King of Granada, and you! gas and the Gomeles appeared, led by Boab- Zegris! swear peace towards your generous dil and followed by an infuriated multitude. enemies.' The presence of Almanzor detained them, "The people overwhelmed with joy, cried a profound silence succeeded the tumult and out, Long live King Boabdil! Long live no one dared approach the hero of Granada-the Abencerrages, the Zegris and Muleythe worthy object of their admiration; but Hassan! They conducted Boabdil in pomp by command of Boabdil, they formed in or- to the palace of the Alhambra. My father, der of battle and lowered their lances. The followed by Almanzor, Moraima and myself, trumpets on both sides were about to give retired to Albeyzin, the ancient habitation of the horrible signal, when the gates of the the first Kings of the Moors." Alhambra suddenly opened, and Muley- the crown, advanced between the armies End of Book Second. SONNET, THE SHADOW. It comes betwixt me and the amethyst Hold,' said he, and bring not down upon your heads the wrath of Heaven, by shedding the blood of your brothers-waste not that blood, every drop of which will be needed in warfare against the Spaniards. Abencerrages! Zegris! you are forging your own chains. Forget this fatal discord, reserve your valor, to employ it against a common enemy-you say that you have cause of offence. Is it not on my account? Learn It blurs the poet's line-it dims the page from me, how to revenge yourselves. Peo-Of holy teachings oft-and on the tongue ple of Granada, you are weary of my reign. From this moment it ceases. Since you deny me your love, I wish not your crown. Of you far mountain-tops; the amber sky The struggling prayer that inward strength would crave, BAILEY'S GRAMMAR. the name by which we designate some particular object. This object may have a variety of qualities and attendant circumstan MR. EDITOR:-The number of the Mes-ces, which, taken together, really constitute senger for March contains a communication the object itself. If we wish to direct atfrom a correspondent in La Grange, Tenn., tention to this object, without direct referin which the writer undertakes to point out ence to any one or more of its qualities, we various "imperfections" in Bailey's Manual. use the simple name or substantive noun; as Such an article appearing in such a periodi- rock. But when we would direct attention cal requires, at least, a brief reply. More es- to some quality of this simple noun, or to pecially is this the case, since most of the ob- some condition attending it, we add another jections urged may, I think, be clearly shown word which we call an adjective; as, hard to have no foundation in fact; while some rock. This then is the name of what we things pointed out as defects are real excel- wish to express-the rock with the quality lencies. In some cases the reviewer's ef- of hardness. Thus the adjective becomes forts at criticism involve himself in utter just as much a part of the name or noun, as absurdity. the quality implied in hard is a part of the Before taking up these objections, allow rock. On principles somewhat analogous to me to remark, that I look upon all such crit- this many of the best writers on Grammar icisms as extremely unjust. A fair and ho- make the adverb in some cases a part of the nest criticism, where it undertakes to dis-verb; as, Jack cut down the tree. Here the cuss either the general plan or the execution word down may be regarded as expressing of a work, will not deal solely with either the consummation of the action. I do not its excellencies or defects. To select and dwell upon what are regarded weak points in the character of either an individual or a book, without even alluding to the good Secs. 5 and 8. The tripartite classificaqualities which may be found therein, falls, tion of words has been adopted by some of in my opinion, but little short of slander; the most distinguished writers on the Gramwhile holding up the good qualities alone, mars of the Latin and Greek languages; but and concealing what may be defective (espe- so far as I know, Mr. Bailey has first introcially in a book) is calculated to mislead the duced it distinctly and prominently into a public mind and subject it to imposition. I text-book on our own grammar. This clasdo not pretend to accuse your correspondent sification is clear and gives the pupil, at the of intentionally injuring or attempting to in-very threshold of the science, a general view jure the rapidly advancing reputation of Bai- of the relation of words : ley's Grammar; for he gives us no clue to the motives which called forth this produc adopt this construction, because the modification of idea expressed by the adverb does not constitute a part of the action modified. 1. The noun-the subject of discourse, or the object of an action. icated. tion of his pen. We will, however, give 2. The verb-by which something is predhim the benefit of the best construction of which his conduct is susceptible, viz: a desire to enlighten the public in regard to the imminent dangers to which sound learning. is exposed, by the use of a text-book in which he has discovered so many imperfec 3. The particles-connecting other words. and showing their relations. tions. Here is the whole Grammar in a nut-shell. "Courtney" can see no better reason for calling these little words of the 3rd class, "particles," than for calling adjectives parNow let us see what " Courtney's" great ticles. The adjective has been shown to be array of "objections" amount to when fair- a part of the noun, is "capable of inflecly analyzed. Taking the sections criticised tion," and hence belongs to the first class. by number, as he has done, let us follow Dr. Webster defines Particle, "a word him. that is not varied or inflected." Prof. La Sec. 6. He objects to calling the Adjec-tham of London says, "The word particle tive a part of the Noun. Now the noun is is a collective term for all those parts of , speech that are naturally insusceptible of in- | mar is used to a considerable extent in the flection." Western States, has the same words in his 18. Courtney here objects to calling list of conjunctions. So of Murray and the article a form of the adjective. The others. When Mr. Bailey "sins," he seems term adjective" denotes a class of words, generally to have remarkably good company always found attached to substantive nouns, in the same category. expressed or understood. The article pre which words of 171. "As is used as a relative pronoun. sents one of the forms, in after such and so; as, the republic honors this class occur; hence it may with much such men as serve her faithfully."—Bailey. propriety be spoken of as a "form of the How could any one imagine that as in adjective." such constructions is a relative pronoun." 21. This section has been modified by" Courtney." the author in the later editions. Some very good grammarians-some quite 24. The Relative Pronouns are who, as profoundly versed in the philosophy of which, that and what," &c. The critic ob-language as either "Courtney" or myself, jects to calling which a relative pronoun. have "imagined" this very thing. Rev. F. He says "which is always an adjective." I Knighton in his "School Grammar," p. 216, say it is no more an adjective than who is. remarks: "As sometimes has the force of a Take the examples: "The horse which ran Relative," &c. Butler, page 113: “As is away”—“The servant who ran away." Are sometimes used as a pronoun." Old Noah not who and which in the same relation here? Webster, "than whom" we have no higher If Mr. Bailey errs in calling which a relative authority in such matter, says: "In some pronoun, he errs in the company of all dis- phrases it must be considered a nominative tinguished grammarians who have ever writ-word," (4to. Dictionary); i. e. as must be ten, except your La Grange correspondent. considered as the nominative to the verb, The author treats what in section 25, much filling thus the place of a noun-a pronoun. more satisfactorily than his critic. 33. The criticism on this section amounts to nothing. With all his independence of thought, Mr. Bailey is rather too modest not to yield a little to such an array of authority. Yet, af49. Any one after reading over connect- ter disposing of than in the same way, he edly what immediately precedes this section ventures a little lower down in the same seccannot fail to see the meaning intended here. tion, though modestly, to remark: "The elThe author is speaking of the forms of the lipsis may (not must) be supplied, so as to general meaning of the verb, as expressed bring back than and as to their original of under the different moods. From this his fice of conjunctions. But they have genedefinition of the Infinitive is easily filled out rally been rendered in such connections as by the mind of the reader. The Infinitive pronouns," &c. mood expresses an indefinite or general form 174. "The verb itself has no number nor [of meaning] without the distinction of num-person, but is varied in form to agree with ber or person. the number and person of the nominative 99 66 51 to 56. " Courtney" says, "tense means case."-Bailey. time, it does not express time." How can a On this "Courtney" remarks: "Number word mean what it does not express? "Pres- and person are modifications of certain words, ent tense,' Imperfect tense," &c., as used and if that modification of a noun or proin these sections, denote those forms of the noun, which denotes that it is the speaker, is verb which express distinctions of time. If properly called the first person, then that the forms of the verb do not express its re- modification of the verb which denotes that lations to time, pray of what use are the va- the speaker is the actor, is as properly called rieties of form in the different tenses? the first person, and when the actor and ac100. Mr. Bailey says, Both, either and tion both refer to the person spoken to, then neither are conjunctions." Mr. Bullions they are both properly of the second per says, "Both, either and neither, are some-son,' times conjunctions." Butler, whose Gram Booth in his "Analytical Dictionary." 230, (again.) In the tenth edition I find as (London Ed. p. 44,) has this remark: "The more extensive term is made up of two or verb is merely the name of an action or state more of less extent; as, Congress is comof being, and its variations in form are occa-posed of the Senate and House of Represensioned solely by its connection with other tatives. words, that denote the manner or circumstances under which that state of being ex- well as" omitted in the list of conjuncists or exerts its energies." Person is cer- tions; so that the objection, if it was an tainly not dependent on any modification of a objection, is removed. But I cannot leave a word, much less is it a modification; for this paragraph without calling attention to the same word may be in the first, second or Courtney's" analysis of the sentence; third person; as, I am a man, thou art a Cæsar, as well as Cicero, was remarkable man, he is a man. Here the noun man is in for his eloquence." I cannot copy the whole three different persons, but without any of his remarks but must refer you to the orimodification, except so far as its connection ginal, where you will find the whole matter with the pronouns is concerned. I, thou and about the phrase "as well as" most strikinghe represent the three persons, but modify ly "obfuscated." The conclusion at which either of them as you will, it is still of the he arrives is especially worthy of remark. same person. Person denotes that relation It is this; "Cæsar as well as Cicero was of the subject to the verb indicating that the remarkable for his eloquence," is nearly speaker asserts something of himself, asserts equivalent to, Cæsar was that well remarsomething of the person addressed, or asserts kable for his eloquence, which well Cicero Something of a third person about whom, was remarkable for his eloquence." A rebut not to whom he is speaking. While, markable paraphrase certainly! He has then, the distinction of person resides really said under section 24, that which is always in the subject, the verb is modified to suit an adjective; of course then well, in his parthis distinction. So it is of number. The aphrase must be a noun, for which certainly number of a verb, as it is called, does not de- does not belong to either " Cicero" or "elopend at all upon unity or plurality of action, quence." We can characterize this parabut upon unity or plurality of actor. "The phrase as nothing better than a specimen of horse draws the wagon"-"The horses draw grammatical nonsense. the wagon." The action is the same in both of 254 and 259. If any one will take the these examples but the number of actors is trouble to compare "Courtney's" rule, with different; hence the distinctions of number. the several observations referred to under 201. The verbs which terminate the ac- these sections, he will see at once that the tion on an object," &c. Mr. Bailey here" rule" does not cover the ground occupied uses an abridged and somewhat metaphori- by the observations. cal form of expression, but so plain that any 254 obs. 11. The distributive adjective child, capable of understanding grammar at pronouns require a singular verb." Certainly all, cannot fail to see his meaning. When they do for each, every, either require the he speaks of a verb "terminating" an ac- nouns following them to be in the singular tion on an object, any one can see that he number, and when these nouns become the does not regard the verb as the actor, but for subjects of verbs, the verbs must be of the the moment personifies the word expressing same number, so that the number of the the termination of the action. Such license subject is first determined by the distribuis certainly admissible where it leads to no tive, and the number of the verb necessariobscurity in the sense. The critic must ly follows. Knighton says, "each, every, have been rather "hard up" for an "ob-either and neither referring to nouns in the jection" when he came to this section. singular only, require the verbs to be in the 230. This section is somewhat obnoxious singular. to criticism, yet the cases are peculiar in As to the quotation from Rev. VI. 14. (not which words connected by conjunctions may VIII. 14.) "Courtney" misquotes both Bainot be shown to belong to distinct proposi-ley and the Bible, as any one may see, by ions. They are only cases in which some inspection. It might be well to compare the translation here with the original. Thesarily modify the sense of the whole clause? Greek reads thus : παν όρος και νησος εκ των τόπων αυ- How can while modify the verbs, govern Tav ekɩvnoncav. King James version is; "every and loves, in the above sentence without mountain and island were moved out of their modifying the whole sentence? I am sure places," you see at a glance that we have I cannot see how. here a literal translation. The construction 272. Rule 18. Read this rule, then read of the English version is not exactly in ac- the criticism, and I think you will draw the cordance with present usage; but the trans- same conclusions that I have drawn. The lators in this, as in some other cases endeav-relation between two words, as indicated ored to follow the original as closely as pos- by a preposition, is reciprocal. In the exsible. Mr. Bailey might with propriety, I ample, " my hand is on the book," on indithink, have embraced this under 373; 8. cates the relation of the book to the hand, as 256. "A noun meaning the same thing plainly as it does that of hand to the book. with another noun" is certainly quite as "I am writing with a pen." With certainly perspicuous and elegant, as a noun mean points out the relation of the pen to the act ing the same thing which another noun of writing. "Courtney's" explanation of means." But I can hardly consider either the office of the preposition is decidedly not of these a correct and full definition of clear-I was about to say decidedly "muddy." nouns in opposition. "Webster, the patriot 272, obs. 6. v. 273, obs. 5. "Than a prepand statesman is no more." While the three osition!!!" Here it will be perceived that nouns in this example are in apposition they the critic indulges freely in exclamation can scarcely be regarded as meaning the points, as if he had discovered a "mare'ssame thing. "One noun or pronoun an- nest." "Than requires the relative follownexed to another, for emphasis or definition is put by apposition in the same case." 265. This requires no remark. ing it to be in the objective case." Knighton's Gram. p. 208. "Than is sometimes followed by the objectives whom and which." Weld's 270. If the sentence criticised here be Eng. Gram. 188. See also Latham's Handtaken in its proper connection-the only fair book. pp. 357-8. "Than whom" has become way of viewing it-the meaning will be too fully incorporated into our language to readily seen. be set aside by any thing less than " 271." What an adverb," &c. Dr. Web-of Parliament," as an Englishman would ster says, "sometimes what has no verb to govern it, must be considered as adverbially used" &c., (4to. Dictionary.) Butler, p. 113. "What is used as an adverb; as what by entreaty, and what by threatening, I suc say. an act 273. What is said by the critic on this section is a mere repetition in substance of what had been previously said under sec. 171. 292. "Courtney" says: "In a direct comYou seem still to keep good com-parison of either the qualities or actions of pany, Mr. Bailey. things when either the positive or compara271 obs. 13. "Adverbs are often used for tive degree is used, the things compared beconnectives, qualifying the sentences they long to different propositions, and are in the connect; as, He governs his children strict-same case." ly, while he loves them tenderly"—Bailey. The exceptions to this are numerous. Take "In this sentence while is a conjunctive ad- the examples; "He is tall like me,”—“ She verb, it joins on a clause but it does not mod-sings like a nightingale,"-" William, unlike ify that clause. It relates to and modifies his brother, is wild and thoughtless." Are the verbs, governs and loves, denoting that me, nightingale and brother in the same. both verbs relate to the same point or por- cases as He, She and William ? tion of time"-Courtney. Here we have 293. “To construe an elliptical sentence, a specimen of "distinction without differ- we must take the text precisely as it stands, ence." What is the difference between without dropping or altering any word in it. "adverbs used for connectives," and "con- and without substituting one word for anjunctive adverbs?" If an adverb modifies other; then supply the ellipsis so as to make the only verb in a clause does it not neces- the construction regular, and at the same |