and vocative, are like in both numbers, and in the plural end always in a.

The ablative is englished with these figns, in, with, of, for, from, by, and fuch like, as de libro of or from the book, pro libro for the book; and the ablative plural is always like the dative.

Note, that fome nouns have but one ending through out all cafes, as frugi, nequam, nihil; and all words of number from three to a hundred, as quatuor four, quinque five, &c.

Some have but one, fome two, fome three cafes only, in the fingular or plural, as ufe will beft teach.

Of a Noun.

A Noun is the name of a thing, as manus a hand, domus a house, bonus good, pulcher fair.

Nouns be fubftantives or adjectives.

A noun fubftantive is understood by itself, as homo a man, domus a house.

An adjective, to be well understood, requireth a fubftantive to be joined with it, as bonus good, parvus little, which cannot be well understood unless fomething good or little be either named, as bonus vir, a good man, parvus puer a little boy; or by ufe understood, as honeftum an honeft thing, boni good men.

The Declining of Subftantives.

NOUNS fubftantives have five declenfions or forms of ending their cafes, chiefly diftinguished by the different ending of their genitive fingular.

The firft Declenfion.

THE first is when the genitive and dative fingular end in æ, &c., as in the example following.

Singular.

No. Voc. Abl. mufa

Gen. Dat. mufæ

Acc. mufam.

Plural.

This one word familia joined with pater, mater, filius,

or

or filia, endeth the genitive in as, as pater familias, but fometimes familiæ. Dea, mula, equa, liberta, make the dative and ablative plural in abus; filia and nata in is or abus.

The firft declenfion endeth always in a, unlefs in fome words derived of the Greek: and is always of the feminine gender, except in names attributed to men, according to the general rule, or to ftars, as cometa, planeta.

Nouns, and especially proper names derived of the Greek, have here three endings, as, es, e, and are declined in fome of their cafes after the Greek form. Æneas, acc. Ænean, voc. Enca; Anchifes, acc. Anchifen, voc. Anchife, or Anchifa, abl. Anchife. Penelope, Penelopes, Penelopen, voc. abl. Penelope. Sometimes following the Latin, as Marfya, Philocteta, for as and es; Philoctetam, Eriphylam, for an and en. Cic.

The fecond Declenfion.

THE fecond is when the genitive fingular endeth in i, the dative in o, &c.

Note, that when the nominative endeth in us, the vocative fhall end in e, as dominus ò domine, except deus ô deus. And thefe following, agnus, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, fluvius, e or us.

When the nominative endeth in ius, if it be the proper name of a man, the vocative fhall end in i, as Georgius Georgi; hereto add filius ô fili, and genius ò geni.

All nouns of the fecond declenfion are of the mafculine or neuter gender; of the mafculine, fuch as end in er, or, or us, except fome few, humus, domus, alvus, and others derived of the Greek, as methodus, antidotus, and the like, which are of the feminine, and fome of them fometimes alfo mafculine, as atomus, phafelus; to which add ficus the name of a difeafe, groflus, pampinus, and rubus.

Thofe

Thofe of the neuter, except virus, pelagus, and vulgus (which laft is fometimes mafculine) end all in um, and are declined as followeth:

Sing.

No. Ac. Vo. ftudium

Gen. ftudii

Dat. Abl. ftudio.

Plur.

No. Ac. Voc. ftudia

Gen. ftudiorum

Dat. Abl. ftudiis.

Some nouns in this declenfion are of the firft example fingular, of the fecond plural, as Pergamus the city Troy, plur. hæc Pergama; and fome names of hills, as Mænalus, Ifimarus, hæc Ifmara; fo alfo Tartarus, and the lake Avernus; others are of both, as fibilus, jocus, locus, hi loci, or hæc loca. Some are of the fecond example fingular, of the first plural, as Argos, cœlum, plur. hi cœli; others of both, as raftrum, capiftrum, filum, frænum ; plur. fræni or fræna. Nundinum, & epulum, are of the firft declenfion plural, nundinæ, epule; balneum of both, balne or balnea.

Greek proper names have here three endings, os, on, and us long from a Greek diphthong. Hæc Delos, hanc Delon. Hoc Ilion. The reft regular, Hic Panthus, Panthu, Virg.

The third Declenfion.

THE third is when the genitive fingular endeth in is, the dative in i, the accufative in em, the ablative in e, and fometimes in i; the Nom. Acc. Voc. plural in es, the genitive in um, and fometimes in ium, &c.

Plur.

| Nom. Acc. Voc. panes

Gen. panum

Dat. Abl. panibus.

Plur.

Abl. pane.

Sing.

Nom. Voc. parens

No. Ac. Voc. parentes

Gen. parentis

Gen, parentum

Dat. parenti

Dat. Abl. parentibus.

Acc. parentem

Abl. parente.

This third declenfion, with many endings, hath all

genders,

genders, best known by dividing all nouns hereto belonging into fuch as either increase one fyllable long or fhort in the genitive, or increase not at all.

Such as increase not in the genitive are generally feminine, ás nubes nubis, caro carnis.

Except fuch as end in er, as hic venter ventris, and thefe in is following, natalis, aqualis, lienis, orbis, callis, caulis, collis, follis, menfis, enfis, fuftis, funis, panis, penis, crinis, ignis, caffis, fafcis, torris, pifcis, unguis, vermis, vectis, poftis, axis, and the compounds of affis, as centuffis.

But canalis, finis, clunis, reftis, fentis, amnis, corbis, linter, torquis, anguis, hic or hæc: to thefe add vepres. Such as end in e are neuters, as mare, rete, and two Greek in es, as hippomanes, cacoëthes.

Nouns increafing long.

NOUNS increafing one fyllable long in the genitive are generally feminine, as hæc pietas pietatis, virtus virtutis. Except fuch as end in ans mafculine, as dodrans, quadrans, fextans; in ens, as oriens, torrens, bidens, a pickaxe.

In or, moft commonly derived of verbs, as pallor, clamor; in o, not thence derived, as ternio, fenio, fermo, temo, and the like.

And thefe of one fyllable, fal, fol, ren, fplen, as, bes, pes, mos, flos, ros, dens, mons, pons, fons, grex.

And words derived from the Greek in en, as lichen; in er, as crater; in as, as adamas; in es, as lebes; to thefe, hydrops, thorax, phoenix.

But fcrobs, rudens, ftirps, the body or root of a tree, and calx a heel, hic or hæc.

Neuter, thefe of one fyllable, mel, fel, lac, far, ver, cor, æs, vas vafis, os offis, os oris, rus, thus, jus, crus, pus. And of more fyllables in al and ar, as capital, laquear, but halec hoc or hæc.

Nouns increafing fhort.

NOUNS increafing fhort in the genitive are generally masculine, as hic fanguis fanguinis, lapis lapidis.

Except,

Except, feminine all words of many fyllables ending in do or go, as dulcedo, compago; arbor, hyems, cufpis, pecus pecudis: Thefe in ex, forfex, carex, tomex, fupellex: In ix, appendix, hiftrix, coxendix, filix; Greek nouns, in as and is, as lampas, iaspis: To these add chlamys, bacchar, findon, icon.

But margo, cinis, pulvis, adeps, forceps, pumex, ramex, imbrex, obex, filex, cortex, onyx, and fardonyx, hic or hæc.

Neuters are all ending in a, as problema; in en, except hic pecten; in ar, as jubar; in er thefe, verber, iter, uber, cadaver, zinziber, lafer, cicer, fifer, piper, papaver, fometimes in ur, except hic furfur, in us, as onus, in ut, as caput; to thefe marmor, æquor, ador.

Greek proper names here end in as, an, is, and ens, and may be declined fome wholly after the Greek form, as Pallas, Pallados, Palladi, Pallada; others in fome cafes, as Atlas, acc. Atlanta, voc. Atla. Garamas, plur. Garamantes, acc. Garamantas. Pan, Panos, Pana. Phyllis, Phyllidos, voc. Phylli, plur. Phyllides, acc. Phyllidas. Tethys, Tethyos, acc. Tethyn, voc. Tethy. Neapolis Neapolios, acc. Neapolin. Paris, Paridos or Parios, acc. Parida, or Parin. Orpheus, Orpheos, Orphei, Orphea, Orpheu. But names in eus borrow fometimes their genitive of the fecond declenfion, as Erechtheus, Erechthei. Cic. Achilles or Achilleus, Achillei; and fometimes their accufative in on or um, as Orpheus Orpheon, Thefeus Thefeum, Perfeus Perfeum, which fometimes is formed after Greek words of the firft declenfion; Latin,' Perfeus or Perfes, Perfæ Perfæ Perfen Perfæ Perfa.

The fourth Declenfion.

THE fourth is when the genitive fingular endeth in us, the dative fingular in ui, and fometimes in u, plural in ibus, and fometimes in ubus.