The other colossus of Rome was equal to that of Juno at Argos. So he dedicated the city to the province; and the haven to the sailors there: but the honor of the building he ascribed to * Cæsar, and named it Cæsarea accordingly.

He also built the other edifices, the amphitheatre, theatre, and market-place, in a manner agreeable to that denomination: and appointed games every fifth year: and called them in like manner, Cæsar's games; and he first himself proposed the largest prizes upon the hundred and ninety-second olympiad. In which not only the victors but those that came next to them, and even those that came in the third place, were partakers of his royal bounty. He also rebuilt Anthedon; a city that lay on the coast, and had been demolished in the wars, and named it Agrippeum. Moreover he had so great a kindness for his friend Agrippa, that he had his name engraved upon that gate which he had himself erected in the temple.t

Herod was also a lover of his father, if any other person ever were so. For he made a monument for his father; even that city which he built in the finest plain that was in his kingdom, and which had rivers. and trees in abundance, and named it, Antipatris. He also built a wall about a citadel that lay above Jericho; and it was a very strong, and very fine building; and dedicated it to his mother, and called it Cypros. Moreover, he dedicated a tower that was at Jerusalem, and called it by the name of his brother Phasaelus the structure, largeness, and magnificence of which we shall describe hereafter. He also built another city in the valley, that leads northward from Jericho; and named it Phasaelis.

And as he transmitted to posterity the names of his family and his friends, so did he not neglect a memorial for himself; but built a fortress upon a mountain towards Arabia, and named it from himself Herodium. And he called that hill that was of the shape of a woman's breast, and was sixty furlongs distant from Jerusalem, by the same name. He also bestowed much curious art upon it, and built round towers all about the top of it; and filled up the remaining space with most costly palaces round about; insomuch that not only the sight of the inner apartments was splendid; but great wealth was laid on the outward walls and roofs. Besides this, he brought a large quantity of water from a great distance, and at vast charges: and raised an ascent to it of two hundred steps, of the whitest marble. For the hill was itself moderately high, and entirely fac

titious. He also built other palaces about the foot of the bill, sufficient to receive the furniture that was put into them. Insomuch that on account of its containing all necessaries, the fortress might seem to be a city but by the bounds it had, a palace only.

And when he had built so much, he shewed the greatness of his soul to no small number of foreign cities. He built places for exercise at Tripoli, Damascus, and Ptolemais. He built a wall about Byhlus as also large rooms, and cloysters, temples, and market places at Berytus and Tyre: with theatres at Sidon, and Damascus. He also built aqueducts for those Laodiceans who lived by the sea side: and for those of Ascalon he built haths, and costly fountains; as also cloysters round a court; that were ade mirable, both for their workmanship, and largeness. Moreover, he dedicated groves and meadows to some people. Nay, not a few cities there were which had lands of his donation; as if they were parts of his own kingdom. He also bestowed annual revenues, and those for ever, on the settlements for exercises; and appointed for them, as well as for the people of Cos, that such rewards should never be wanting. He also gave corn to all such as wanted it and conferred upon Rhodes large sums of money for building ships and this he did in many places, and frequently also. And when Apollo's temple had been burnt down, he rebuilt it at his own charges, after a better manner than it was before. What need I speak of the presents he made to the Lycians and Samians? or of his great liberality through all Ionia and that according to every body's wants of them. And are not the Athenians, and Lacædemonians, and Nicopolitans, and that Pergamus which is in Mysia, full of donations that Herod presented them withal? And as for that large open place belonging to Antioch in Syria, did not he pave it with polished marble; though it were twenty furlongs long? and this when it was shunned by all men before, because it was full of dirt and filthiness? when he besides adorned the same place with a cloyster of the same length.

It is true, a man may say these were favors peculiar to those particular places, on which he bestowed his benefits. But then, what favors he bestowed on the Eleans was a donation not only in common to all Greece, but to all the habitable earth: as far as the glory of the olympic games reached. For when he perceived that they were come to nothing, for want of money; and that the only remains of ancient Greece were in a manner gone; he not only became

one of the combatants in that return of the fifth year games, which in his sailing to Rome he happened to be present at, but he settled upon them revenues in money for perpetuity. Insomuch, that his memorial, as a combatant there, can never fail. It would be an infinite task if I should go over his payments of people's debts, or tributes for them: as he eased the people of Phasaelis, of Batanea, and of the small cities about Cilicia, of those annual pensions they before paid. However, the fear he was in much disturbed the greatness of his soul; lest he should be exposed to envy ; or seem to hunt after greater things than he ought: while he bestowed more liberal gifts upon these cities, than did their owners themselves.

Now Herod had a body suited to his soul: and was a most excellent hunter: where he generally had good success, by means of his great skill in riding. For in one day he caught forty wild beasts. *That country breeds also bears; and the greatest part of it is replenished with stags, and wild asses. He was also such a warrior as could not be withstood. Many men therefore have stood amazed at his readiness in his exercises: when they saw him throw the javelin directly forward, and shoot the arrow upon the mark. And then, besides these performances of his; depending on his own strength of mind and body; fortune was also very favorable to him. For he seldom failed of success in his wars and when he failed he was not himself the occasion of such failings but he either was betrayed by some; or the rashness of his own soldiers occasioned his defeat.

CHAP. XXII.

Of the murder of Aristobulus, and Hyrcanus, the High Priests; and of Mariamne the Queen. FORTUNE, however, was avenged on Herod in

his external great successes, by raising him up domestic troubles: and he began to have wild disorders in his family, on account of his wife, of whom he was so very fond. For when he came to the government, he sent away her whom he had before married, when he was a private person; and who was born at Jerusalem; whose name was Doris : and married Mariamne, the daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristobulus. On this account disturbances arose in his family: and that in part very soon 1; but chiefly after his return from Rome. For first of all he expelled Antipater, the son of Dóris,

*Here seems to be a small defect in the copies: which describe the wild beasts which were hunted in a certain country by Herod, without naming any such country.

These five children of Herod's by Mariamne are here at down by Spanheim, from Josephus, chap, 28, Antiq.

for the sake of his sons by Mariamne, out of the city: and permitted him to come thither at no other times, than at the festivals. After this he slew his wife's grandfather, Hyrcanus, when he was returned out of Parthia to him: under this pretence, that he suspected him of plotting against him. Now this Hyrcanus had been carried captive to Barzapharnes, when he overran Syria: but those of his own country beyond Euphrates were desirous he would staywith them and this out of the commiseration they had for his condition. And had he complied with their desires, when they exhorted him not to go over the river to Herod, he had not perished. But the marriage of his grand-daughter to Herod was his temptation. For as he relied upon him, and was overfond of his own country, he came back to it. Herod's provocation was this: not that Hyrcanus made any attempt to gain the kingdom: but that it was fitter for him to be their king than for Herod.

:

Now of the + five children which Herod had by Mariamne, two of them were daughters, and three were sons: and the youngest of those sons was educated at Rome, and there died; but the two eldest he treated as those of royal blood, on account of the nobility of their mother and because they were not born till he was king. But then, what was stronger than all this, was the love that he bare to Mariamne; and which inflamed him every day to a great degree: and so far conspired with the other motives, that he felt no other troubles, on account of her he loved so entirely. But Mariamne's hatred to him, was not inferior to his love to her. She had indeed but too just a cause of indignation, from what he had done; while her boldness proceeded from his affection to her. So she openly reproached him with what he had done to her grand-father Hyrcanus, and to her brother Aristobulus. For he had not spared this Aristobulus, though he were but a child. For when he had given hin the high-priesthood at the age of seventeen, he slew him quickly after he had conferred that dignity upon him. But when Aristobulus had put on the holy vestments, and had approached to the altar, at a festival, the multitude, in great crowds. fell into tears: whereupon the child was sent by night to Jericho, and was there dipped by the Gauls, at Herod's command, in a pool, till he was drowned.‡

For these reasons Mariamne reproached Herod, and his sister, and mother, after a most contumelious manner while he was dumb on account of his affection for her. Yet had the women great indignation at her, and asserted that she was false to his

1

bed; as thinking that calumny most likely to move Herod to anger. They also contrived to have many other circumstances believed, in order to make the thing more credible: and accused her of having sent her picture into Egypt to Antony; and that her lust was so extravagant, as to have thus shewn herself, though she was absent, to a man that ran mad after women; and to a man that had it in his power to use violence to her. This charge fell like a thun lerbolt upon Herod; and put him into disorder: and that especially, because his love to her occasioned him to be jealous and because he considered with himself. that Cleopatra was a shrewd woman: and That on her account Lysanias the king was taken off; as well as Malichus the Arabian: for his fear did not only extend to the dissolving of his marriage, but to the danger of his life.

When therefore he was about to take a journey abroad, he committed his wife to Joseph, his sister Salome's husband; as to one who would be faithful to him, and bare him good will on account of their kindred. He also gave him a secret injunction; that if Antony slew him, he would slay her. But Joseph, without any ill design, and only in order to demonstrate the king's love to his wife; how he could not bear to think of being separated from her, even by death itself, discovered this grand secret to her. Upon which, when Herod was come back, and as they talked together confirmed his love to her by many oaths; and assured her that he had never such an affection for any other woman as he had for her.

Yes, says she, thou didst, to be sure, demonstrate hy love to me by the injunctions thou gavest Joseph, when thou commandest him to kill me!"

When he heard tha this grand secret was discovered, he was like a distracted man; and said, that Joseph would never have disclosed that injunction of his, unless he had debauched her. His passion also made him stark mad and leaping out of his bed,' he ran about the palace after a wild manner. At which time his sister Salome took the opportunity also to blast her reputation; and confirmed his suspicion about Joseph. Whereupon, out of his ungovernable jealousy and rage, he commanded both of them to be slain immediately. But as soon as ever his passion was over he repented of what he had done; and as soon as his anger was worn off, his affections were kindled again. And indeed the flame of his desires for her was so ardent, that he could not think she was dead; but would appear under his disorders to speak to her as if she were still alive, till he were better instructed by time;

* Here is either a great defect, or a great mistake in Josephus's present copies, or memory. For Mariamne did not now reproach Herod with this his first injunction to Joseph to kill her, if he himself were slain by Antony, but

when his grief and trouble, now she was dead, appeared as great, as his affection had been for her while she was living.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the calumnies raised against the sons of Mariamne; their accusation before Casar, and He

rod's reconciliation to them.

NOW

TOW Mariamne's sons were heirs to that hatred which had been borne their mother. And when they considered the greatness of Herod's crime, towards her, they were suspicious of him as of an enemy of theirs: and this first while they were educated at Rome; but still more when they were returned to Judea. This temper of theirs increased upon them, as they grew up to be men. And when they were come to an age fit for marriage, the one of thein married their aunt Salome's daughter; which Salome had been the accuser of their mother. The other married the daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia. And now they used boldness in speak. ing as well as bore hatred in their minds. Now, those that calumniated them took a handle from such · their boldness: and certain of them spake now more plainly to the king, that there were treacherous designs laid against him by both his sons. And he that was son-in-law to Archelaus, relying upon his fatherin-law, was preparing to flee away, in order to accuse Herod before Cæsar. And when Herod's head had been long enough filled with these calumnies, he brought Antipater, whom he had by Doris, into favor again; as a defence to him against his other sons: and began all the ways he possibly could to prefer him before them. †

But these sons were not able to bear this changein their affairs. But when they saw him that was born of a mother of no family, the nobility of their birth made them unable to contain their indignation. But whenever they were uneasy, they shewed the anger they had at it. And as these sons did day after day increase in their anger, Antipater already exercised all his own abilities which were very great, in flattering his father and in contriving many sorts of calumnies against his brethren: while he told some stories of them himself, and put it upon other proper persons to raise other stories against them: till, at length, he entirely cut his brethren off from all hopes, of succeeding to the kingdom. For he was already. publicly put into his father's will as his successor. Accordingly he was sent with royal ornaments, and

that he had given the like command a second time to Soe". mus also when he was afraid of being slain by Augustus. Antiq. XV. 3, 5, &c.

† Antiq. XVI. 3.

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