the hour to go to sleep, the priest shut the doors of the temple; when in the holy part of it the lights were also put out. Then did Mundus leap out; and she was at his service all the night, as supposing he was the god. And when he was gone away, which was before those priests who knew nothing of this stratagem were stirring, Paulina came early to her husband, and told him how Anubis had appeared to her. Among her friends also she declared how great a value she put upon this favor. They partly disbelieved the thing, when they reflected on its nature; and partly were amazed at it, as having no pretence for not believing it, when they considered the modesty, and the dignity of the person. But on the third day after what had been done, Mundus met Paulina, and said, "Nay, Paulina, thou hast saved me two hundred thousand drachmæ; which sum thou mightest have added to thine own family. Yet hast thou not failed to be at my service in the manner I invited thee. As for the reproaches thou hast laid upon Mundus, I value not the business of names; but I rejoice in the pleasure I reaped by what I did, while I assume the name of Anubis." When he had said this, he went his way. now she began to come to the sense of the grossness of what she had done; and rent her garments, and told her husband of the horrid nature of this contrivance, and prayed him not to neglect to assist her in this case. So he discovered the fact to the emperor. Whereupon Tiberius enquired into the matter thoroughly, by examining the priests about it; and ordered them to be crucified; as well as Ide, who was the occasion of their perdition, and who had contrived the whole matter, which was so injurious to the woman. He also demolished the He also demolished the temple of Isis; and gave order that her statue should be thrown into the river Tiber. But he only banished Mundus; because he supposed that what crime he had committed was done out of the passion of love. These were the circumstances which concerned the temple of Isis, and the injuries occasioned by her priests. I now return to the relation of what happened about this time to the Jews at Rome.

But

*Of the banishment of these 4000 Jews into Sardinia by Tiberins, see Suetonius in Tiber. § 36. But as for "Mr. Reland's note here, which supposes that Jews could not, consistently with their laws, be soldiers; it is contradicted by one branch of the history before us; and contrary to innumerable instances of their fighting and proving excellent soldiers in war; and indeed many of the best of them, and even under heathen kings themselves did'so: those I mean who allowed them their rest on the sabbath day, and other solemn festivals, and let them live according to their own laws; as Alexander the Great, and the Ptolemies of Egypt did. It is true they could 'not always obtain those privileges: and then they got excused as well as they could; or sometimes absolutely

VOL. II.-NO. XXXV.

There was a man who was a Jew, but had been driven away from his own country by an access← tion laid against him for transgressing their laws, and by the fear he was under of punishment for the same; but in all respects a wicked man. He then living at Rome, professed to instract men in the wisdom of the laws of Moses. He procured also three other men, entirely of the same character with himself, to be his partners. These men persuaded Fulvia, a woman of great dignity, and one that had embraced the Jewish religion, to send purple and gold to the temple at Jerusalem. And when they had gotten them, they employed them for their own uses, and spent the money themselves: on which account it was that they at first required it of her. Hereupon Tiberius, who had been informed of the thing by Saturninus, the husband of Fulvia, who desired enquiry might be made about it; ordered all the Jews to be banished out of Rome. At which time the consuls enlisted four thousand men out of them, and sent them to the island Sardinia; but punished a greater number, who were unwilling to become soldiers; on account of keeping the laws of their forefathers. Thus were these Jews banished out of the city by the wicked. ness of four men.

*

CHAP. IV.

Of a tumult made by the Samaritans; the accu sations laid against Pilate; and what things were done by Vitelius relating to the Jews, and the Parthians.

BUT the nation of the Samaritans did not escape

without tumults. The man who excited them to it, was one who thought lying a thing of little consequence; and who contrived every thing so, that the multitude might be pleased. So he bade them to get together upon Mount Gerizzim; which is by them considered as the most holy of all mountains; and assured them, that when they were come thither, he would shew them those sacred vessels which were laid under that place; because + Moses

refused to fight: which seems to have been the case here, as to the major part of the Jews now banished; but nothing more. See several of the Roman decrees in their favor, as to such matters, XIV. 10,

+ Since Moses never came himself beyond Jordan, nor particularly to Mount Gerizzim; and since these Samari. tans have a tradition among them, related here by Dr. Hudson, from Reland, who was very skiltul in Jewish and Samaritan learning: that in the days of Uzzi or Ozis the high-priest, 1 Chr. vi. 6. the ark and other sacred vessels, were by God's command, laid up or hidden in mount Gerizzim; it is highly probable, that this was the foolish foundation the present Samaritans went upon, in' put

the sedition here described.

put them there. So they came thither armed, and thought the discourse of the man probable. And as they abode at a certain village, which was called Tirathaba, they got the rest together to them, and desired to go up the mountain in a great multitude. But Pilate prevented their going up, by seizing upon the roads, with a great band of horsemen and footmen; who fell upon those that were gotten together in the village; and when it came to an action, some of them they slew, and others they put to flight, and took a great many alive; the principal of which, and also the most potent of those that fied away, Pilate ordered to be slain.

When this tumult was appeased, the Samaritans sent an embassy to Vitelius; a man that had been consul, and who was now president of Syria; and accused Pilate of the murder of those that were killed for that they did not go to Tirathaba in order to revolt from the Romans, but to escape the violence of Pilate. So Vitelius sent Marcellus, a friend of his, to take care of the affairs of Judea; and ordered Pilate to go to Rome, to answer before the emperor to the accusations of the Samaritans. So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, has tened to Rome: and this in obedience to the orders of Vitelius, which he durst not contradict. But before he could get to Rome, Tiberius was dead.*

But Vitelius came into Judea, and went up to Jerusalem. It was at the time of that festival, which is called the passover. Vitelius was there magnificently received, and released the inhabitants of Jerusalem from all the taxes upon the fruits that were bought and sold and gave them leave to have the care of the high-priest's vestments, with all their ornaments; and to have them under the custody of the priests in the temple: which power they used to have formerly; although at this time they were laid up in the tower of Antonia; and that on the following occasion. There was one of the highpriests, named Hyrcanus; and as there were many of that name, he was the first of them. This man built a tower near the temple; and when he had so done, he generally dwelt in it; and had these vestments with him, because it was lawful for him alone to put them on: and he had them there deposited when he went down into the city, and took his ordinary garments. The same things were continued to be done by his sons, and by their sons after them. But when Herod came to be king, he

* March 16. A. D. 37.

This mention of the high-priest's sacred garments, received seven days before a festival, and purified in those seven days against a festival, as having been polluted by being in the custody of heathens, in Josephus, agrees well with the traditions of the talmudists; as Reland here observes. Nor is there any question but the three feasts here mentioned, were the passover, pentecost, and

rebuilt this tower, which was very conveniently situated, in a magnificent manner; and because he was a friend to Antonius, he called it by the name of Antonia. And as he found these vestiments lying there, he retained them in the same place as believing that while he had them in his custody, the people would make no innovations against him. The like to what Herod did, was done by his son Archelaus, who was made king after him: after whom the Romans, when they entered on the government, took possession of these vestments of the high priest, and had them deposited in a stone chamber, under the seal of the priests, and of the keepers of the temple; the captain of the guard lighting there a lamp every day. And seven days before a festival they were delivered to them, by the captain of the guard: when the high priest, having purified them, and made use of them, laid them up again in the same chamber where they had been laid up before, and this the very next day after the feast was over. This was the practice at the three yearly festivals, and on te fast-day. But Vitellius put these garments into our own power, as in the day of our forefathers; and ordered the captain of the guard not to trouble himself to enquire where they were laid, or when they were to be used and this he did as an act of kindness, to oblige the nation. He also deprived Joseph, who was called Caraphas, of the high-priesthood; and appointed Jonathan, the son of Ananus the former high-priest, to succeed him. Atter which he took his journey back to Antioch.

Moreover Tiberius sent a letter to Vitellius, and commanded him to make a league of friendship with Artabanus, king of Parthia. For while he was his enemy he terrified him, because he had taken Armenia away from lum, lest he should proceed farther; and told him he should no otherwise trust him, than upon his giving him hostages, and especily his son Artabanus. Upon Tiberius's writing thus to Vitellius, by the offer of great presents of money, he persuaded both the king of Iberia, and the king of Albania, to fight against Artabanus: and although they would not do it themselves, yet did they give the Scythians a passage through their country, and opened the Caspian gates to them, and brought them upon Artabanus. So Armenia was again taken from the Parthians, and the country of Parthia was filled with war, and the feast of tabernacles: and the fast, so called by way of distinction, as Acts xxvii. 9. was the great day of expiation.

Take here Tacitus's words, confirming this history, and the present reading in Josephus. "The Iberians," says he," when they had taken the country, sent out by the Caspian road the Sarmatians, a Scythian nation, against the Armenians." As Dr. Hudson here informs us.

7

principal

principal of their men were slain, and all things we e in disorder among them: the king's son also hin self fell in these wars, together with many thousands of his army. Vitelius had also sent such great sums of money to Artabanus's father's kins men and friends, that he had almost procured him to be slain, by the means of those bribes which they had taken. And when Artabanus perceived that the plot laid against him was not to be avoided, because it was laid by the principal men, and those a great many in number; and that it would ceitainly take effect; when he also estimated the number of those that were truly faithful to him; as also of those who were already corrupted, but were deceitful in the kindness they professed to him, and were likely, upon trial, to go over to his enemies; he made his escape to the upper provinces: where he afterward raised a great army out of the Dahæ and Sacæ, aud fought with his enemies, and retained his principality.

* When Tiberius had heard of these things, he desired to have a league of friendship made between him and Artabanus. And when, upon this invita tion, he received the proposal kindly, Artabanus and Vitelius went to Euphrates; and as a bridge was laid over the river, they each of them came with their guards about them, and met one another on the midst of the bridge. And when they had agreed upon the terms of peace, Herod the tetrarch erected a rich tent on the midst of the passage, and made a feast there. Artabanus also, not long afterward, sent his son Darius as a hostage, with many presents; among which there was a man seven cubits tall; he was a Jew by birth, and his name was Eleazar; who for his tallness was called a giant. Atter which Vitelius went to Antioch, and Artabanus to Babylon. But Herod the tetrarch being desirous to give Cæsar the first information that they had obtained hostages, sent posts with letters,

wherein he had accurately described all the particu. lars, and left nothing for the consular Vitellius to inform him of But when Vitellius's letters were sent, and Cæsar had let him know that he was acquainted with the affairs already, because Herod had given him an account of them before; Vitellius was very much troubled at it: and supposing that he

*Though Suetonius somewhat later, and Dio much later, refer this league with the Parthians to the days of Caius, yet is the testimony of Josephus, I think, to be preferred: he being almost a contemporary historian, and no way inferior to either of them in exactness, and ascribes it to the end of Tiberius.

+ This calculation from all Josephus's Greek copies, is exactly right. For since Herod died about September, in the 4th year before the Christian era, and Tiberius began, as is well known, Aug. 19. A. D 14. it is evident that the thirty-seventh year of Philip, reckoned from his father's death, was the twentieth of Tiberius; or near

had been thereby a greater sufferer than he really was, he kept up a secret anger upon this occasion, til he could be revenged on him; which he was after Caius had taken the government.

About this time Philip, Herod's brother, departed this life, in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius, after he had been tetrarch of Frachonitis, and Gaulanitis, and of the nation of the Baraneans, thirty-seven years. He had shewn himself a person of moderation and quietness in the conduct of his life and government. He constantly lived in that country which was subject to him: he used to make his progress with a few chosen friends: his tribunal also, on which he sat in judgment, followed him in his progress: and when any one met him, who wanted his assistance, he made no delay but had his tribunal set down immediately, wheresoever he happened to be; and sat down upon it, and heard his complaint. He there ordered the guilty that were convicted to be punished; and absolved those that had been accused unjustly. He died at Julias: and when he was carried to that monument which he had previously erected for himself, he was buried with great pomp. His principality Tiberius took, (for he left no sons behind him), and added it to the province of Syria; but gave order that the tributes which arose from it should be collected, and laid up in his tetrarchy.

CHAP. V.

Of the war between Herod the tetrarch, and Aretas, king of Arabia; also concerning the death of John the Baptist; and the arrival of Vitellius at Jerusalem: together with some account of Agrippa, and of the posterity of Herod the Great.

ABOUT this time Aretas, king of Arabia Petrea, and Herod had a quarrel on the following account. Herod the tetrarch had married the daughter of Aretas, and had lived with her a great while : but when he was once at Rome, he lodged with § Herod, who was his brother indeed, but not by the same mother: for this Herod was the son of the

..

:

high priest Simon's daughter. However he fell in love with Herodias, this last Herod's wife; who was the daughter of Aristobulus, their brother, and the sister of Agrippa the Great. This man ventured to talk to her about a marriage between them; which address when she admitted, an agree ment was made for her to change her habitation, and come to him, as soon as he should return from Rome. One article of this marriage also was, that he should divorce Aretas's daughter. So Antipas, when he had made this agreement, sailed to Rome. But when he had finished the business he went about, and was returned again; his wife having discovered the agreement he had made with Herodias, and having learned it before he had notice of her knowledge of the whole design; she desired him to send her to Macherus: which is a place in the borders of the dominions of Aretas and Herod without informing him of her intentions. Accordingly Herod sent her thither as thinking his wife had not perceived any thing. Now she had sent a good while before to Macherus, which was subject to her father; and so all things necessary for her journey were made ready for her by the ge. neral of Aretas's army: and by that means she soon came into Arabia, under the conduct of the several generals; who carried her from one to another successively; and she soon came to her father, and told him of Herod's intentions. So Aretas made this the first occasion of enmity between him and Herod who had some quarrel with him about their limits, at the country of Gamalitis. So they raised armies on both sides, and prepared for war; and sent their generals to fight, instead of themselves. And when they had joined battle, all Herod's army was destroyed, by the treachery of some fugitives: who though they were of the tetrarchy of Philip, joined with Herod's army. So Herod wrote about these affairs to Tiberius: who being very angry at the attempt made by Aretas, wrote to Vitellius, the president of Syria, to make war upon him; and either to take him alive, and bring him to him in bonds; or to kill him and send him his head.

#

Now some of the Jews thought that the destruction of Herod's army came from God: and that very justly, as a punishment of what he did against John who was called the baptist. For Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue; both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God; and so to come to

observes on Mitt. xiv. 3. Nor was it, as I agree with Grotius and others of the learned, Philip the tetrarch; but this Herod Philip, whose wife Herod the tetrarch had mar-" ried; and that in her first husband's life-time, and when her first husband had issue by her. For which adultery and incestuous marriage John the Baptist justly reproved Herod the tetrarch; and for which reproof Salome, the

i.

baptism. For that the washing with water, would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away, or the remission of some sins only, but for the purification of the body; supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness. Now when many others came in crowds about him; for they were greatly moved, or pleased, by hearing his words; Herod, who feared lest the great influence John had over the people might put it into his power and inclination to raise a rebellion: (for they seemed ready to do any thing he should advice :) thought it best, by putting him to death, to prevent any mischief he might cause; and not bring himself into difficulties, by sparing a man who might make him repent of it when it should be too late. Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus; the castle I before mentioned; and was there put to death. Now the Jews had an opinion, that the destruction of this army was sent as a punishment upon Herod; and a mark of God's displeasure to him.

So Vitellius prepared to make war with Aretas, having with him two legions of armed men. He also took with him all the light infantry, and of the horsemen which belonged to them, and were drawn out of those kingdoms which were under the Romans; and made haste for Petra, and came to Prolemais. But as he was marching very busily, and leading his army through Judea, the principal men met him; and desired that he would not thus march through their land. For that the laws of their country would not permit them to overlook those images which were brought into it; of which there were a great many in their ensigns. So he was persuaded by what they said; and changed that resolution. which he had before taken in that matter. Accordingly he ordered the army to march along the great plain while he himself, with Herod the tetrarch. and his friends went up to Jerusalem, to offer sacrifice to God: an ancient festival of the Jews being then just approaching. And when he had been honorably entertained by the multitude of the Jews, he made a stay there for three days: within which time he deprived Jonathan of the high-priesthood; and gave it to his brother Theophilus. But when on The fourth day, letters came to him, announcing the death of Tiberius, he obliged the multitude to take an oath of fidelity to Caius. He also recalled his ar my, and made them every one go home, and take

their winter quarters there: since, upon the accession of Caius, he had not the like authority of making this war which he had before. It was also reported, that when Aretas heard of the coming of Vitellius to fight him, he said, upon his consult ing the diviners, that it was impossible that this army of Vitellius's could enter Petra. For that one of the rulers would die; either he that gave order for the war, or he that was marching at the other's desire, in order to be subservient to his will; or else he against whom this army was prepared. So Vitellius retired to Antioch: but Agrippa, the son of Aristobulus, went up to Rome, a year before the death of Tiberius; in order to treat of some affairs with the emperor, if he might be permitted so to do.

I shall now relate the affairs of Herod and his family; partly because it is suitable to this history to speak of that matter; and partly because this thing is a demonstration of the interposition of providence, how a multitude of children is of no advantage: no more than any other strength that mankind set their hearts upon; besides those acts of piety which are done towards God. For it happened, that within the revolution of a hundred years, the posterity of Herod, which were very numerous, were, excepting a few, utterly * destroyed. One may well apply this for the instruction of mankind: and learn thence, how unhappy they were. It will also shew us the history of Agrippa; who as he was a person most worthy of admiration, so was he from a private man, beyond all the expectation of those that knew him, advanced to great power and authority. I have said something of them + formerly but shall now speak more accurately about them.'

- Herod the Great had two daughters, by Mariamne, the grand-daughter of Hyrcanus. The one was Salampsio; who was married to Phasaelus her first cousin, Antipater, the son of Salome, Herod's sister. Phasaelus had five children by Salampsio: Antipater, Herod, Alexander; and two daughters, Alexandra, and Cypros: which last Agrippa the son of Aristobulus married. And Timius of Cyprus married Alexandra: he was a man of note, but had by her no children. Agrippa had by Cypros two sons, and three daughters; which daughters were named Bernice, Mariamne, and Drusilla: but the names of the sons were Agrippa and Drusus. Of whom Drusus died before he came to the years of puberty. But their father Agrippa was brought up with his own brethren, Herod and Aristobulus.

*Whether this sudden extinction of almost the entire lineage of Herod the Great; which was very numerous, were not in part as a punishment for the gross incests they were frequently guilty of in marrying their own nephews and nieces, will deserve to be considered. See Levit. xviii. 6, 7. xxi. 10. And Noldius, De Herod. No. 269, 270.

† See Book xvii. chap. 1.

VOL. 11.-NO. XXXVI.

For these were also the sons of the son of Herod the Great by Bernice; but Bernice was the daughter of Costobarus and of Salome, who was Herod's sister. Aristobulus left these infants, when he was slain by his father, together with his brother Alexander, as we have already related. But when they were arrived at years of puberty, this Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married Mariamne, the daughter of Olympias; who was the daughter of Herod the king, and of Joseph, the son of Joseph, who was brother to the king; and had by her a son, Aristobulus. But Aristobulus, the third brother of Agrippa, married Jotape, the daughter of Sampsigeramus, king of § Emesa. They had a daughter who was deaf; whose name also was Jotape. And these hitherto were the children by the male line. But Herodias, their sister, was married to Herod, the son of Herod the Great; who was born of Mariamne, the daughter of Simon the high-priest; who had a daughter Salome. After whose birth Herodia's took upon her to confound the laws of our country, and divorced herself from her husband, while " he was alive, and was married to ¶ Herod, her husband's brother by the father's side, and tetrarch of Galilee. But her daughter Salome was married to Philip, the son of Herod, and tetrarch of Trach nitis. And as he died childless, Aristobulus, the son of Herod, the brother of Agrippa, married her. They had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus. And this was the posterity of Phasaelus, and Salampsio. But the daughter of Antipater by Cy- ̧ pros, was Cypros: whom Alexas Selcias, the son of Alexas married. They had a daughter named Cypros. But Herod and Alexander, who, as wel said, were the brothers of Antipater, died childless. As to Alexander, the son of Herod the king, who was slain by his father, he had sons, Alexander and Tigranes, by the daughter of Archelaus king of Cappadocia. Tigranes, who was king of Armenia, was accused at Rome, and died childless. Alexander had a son of the same name with his brother Tigranes; and was sent to take possession of the kingdom of Armenia by Nero. He had a son Alexander, who married ** Jotape, the daughter of Antiochus the king of Commagena. Vespasian made him king of an island in Cilicia. But these descendants of Alexander, soon after their birth deserted the Jewish religion, and went over to that of the Greeks. But for the rest of the daughters of Herod the king, it happened that they died child