don). Oct. 16, Ridley and Latimer; March 21, 1556, Cranmer burnt at the stake. About 300 are said to have been burnt during this persecution. Cardinal Pole, archbishop of Canterbury and papal legate (1556).

1557. England drawn into the Spanish war with France. Defeat of the French at the Battle of St. Quentin (Aug. 10, 1557). 1558, Jan. 7. Loss of Calais, which was captured by the duke of Guise.

Death of Mary, Nov. 17, 1558.

1558-1603. Elizabeth.

Sir William Cecil (baron Burleigh, 1571), secretary of state. Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord privy seal. Repeal of the Catholic legislation of Mary; reenactment of the laws of Henry VIII. relating to the church; act of supremacy, act of uniformity. Revision of the prayerbook.

1559. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis with France. April 2. ceded to England in eight years.

Calais to be

On the accession of Francis II. king of France, Mary, his wife, assumed the title of Queen of England and Scotland. Conformity exacted in Scotland. Treaty of Berwick (Jan. 1560), between Elizabeth and the Scottish reformers.

1560. Treaty of Edinburgh between England, France, and Scotland. July 6. French interference in Scotland withdrawn. Adoption of a Confession of Faith by the Scotch estates.

1561. Return of Mary to Scotland after the death of Francis II., where she was at once involved in conflict with the Calvinists. (John Knox, b. 1505, the friend of Calvin at Geneva, d. 1572.) 1563. Adoption of the Thirty-Nine Articles, in place of the fortytwo published by Cranmer. Completion of the establishment of the Anglican Church (Church of England, Episcopal Church); Protestant dogmas, with retention of the Catholic hierarchy and, partially, of the cult. Numerous dissenters or non-conformists (Presbyterians, Puritans, Brownists, Separatists, etc.). Parker, archbishop of Canterbury (1559).

1561. Peace of Troyes with France. English claims to Calais re

nounced for 220,000 crowns.

In Scotland Mary married her cousin Darnley, who caused her favorite Rizzio to be murdered (1566) and was himself murdered (Feb. 10, 1567) by Bothwell (earl of Hepburn), apparently with the knowledge of the queen.1 Marriage of Mary and Bothwell May 15, 1567. The nobles under Murray, Mary's natural brother, revolted, defeated Mary at Carbury Hill near Edinburgh, and imprisoned her at Lochleven Castle. Abdication of Mary in favor of her son, James VI., July 24, 1567. Murray, regent. In May, 1568, Mary escaped from captivity; defeated at Langside, May 13, she took refuge in England, where, after some delay, she was placed in confinement (1568).

1 Gaedeke, Maria Stuart, 1879. The cause of Mary and Bothwell has been recently defended by John Watts De Peyster.

1575. Elizabeth declined the government of the Netherland provinces of Holland and Zealand, offered her by the confederates. 1577. Alliance of Elizabeth and the Netherlands. 1583-84. Plots against the queen. (Arden, Parry); Spanish plot of Throgmorton; execution of the earl of Arundel for corresponding with Mary. Bond of Association.

1585. Troops sent to the aid of the Dutch republic under the earl of Leicester. Victory of Zutphen (Sept. 22, 1586), death of Sir Philip Sidney.

1586. Expedition of Sir Francis Drake to the West Indies, sack of St. Domingo and Carthagena; rescue of the Virginia colony (p. 290). 1586. Conspiracy of Savage, Ballard, Babington, etc., discovered by the secretary of state, Walsingham; execution of the conspirators. The government involved Mary, queen of Scots, in the plot. She was tried at Fotheringay Castle, Oct. 1586, and convicted on the presentation of letters which she alleged to be forged. She was convicted Oct. 25 and executed Feb. 8, 1587.

1588. War with Spain. Construction of an English fleet of war. The Spanish fleet, called the invincible armada (132 vessels, 3,165 cannon), was defeated in the Channel by the English fleet (Howard, Drake, Hawkins), July 21-29, and destroyed by a storm off the Hebrides.

1597. Rebellion of the Irish under Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone; the failure of the earl of Essex to cope with the insurrection led to his recall, and his successor lord Mountjoy quickly subjugated the country (1601). Capture of Tyrone, flight of the earl of Desmond. A rebellion of Essex in London was followed by his execution (1601).

1600. Charter of the East India Company.

March 24, 1603.

Death of Elizabeth,

William Shakespeare, 1564–1616 ; Sir Philip Sidney, 1551-1586; Edmund Spenser, 1553-1599; William Tyndale, 1485 ?-1536; Ben Jonson, 1574-1637.

1603-1649 (1714). The House of Stuart.

Union of England and Scotland.

1603-1625. James I.,

Personal

as king of Scotland, James VI., son of Mary Stuart. The Scotch had brought him up in the Protestant faith. He was learned but pedantic, weak, lazy, and incapable of governing a large kingdom. Divine right of kingship, divine right of the bishops ("no bishop, no king"). In this century the after-effects of the Reformation made themselves felt in England as on the continent, and in both places resulted in war. In England, however, owing to the peculiar circumstances of the Reformation these effects were peculiarly conditioned; the religious questions were confused, and overshadowed by political and constitutional questions.

1603. James I. was proclaimed king March 24; he entered London

on the 7th of May, and was crowned July 25. Presentation of the millenary petition immediately after James's arrival in London, signed by 1,000 (800) ministers, asking for the reform of abuses.

The Main and the Bye. The "Main" was a plot to dethrone James in favor of Arabella Stuart (see geneal. table, p. 337), concocted by lord Cobham, Grey and others. Sir Walter Raleigh was also implicated and imprisoned until 1616 ("History of the World ”). The "Bye" or the "Surprising treason was a plot to imprison the king. Alliance with France, negotiated by Rosny (Sully). 1604. Jan. Hampton Court Conference between the bishops and the Puritans, where James presided. The Puritans failed to obtain any relaxation of the rules and orders of the church. The king issued a proclamation enforcing the act of uniformity (p. 338), and one banishing Jesuits and seminary priests (Goodwin and Fortescue).

1604, March 19-1611, Feb. 9. First Parliament of James I.

The king's scheme of a real union of England and Scotland unfavorably received. Appointment of a commission to investigate the matter.

1604. Convocation (ecclesiastical court and legislature at first established [Edward I.] as an instrument for ecclesiastical taxation; afterwards convened by archbishops for the settlement of church questions; since Henry VIII. convened only by writ from the king, and sitting and enacting [canons] only by permission of the king) adopted some new canons which bore so hardly upon the Puritans that three hundred clergymen left their livings rather than conform.

Peace with Spain. James proclaimed "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" (Oct. 24). Punishment of many recusants (under the recusancy laws of Elizabeth, whereby refusing to go to church, saying mass or assisting at mass was severely punished). 1605. Nov. 5. Gunpowder Plot,

Plague in London.

Episco

originating in 1604 with Robert Catesby, after the edict banishing the priests. Other conspirators: Winter, Wright, Percy. Preparations for blowing up the houses of Parliament with thirty-six barrels of gunpowder. Disclosure of the plot through an anonymous letter to Lord Monteagle from one of the conspirators, his brother-in-law, Tresham. Arrest of Guy (Guido) Fawkes, in the vaults on Nov. 4, the day before the meeting of parliament. Trial and execution of the conspirators. Parliament met Nov. 9. 1606. Penal laws against papists. pacy restored in Scotland. but in vain. Impositions. The grant of customs duties made at the beginning of every reign (tonnage and poundage, established by Edward III.) proving insufficient to meet James' expenditure, he had recourse to impositions without parliamentary grant, which Mary and Elizabeth had used to a small extent. Trial of Bates for refusing to pay an imposition on currants. court of exchequer decided in favor of the king.

James urged the union anew

The

1607. Settlement of Jamestown (p. 291). 1608. Establishment of new impositions.

1610.

The Great Contract; in return for the surrender of some feudal privileges the king was to receive a yearly income of £200,000. The agreement was frustrated by a dispute over the impositions. Dissolution of parliament (Feb. 9, 1611). 1611. Plantation of Ulster, which was forfeited to the crown by the rebellion of Tyrone.

Creation of baronets, an hereditary knighthood; sale of the patents.

1611. Completion of the translation of the Bible, which was authorized by the king and had occupied forty-seven ministers since 1604.

Imprisonment of Arabella Stuart.

1613. Robert Carr, the king's favorite (viscount Rochester in 1611), created duke of Somerset, and lord treasurer, on the death of the earl of Salisbury (Robert Cecil). Death of Henry, prince of Wales (Nov. 1612). First English factory at Surat. 1613. Marriage of the princess Elizabeth (“queen of Bohemia") to the elector palatine. Death of Sir Thomas Overbury, who was imprisoned in the Tower by the malice of Somerset. Marriage of Somerset and the countess of Essex.

1614, Apr. 5-June 7. Second parliament of James I. Three hundred new members, among whom were John Pym (Somersetshire), Thomas Wentworth (Yorkshire), John Eliot (St. Germains). The whole session was spent in quarrelling with the king over the impositions, and parliament was dissolved without making an enactment, whence it is called the addled parliament. 1615. Renewal of the negotiation for the marriage of James's son to a Spanish princess (opened in 1611). Imposition of a benevolence, which was resisted by Oliver St. John and condemned by the chief justice, Sir Edward Coke, who was afterwards dismissed from office. Death of Arabella Stuart. Mission of Sir Thomas Roe to the Great Mogul.

1616. Condemnation of the duke and duchess of Somerset for the poisoning of Overbury. Rise of George Villiers in the king's favor; viscount Villiers, earl, marquis, duke of Buckingham. 1617. Sir Walter Raleigh, released from the Tower, allowed to sail for the Orinoco, where he hoped to discover a gold mine. Failing in this he attacked the Spanish towns on the Orinoco. 1618. Proclamation allowing sports on Sunday after church in Scotland (Articles of Perth). Francis Bacon, lord Verulam, viscount of St. Albans, lord chancellor. In this year Sir Walter Raleigh, returning from his expedition, was executed under the old sentence, as reparation to Spain.

1619. Commercial treaty with the Dutch respecting the East Indies. 1620. Settlement of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in New England (p. 294).

1621, Jan. 30-1622, Feb. 8. Third Parliament of James I. The parliament granted a supply for the prosecution of the war in