1690, May 20. Act of Grace, giving indemnity to all supporters of James II., except those who were in treasonable correspondence with him. Resignation of Shrewsbury and Halifax. May 23. Prorogation of parliament. Appointment of a council of nine to advise Mary during the king's absence (four Whigs, five Tories).

June 14. William went to Ireland. With 36,000 men he met James at the head of 27,000, and at the

July 1. Battle of the Boyne

totally defeated him. Death of Schomberg. James fled to France. Capture of Dublin, Waterford, etc.

June 30. Battle of Beachy Head; defeat of the English fleet under lord Torrington by the French. Torrington was tried by court martial and acquitted, but dismissed the service. Aug. First siege of Limerick by William repulsed (Sarsfield). Marlborough in Ireland. Capture of Cork and Kinsale. 1691. William went to Holland. Congress at the Hague. Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury.

July 12. Battle of Aughrim, in Ireland.

Defeat of the French general St. Ruth and the Irish Sarsfield, by Ginkell (death of St. Ruth). Death of Tyrconnel.

Aug.-Oct. Second siege of Limerick; the town surrendered Oct. 3, under the conditions known as the

Oct. 3. Treaty, or pacification, of Limerick. Free transportation of all Irish officers and soldiers desiring it to France. (The Irish Brigade.) All Irish Catholics to have that religious liberty which they had under Charles II.; to carry arms, exercise their professions, and receive full amnesty.

The English parliament confirmed the treaty, but the Irish parliament which met 1695 (consisting entirely of Protestants) refused to ratify it. Enactment of severe laws against the Catholics.

1692, Jan. 10. Marlborough detected in correspondence with James, and disgraced.

1692, Feb. 13. Massacre of Glencoe.

Indemnity and pardon having been offered to all Highland clans who took the oath of allegiance before Dec. 31, 1691, that condition was fulfilled by all except the MacDonalds of Glencoe. The chief, Mac Ian, however, took the oath on Jan. 6. This fact was suppressed by the foe of the MacDonalds, Dalrymple, secretary of Scotland, and William III. signed an order for the extirpation of the clan. It was faithfully executed by captain Campbell; Mac Ian, and some forty others

were slain.

May 19. English victory of La Hogue; Russell and Tourville.
Aug. 3. Defeat of William at Steinkirk.

The "Junto" ministry of Whigs; Somers, lord keeper; Russell, Shrewsbury, Thomas Wharton, secretaries of state; Montague, chancellor of the exchequer. Sunderland returned to parliament. 1693, Jan. Beginning of the national debt. £1,000,000 borrowed on annuities at 10 per cent.

1693, July 19. Defeat of William at Neerwinden (Landen). 1694, July 27. Charter of the Governor and company of the Bank of England, a company of merchants who in return for certain privileges loaned the government £1,200,000. Bill for preventing officers of the crown from sitting in the commons (Place Bill). Unsuccessful attack on Brest. (Treachery of Marlborough?)

Dec. 22. The triennial bill signed by the king.

Dec. 28.

1695.

Death of queen Mary.

Bribery in the parliament; expulsion of the speaker of the commons, Sir John Trevor.

Expiration of the licensing act, which was not renewed; hence abolition of the censorship of the press.

Miserable end of the Darien settlement.

July 2-Sept. 2. William recaptured Namur.

Oct. 11. Dissolution of parliament.

1695, Nov. 22-1698, July 5. Third parliament of William III. (first triennial parliament).

Whigs in majority. Recoinage act. Isaac Newton master of

the mint.

1696. Trials for treason act; two witnesses required to prove an overt act of treason.

Plot for the assassination of William, execution of conspirators. One of these, Fenwick, was condemned by bill of attainder, being the last person so condemned. Formation of a loyal association. Suspension of the habeas corpus act.

Sunderland, lord chamberlain; Somers, lord chancellor. 1697, Sept. 20. Peace of Ryswick (p. 371).

Dec.

Sunderland retired.

William acknowledged by Louis XIV. 1698, Jan. Peter the Great of Russia in England.

1698. Spanish succession, see p. 390.

1698, Dec. 6-1700, Apr. 11. Fourth parliament of William III. 1699, Feb. Disbanding act, reducing the army to 7,000 men, exclusion of the foreign (Dutch) troops; annoyance of William.

Act for the resumption of forfeited Irish estates, aimed at William's Dutch favorites; the bill was fastened to a bill of supply. Act for preventing the growth of papacy; all persons refusing to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy forfeited their estates for life. Catholic school-teachers and priests were liable to imprisonment for life (repealed 1778).

1700, April. Somers dismissed from office. Bombardment of Copenhagen by Rooke.

July.

Death of the duke of Gloucester, the last of Anne's children. 1701, Feb. 6-June 24. Fifth parliament of William III. Tories in the majority. Robert Harley, speaker. Portland, Somers, Oxford (Russell), Halifax, impeached (April-June).

Earl of Marlborough commander-in-chief of the English forces.

June 12, 1701. Act of settlement.

The crown was settled on Sophia, princess of Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and her issue.

The sovereigns of Great Britain should be Protestant and not leave the kingdom without consent of parliament; the country should not be involved in war for the defence of the foreign possessions of the sovereigns; no foreigner should receive a grant from the crown, or hold office, civil or military; ministers should be responsible for the acts of their sovereigns; judges should hold office for life unless guilty of misconduct.

1701, Sept. 7. The grand alliance, p. 391.

Sept. 16. Death of James II. James Edward proclaimed king of Great Britain and Ireland by Louis XIV.

1701, Dec. 30-1702, July 2. Sixth parliament of William III. Attainder of the pretended prince of Wales. Oath of abjuration.

1702, March 8. Death of William III.

Chief authors of this period: Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682); John Bunyan (1628-1688); Daniel Defoe (1661-1731); John Dryden (1631–1700); Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (1608–1674); John Locke (1632-1704); John Milton (1608–1674); Isaac Newton (1643– 1727).

§ 6. INDIA.

1658-1707. Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor.

The first years of Aurangzeb's reign were occupied in subduing and putting to death his brothers. When freed from their rivalry he took up the conquest of the Deccan. Bidar, Ahmednagar, Ellichpur, he had conquered while his father reigned. For twentyfive years his generals warred unsuccessfully against Bijápur and Golconda, but when Aurangzeb placed himself at the head of his troops those kingdoms quickly fell. Bijapur and Golconda were annexed to the Mughal empire in 1688. It was not with the Muhammedan powers alone that Aurangzeb had to contend ; a new power, the Hindu kingdom of the Mahrattas, had arisen in the Deccan. It was founded by a union of Hindu tribes of the Deccan under Sivají (1627-1680), son of a Mahratta soldier of fortune who had fought under the Deccan kingdoms against the Mughals. Sivaji, by alternately levying tribute on the Deccan kingdoms and assisting them against the Mughals, raised the Mahratta confederacy to be the ruling power in the Deccan. In 1664 he assumed the title of Rájá. He carried on a war with Aurangzeb, who captured and killed his son Sambhaji (1680–1689), and imprisoned his grandson Sahu, until his own death, 1707. Aurangzeb, however, was far from subduing the confederacy, which had driven him almost to despair at the time of his death; the emperor was not more successful in Âssam (1662), nor against the revolted Rájput states in the west (1677-1681) where he ravaged Jaipur Jodhpur, and Udaipur without subduing them.

Aurangzeb's total revenue amounted to eighty million pounds. 1661. Bombay ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza, but it was not delivered until 1665. In 1668 it was granted to the East India Company.

1670. Foundation of the Danish East India Company. 1681. Bengal separated from Madras.

1686. Foundation of Calcutta.

1687. Seat of western presidency transferred to Bombay.

1661-1721. Kang-he

§ 7. CHINA.

conquered Thibet and Formosa and carried on war with Russia (1684-1689). His reign was renowned for wise administration and for the cultivation of science and literature. French and English settled at Canton.

B. The eighteenth century to the French Revolution.

§ 1. WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION.1

1701-1714.

The family relations which led to the war will be made clear by the following genealogical table.

Philip III., king of Spain, † 1621.

Anna, m. Louis XIII.

Philip IV.

Maria Anna. m. Ferdinand III.

Louis XIV. = Maria Theresa. Charles II. Margaret Theresa

Maria Antoinette, m.

Max. Emmanuel of
Bavaria.

T

Joseph Ferdinand.

electoral prince of Bavaria.

Leopold I. had, besides his daughter Maria Antoinette, two sons: by his second marriage, Joseph I., emperor from 1705-1711; by his third marriage, Charles VI., emperor from 1711-1740.

Charles II., king of Spain, was childless; the extinction of the Spanish house of Hapsburg in the near future was certain; hence the question of the Spanish succession formed the chief occupation of all the European cabinets since the Peace of Ryswick. The question had two aspects: a. The legal, according to which there were three claimants: 1. Louis XIV., at once as son of the elder daughter of Philip III. and husband of the elder daughter of Philip IV. The solemn renunciations of both princesses were declared null and void by the parliament of Paris. 2. Leopold I., the representative of the German line of Hapsburg, as son of the younger daughter of Philip III., and husband of the younger daughter of Philip IV. Both princesses had expressly reserved their right of inheritance. 3. The electoral prince of Ba1 Schlosser: Geschichte des 18 Jahrhunderts; V. Noorden: Europäische Gesch. im 18 Jahrhundert, vols. I. and II.

varia, as great-grandson of Philip IV., and grandson of the younger sister of the present possessor, Charles II. b. The political aspect with regard to the balance of power in Europe; in consideration of which the naval powers, England and Holland, would not permit the crown of the great Spanish monarchy to be united with the French, or to be worn by the ruler of the Austrian lands. On this account Leopold I. claimed the Spanish inheritance for his second son Charles only, while Louis XIV.'s claim was urged in the name of his second grandson, Philip of Anjou.

1698. First treaty of partition.

Oct. 11. Spain, Indies, and the Netherlands to the electoral prince of Bavaria; Naples and Sicily, seaports in Tuscany, and the prov

ince of Guipuzcoa, to the dauphin; the duchy of Milan, to archduke Charles.

The negotiations of the powers in regard to the succession, and the conclusion of a treaty of partition without the participation of Charles II., provoked that monarch.

In order to preserve the unity of the monarchy he made the prince elector of Bavaria, then seven years old, sole heir of the whole inheritance; a settlement to which the naval powers agreed.

1699 (Feb. 6). Sudden death of the prince elector. New intrigues of France (Harcourt ambassador. Cardinal Portocarrero) and Austria at Madrid, while both parties were negotiating a new treaty of partition with the naval powers.

1700. Second treaty of partition.

Mar. 13. Spain and the Indies to archduke Charles; Naples and Sicily and the duchy of Lorraine to the dauphin; Milan to the duke of Lorraine in exchange.

Finally Charles II., although originally more inclined to the Austrian succession, signed a new will, making Louis' grandson, Philip of Anjou, heir. Immediately afterwards

1700. Charles II. died.

Nov. 1. Louis XIV. soon decided to follow the will rather than the treaty with England. The duke of Anjou was proclaimed as Philip V., and started for his new kingdom. ("Il n'y a plus de Pyrénées.") Death of James II., 1701; Louis recognized his son as king of England.

1701. Grand Alliance of the naval powers with the emperor Sept. 7. Leopold I., for the purpose, at first, of securing the Spanish possessions in the Netherlands and in Italy for the Austrian house, while France allied herself with the dukes of Savoy and Mantua, the electors of Bavaria and Cologne. The other estates of the empire, especially Prussia, joined the emperor. Portugal afterwards joined the grand alliance, and in 1703 Savoy did likewise, deserting France.

Three men were at the head of the grand alliance against France: Eugene, prince of Savoy, imperial general; Marlborough, English general, formerly John Churchill; A. Heinsius, after the death of William III., 1702, pensionary of Holland.

Spain, the real object of the war, had but little importance in the