Polynices (Пouvelкns). Polynices attacks Thebes with his allies: Adrastus, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Capaneus, Hippomedon, Parthenopaus. The hostile brothers fall in personal contest; of the other princes all perish but Creon, the uncle of the brothers, who becomes king of Thebes.

War of the Epigoni.

Ten years later, expedition of the Epigoni (sons of the Seven). Thebes captured and plundered. Thersander, son of Polynices, made king of Thebes.

1193-1184. Trojan War.

Priam was king of Troy, or Ilium, in Asia Minor; his consort was Hecuba (Hecabe). Of his fifty sons the following appear in the legend: Hector ("EKTOP), whose wife is Andromache, and Paris (Alexandros). The latter abducts Helena ('E^évn), wife of Menelāus, of Sparta. The noblest princes of Greece unite to bring her back. Agamemnon of Mycene, brother of Menelaus, and leader of the Greeks; Sthenelus of Tiryns; Nestor of Pylos; Achilles ('Axıλλeús), king of the Myrmidons from Phthia in Thessaly, son of Peleus and the Nereid Thetis; Patroclus; Ajax (Aías), and Teucer, sons of Telamon of Salǎmis; the younger Ajax, son of Oileus, leader of the Locrians; Diomedes of Argos, son of Tydeus; Odysseus of Ithaca, son of Laërtes; Idomeneus, of Crete, grandson of Minos, etc.

Among the allies of the Trojans from Asia Minor are: Sarpedon and Glaucus, leaders of the Lycians, troops from Mysia, Mæonia (in Lydia), Paphlagonia, and Phrygia, also Thracians and Pœones from

the other side of the strait.

The historical kernel of this great Grecian legend is, perhaps, the fact of a military expedition of Grecian tribes against the Trojans and the conquest of Troy; everything else in the story is mythical. Perchance the Æolian colonization of historic times (p. 49) and the ensuing contests with the native population gave rise to the romance of the Trojan war, which tradition then removed to the time before the Dorian migration. The prehistoric existence of a powerful city in the neighborhood of Troy, and its name 'Tpoin and "Iov, is certain.

Connected with the tale of the Trojan war, are the stories of the return of the Grecian princes. The murder of Agamemnon by his wife Clytemnestra and her paramour, and the vengeance of his children Orestes and Electra. The ten years wandering of Odysseus and his many adventures (Polyphemus, Lastrygones, Circe, Calypso, the Phæacians, etc.).

SECOND PERIOD.

From the Thessalian and Dorian Migration to the beginning of the Persian Wars, (1104 (?)-500.)

Migration of the Thessalians from Epirus to the valley of the Peneus, thenceforward called Thessaly. Of the former inhabitants, Eolians, part became serfs (Tevéσтα), part fled the country. A por

tion of the latter conquered Boeotia. The previous inhabitants of Boeotia, probably Pelasgians, as for instance the Minyæ in Orchoměnos, and the Cadmeans in Thebes, were partly subdued, partly scattered in various settlements. Their name is henceforward unknown to history.

The Dorians were likewise driven away by the Thessalians. They had inhabited the country about the Othrys and Eta, and the small mountainous region where they maintained themselves after the invasion, and which was known as Doris. That portion of them which emigrated also took the southern way. Strengthened by Ætolian bands, they crossed to the Peloponnesus between Naupactus, where they constructed vessels, and the promontory of Rhion. This is the so-called

1104 (?).1 Dorian migration, or the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians and Ætolians, according to the story, under the leadership of the Heraclidae (Temě nus, Cresphontes, Aristodēmus, descendants of Heracles. The conquerors crossed the northern portion of the Peloponnesus without making a settlement, and turned towards the countries on the western coast. The inhabitants of these regions, the Epei, being subdued, the Etolians established themselves here, and founded a new commonwealth, called Elis. Out of the mixture of the Etolians and Epei, sprang the new tribe of the Elei. The Dorians passed through southern Arcadia, probably up the valley of the Alpheus, and established themselves in the south and east of Peloponnesus. The native population, consisting of Achæans and Eolians, were in part expelled, in part placed in subjection; while in some regions they gave up certain territories to the new-comers by treaty. The last was the case in Laconia, where the native chiefs made treaties with the invaders and thereby received for a time recognition of their princely rights and support in their supremacy.

So arose in Peloponnesus, one after another, but slowly and after much fighting and many revolutions, the following Dorian communities: 1. Messenia (Cresphontes); 2. Sparta (Procles and Eurysthenes, sons of Aristodēmus); 3. Argos (Temenus), at first the most powerful state, at the head of a league, to which Epidaurus and Trazen, under their own rulers, belonged; 4. Phlius; 5. Sicyon; 6. Corinth, these three containing many of the old inhabitants, who lived among the new inhabitants under the same laws. Outside of Peloponnesus: 7. Megara; and 8. the island Ægina (Alyia).

The remains of the old population, the Achæans, who were driven from their homes, expelled or subjugated the Ægialian Ionians, who inhabited the northern coast of Peloponnesus.

The whole region was henceforward called Achaia.

1068 (?). Codrus (Kódpos), the last king of Athens, fell a voluntary sacrifice in battle against the Dorians.

According to the legend, Codrus was the son of the Nestorian Melanthus, who had fled from Pylos to Athens.

1 See p. 43, note 1.

The immediate consequence of these migrations and conquests was the practice of colonization, on a great scale, which at first was carried on by the tribes which had been expelled from their homes, but in which the conquering Dorians soon took active part.

The Pelasgic population, driven from Thessaly, settled partly on the peninsula Chalcidice, partly in Crete, and partly on the coast of Mysia; the Minya from Iolcos, and Orchomenos occupied Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace. More important were the

1000-900 (?) Eolian, Ionian, Dorian colonies which settled along the coast of Asia Minor and its islands.

Bolian and Achæan colonies: Mitylene and Methymna on the island of Lesbos; Cyme and Smyrna on the mainland of Asia Minor (Smyrna afterwards became Ionian).

The Ionians, who were driven away by the Achæans, fled first to Attica, but finally founded along the coast of Lydia 12 cities with a common sanctuary at Panionium on Mycăle, the most important of which were: Miletus, mother-city of more than 80 colonies, Ephesus, Phocæa (p. 26), Colophōn, and occupied the islands of Samos and Chios.

Dorian colonies, along the coast of Caria: Halicarnassus and Cnidus. Dorians and Achæans founded settlements in Crete, Rhodes, where they gradually drove out the Phoenicians, in Melos and in Thyra, whence in 631 the colony of Cyrene was sent out to the north coast of Africa.

1000 (?).1 Homer and his successors (Homerida). Iliad and Odyssey.

Constitution of society and government. During the heroic period, and at the beginning of historic times, we find everywhere a patriarchal monarchy, the hereditary property of families who derived their descent from the gods. In the historic times gradual formation in all states of a republican constitution, partly through the extinction, partly through the expulsion, of the old dynasties. This republican constitution was at first aristocratic; later, in most states, democratic, frequently reaching the latter state through the intervening supremacy of a Tyrant (Túpavvos), a name applied to every one who attained supreme power in an illegal manner, and originally not conveying the idea of an arbitrary or cruel government.

The democracy of antiquity was not, however, a form of government in which the majority of the inhabitants, but in which the majority of the citizens, took part in the conduct of the commonwealth. In most of the Greek states, the majority of the population consisted, not of citizens, but of slaves.1 Democracies in the modern sense were almost unknown in ancient times.

In Doric Sparta the population consisted of three classes, strictly distinct from one another: 1. Spartiate (ZnaρTiara, comprising μolol,

1 The Grecian statements concerning the epoch of Homer differ almost five hundred years from one another.

2 Cf. Becker, Charicles (trans.), 361; and Schoemann, Antiquities of Greece, I. 100 foll.

i. e. those having full rights, and voμeloves i. e. those of less means, who could not furnish the required contribution to the Syssites) divided into three Phylæ, each composed of 10 Obæ (Bai); these were the Dorian conquerors, who occupied the fertile portions of the Laconian territory, the valley of the Eurotas, and the lowlands extending to the sea; 2. Lacedæmonians or Periæci (Teploukoi, i. e. they who dwell round about), descendants of those Achæans who had submitted to the conquerors by treaties. They were free, but payed dues, as tributary property-holders and small land-owners, and were without political rights, but were, however, bound to military service; 3. Helots (from @Tes, "prisoners "?), serfs of the state. They were divided among the Spartiatæ by lot, and tilled their lands, paying to their lords a fixed portion of the harvest. The number of the Perici was almost four times that of the Spartiate, while the number of the Helots was, perhaps, from 2 to 3 times as great as that of the Periæci.

820 (?). Constitution and Laws of Lycurgus.

Lycurgus (Avkoûpyos), according to tradition of royal descent, and guardian of the young king Charilaus, arranged the relation of the three classes, as described above, according to settled principles. His code of laws was for the Spartiatæ alone. The form of government was an aristocratic republic, in spite of the two hereditary kings (generals, high priests, judges). Both kings must be of the Heraclid race, one a member of the Agida (from Agis, son of Eurystheus), the other of the Eurypontidae (from Eurypon, grandson of Procles; see p. 48). The Council of Elders (yepovola, 28 Gerontes, at least 60 years of age, elected for life) under the two kings as presiding officers had: 1. the previous discussion of everything that was to be laid before the popular assembly; 2. jurisdiction over capital crimes. The popular assembly (axía), consisting of all Spartiate over thirty years of age, who had not lost their political rights, had no right of initiation, and decided without debate. At a later period the five Ephors, i. e. inspectors (for the 5 wards) who had probably existed before Lycurgus, acquired great power (p. 56).

Assignment of an hereditary landed estate to every Spartan family, which had lost its possessions since the conquest; equal division of the Helots, or slaves of the state, for the purpose of tilling these lands. No new division of all landed property. (Tradition makes Lycurgus divide the land into 9000 (4500 ?) lots for the Spartiatæ, and 30,000 for the Periœci.) Establishment of social unions or compulsory clubs (σêŋval), whose members ate together, even in time of peace: Phiditia or Syssitia. Children were brought up in common, and the young men of the Spartan warrior-nobles dwelt together. The Crypteia (KрUTTеla), an organized guard over the Helots by young Spartans. No actual hunting of the Helots.2

776. First Olympiad, that is, the first year in which

1 Grote, Hist. of Greece (Boston, 1851), II, 393 foll. 2 Schoemann, Antiq. of Greece, I. 195.

the name of the Olympian victor was recorded. (The first was Coroibus.)

Olympian games (raised to greater importance since 820, by the participation of Sparta ?); Nemean games since 573, in honor of Zeus, Isthmean games (Poseidon, since 582), and Pythian games (Apollo, enlarged after 590). Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, founded, according to tradition, at the command of the god, by Cretans (i. e. Dorians) from Cnosus. Amphictyonies, societies for common worship (performance of sacrifices), the most important of which was the Delphic. 734. Foundation of Syracuse 1 by the Corinthian Archias. 743-724. (?) First Messianian war. Aristodemus king of the Messenians. Defence of Ithome. Those Messenians that did not emigrate became tributary. A part of the land was confiscated as conquered territory.

708. Foundation of Tarentum by the Spartan Phalanthus. 615-628. 2 Second Messenian war. Aristomenes. Defence of Ira (Elpa), for nine years. The Athenian bard Tyrtæus accompanied the Spartans. After the fall of Ira the greater part of the Messenians fled to Sicily; Zancle, also, was occupied by them, but does not appear to have received the name Messana before the fifth century. The remaining Messenians became Helots.

In Athens government of the nobles (Eupatrida) since the death of Codrus (1068 ?). The chief officers of state were the Archons, at first (1067-753) chosen for life, from the family of Codrus exclusively, afterwards (752-683) elected for ten years, the first four only being of the family of Codrus, the rest taken from the Eupatride in general.

From 682 on there were nine archons chosen every year, and serving only one year, taken from the Eupatridæ alone, and chosen by them alone. These were: 1. Archon Eponymus (i. e. he from whom the year is named), the presiding officer. 2. Basileus, i. e. king of the sacrifices, high priest. 3. Polemarchus, at first leader of the army, afterwards, when the military command was entrusted to Strateges by turn, only superintendent of military affairs; the other six were Thesmotheta, judges, heads of the department of justice. 624 (621 ?). Laws of the Archon Draco. No alteration of the

constitution, only reform of the criminal law, and the law relating to debts, introducing great severity, frequent use of the death penalty, and heavy fines. Hence later known as the "Law of Draco, written with blood."

612. Insurrection of Cylon, who, with the assistance of his father-in-law Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, seized the Acropolis. Cylon was driven into banishment by the Archon Megacles, of the family of the Alcmœonidæ, and his followers were put to

1 Concerning the date of the foundation, see Holm, Gesch. Siciliens, I. 381 49.

2 According to Duncker, Gesch. des Altherth., and Curtius, I. 240. According to the older but very doubtful assumption, 685-668.

3 Holm, Gesch. Siciliens, I. 200.