Asia, 136; Catiline, 136; Cicero, 137; 1st triumvirate, 137; conquest of Gaul, 138; civil war, 140; constitution under Cæsar. 143; assassination of Caesar, 144; 2d tri- umvirate, 145; war between Octavianus and Antonius, 146; Octavianus ruler and emperor, 147; Julian emperors, 147-151; Flavian, 151; the good emperors, 152- 154; emperors appointed by the soldiers, 154; Aurelian, 157; Diocletian, 158; Constantine, 159; division of the empire into the eastern, or Greek, and the west- ern empire, 161; fall of the western em- pire, 162; Persian wars, 187, 188; Par- thian wars, 30. See Holy Roman Em- pire, and Eastern Empire.
Rome (the city), described, 82; founded, 87; Cloaca, Servian wall, 89; sacked by Gauls, 100; fire in, under Nero, 151; sacked by Alaric, 171; by the Vandals, 173 seat of the papacy, 175; Pipin pa- tricius, 184; Charles the Great crowned in, 185; Arnulf, 194; Otto I., 195; Fred- eric III. (IV.), last emp., crowned in Rome, 253; sacked by the army of the constable of Bourbon, 303; occupied by the French, 459, 473; return of pope, 482; occupied by French, 503; captured by Italians, 518; capital of Italy, 520. Romulus and Remus, 87.
Romulus Augustulus, Roman emp., 162. Roncevaux, 185. Rooke, sir George, 434. Rosamunda, 175.
Roses, wars of the, 272.
Rosny. See Sully.
Rossbach, battle of, 404.
Rothari, 175.
Rouher, 512.
Roum, sultanate of, 210.
Roumania, independent, 524; kingdom, 524.
Roumanian language, 153.
Rudolf, archd. of Austria, 249.
Rudolf, of Burgundy, k. of France, 202. Rudolf III., k. of Burgundy (Arles), be- queaths kingdom to Henry II., 198.
Rudolf I., of Hapsburg, emp. of H. R. E., reign, 244: II., reign, 308.
Rudolf, of Rheinfeld, d. of Swabia, 199; anti-king of Germany, 200. Rudolfian line, 316. Ruel, treaty of, 366. Rullianus, 102, 106.
Rump parliament, in England, 351, 376; in Germany, 496.
Rupert, count palatine, 250, 251.
Rupert, pr.. at Edgehill, 347; at Marston Moor, 348; in cabinet, 380.
Rurik, house of, 276, 352. Russell, adm. See Orford. Russell, lord, executed, 382.
Russell, lord John, 539; home sec., first ministry of, 543; foreign sec., 543; earl Russell, 544; second ministry, 544. Russia, Swedes subjugate the Slavs around Novgorod, 208; R. under the Mongols, 241; under the house of Rurik, rise of
Moscow, 276; house of Rurik succeeded by that of Romanow, 353; Peter the Great, 374; war with Charles XII., 394; peace of Nystadt, 397: seven years' war, 403; Elizabeth succeeded by Peter III., Frederic's friend, 405; Catherine II., neutral, 406; war with Sweden, 409; house of Holstein-Gottorp in R., 411; the partition of Poland. 411, 413, 414; peace of Kutschouc Kainardji, 412; Paul I., 459; R. in the second coalition against France, 460; Suwaroff in Italy and Swit- zerland, 461; Alexander I., 463; third coalition, 467; war with France in alli- ance with Prussia, 468; peace of Tilsit, 470; war with France, 474; burning of Moscow, 475; alliance of Kalisch with Prussia, 475; receives Warsaw at the congress of Vienna, 483; Nicholas I., 488; war with Turkey, 487; peace of Adrianople, 489; revolt in Poland, 490; alliance of 1840, 491; intervention in Hungary, 495; Crimean war, 499; peace of Paris, 501; Turkish troubles, 521; war with Turkey, 522; peace of San Ste fano, 523; congress of Berlin, 524; Alex- ander III., 525; Nihilists, 526. Rustchuck, battle at, 473. Rut, John, 286.
Rütli, oath on the, 246. Ruyter, de, 368, 376, 379. Rydesdale, William of, 272. Ryswick, peace of, 362, 371.
St. Albans, battles of, 272.
St. Aldegonde, 330.
St. Augustine, castle of, 289; siege of, 419. St. Bartholomew, night of, 321.
St. Clair, defeat of, 547.
St. Claire sur Epte, treaty of, 202. St. Denis, 517.
St. Esprit, mission of, 364.
St. Estienne de la Tour, 300.
St. Germain, peace of, 321; treaty of, 300. St. Germain-en-Laye, treaty of, 368, 374. St. Gotthard, battle of, 372; railroad, 526. St. Ignatius, massacre at, 357.
St. Jacob, battle of, 253.
St. John, Henry, dismissed from the cabi- net, 434; sec. of state, 435; created visc. Bolingbroke, q. v.
St. John, Oliver, 341.
St. John, knights of, 217.
St. John River, discovery of, 290. St. Just, 454, 456.
St. Lawrence, discovery of, 284, 287. St. Leger, 428.
St. Louis, settlement of, 365. St. Lucia, ceded to the English, 422. St. Mary, mission of, 364.
St. Petersburg, foundation of, 395; peace Sassanidæ, in Persia, 30, 155; fall of,
St. Privat, battle of, 516.
St. Quentin, battle of, 321, 338, 519. St. Ruth, gen., 387.
St. Savior, colony of, 292.
St. Vincent, ceded to English, 422. Saladin, 215.
Salamanca, battle of, 474.
Salamis, battle of, 59, 62.
Salem, settled, 295; witchcraft, 362. Salic emperors, 198.
Salic Franks, 170, 173.
Salii, or dancing priests, 85. Salisbury, e. of, 272. Salvius Julianus, 153.
Salzburg, made an electorate, 464; given to Austria, 468; ceded to Bavaria, 472; ceded to Austria, 482.
Samaria, 7; capital of Israel, 9; captured by Sargon, 10; tributary to Assyria, 14. Sammuramit, wife of Vul-lush III., 14. Samnites, 81, 83; wars with Rome, I., 104; II., 105; III., 105; join Pyrrhus, re- conquered, 108; revolt after Cannæ, 115; attack Rome, but are repulsed by Sulla, 131.
Samo, k. of the Slavs, 168.
Samurai in Japan, 212, 563. Sancho IV., k. of Castile, 276.
Sancho I., k. of Navarre, 209; III., the Great, 209.
Sancroft, archb. of Canterbury, 384. San Domingo, foundation of, 283; sack of, 290, 339.
Sandon, 21, 26.- Sandonidae, 21. Sandra-Kottos.
San Jago, 240, 328.
San Stefano, peace of, 523.
Sante Fé, foundation of, 289.
Sapor I., k. of Persia, 187; II., 188; III.,
Satsuma rebellion, 564.
Saturninus, L. Appuleius, 128. Saucourt, battle of, 201.
Saul, k. of the Jews, 8.
Saussage at St. Savior, 299.
Savage, conspiracy of, 339.
Savannah, captured by the British, 430; evacuated, 431; taken by Sherman, 558. Savery, capt., 486.
Savoy, most powerful state in northern Italy, 327; obtains Sicily as a kingdom, 393; exchanges Sicily for Sardinia, dukes become kings of Sardinia, 397; acquires part of Milan, 415; ceded to France, 458; restored to Sardinia, 485; ceded again to France, 502.
Saxon kings and emperors, 194. Saxe, marshal, 438, 446.
Saxons, pirates, 38; location, 170; settle in Britain, 172, 176, 177, 178; subdued by Charles the Great, 184, 185. Saxony, 194; revolt against Henry IV., 199, 200; Lothar, duke, becomes emp., 218; Saxony under Henry the Proud and Henry the Lion, 218, 219; division of the old duchy, 222; electorate given to Fred- eric, margrave of Meissen, 252; separa- tion of the Albertine (Catholic), and Er- Destine (Lutheran) line, 305; alliance of Ferdinand and the Lutheran elector, 309; receives Lusatia, 314; Augustus II., becomes k. of Poland, 372; deposed, 395; Augustus III., claimant for Poland, 398, claimant for the Austrian succes- sion, 400; allied with Prussia, 408, 469; with Napoleon, 469; elector becomes king and joins confederacy of the Rhine, 469; capture of the king, 478; half of S. ceded to Prussia, 483; revolutionary dis- turbances, 492, 499; allied with Aus- tria against Prussia, 507; vote in the Bundesrath, 520.
Say and Seal, visc., 296.
Saybrook united with Connecticut, 357. Scandinavia, geography, 163; ethnography, 164; religion, 165.
way, Sweden.
Scharnhorst, 471, 476.
Schenectady, destruction of, 361.
Schism act, repeal of, 437.
Schism in the church, 221; the great S., 263.
Sardinia, Phoenician colonies in, 17; sub- jugated by Carthage, 19; ceded to Rome, 112; given to Sextus Pompeius, 146; Enzio, k. of Sardinia; S. also claimed by the pope, 225; reserved for the em- peror, 393; seized by Spain, but aban-Schleswig, foundation of, 194; yielded to
doned, and given to Savoy in exchange for Sicily; dukes of Savoy, kings of Sar- dinia, 397, 415; compelled to cede Savoy and Nice to France, 458; possessions on the main-land occupied and annexed by France, 460; old dynasty restored, 483; Austrians put down the liberals, 488; war with Austria, 494; shares in the Crimeau wars, 500; the French and Sar- dinians defeat Austria, 502, 531; Victor Emmanuel k. of Italy, 503. See Italy. Sargon, k. of Assyria. 10, 14. Sasbach, battle of, 368.
the Danes, 198; war in Denmark over, 236; conquered by Wallenstein, 310; taken from the duke of Holstein-Got- torp by the Danes, 396; annexed to Denmark, 496; three wars with Den- mark, 495; delivered to the Danes, 498; incorporated with Denmark, 505; re- signed by Denmark, 506; provisionally governed by Prussia, 507; incorporated Schmalkaldie league, 303; war, 305. with Prussia, 510. Schöffer, Peter, 253. Schomberg, 384, 355, 386.
Scotland, geography, 36; Scots ravage Britain, 38, 176; war with Edward I., 264; contested succession, 264, 266; Scot- land independent after Bannockburn, 268; capture of James, prince of Scot- land, 270: James IV. invades England, 333; Flodden field, 331; Mary queen of Scots, 338, 339; James VI. succeeds in England as James I., 339; episcopacy in Scotland, 340; riot in Edinburgh, solemn league and covenant, 344; bishops' war, 345 Scotch invade England, 348; Mon- trose in Scotland, 348; Charles surren- ders to Scotch, 349; secret treaty with, 350; Cromwell in Scotland, 375; perse- cution of covenanters, 382: William and Mary receive the crown, 386; union with England, 434.
Scroop, archb. of York, 270. Scurcola, battle of, 226. Scutage, introduction of, 231.
Scythians, invade Media, 15, 25; India, 24; attacked by Darius without success, 28. Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 332. Sebastopol, siege of, 500.
Secessio plebis, 96, 98, 107.
Secession of the Southern States in North America, 558.
Sedan, battle of, 517.
Sedgemoor, battle of, 383. Seisachtheia, 52. Sejanus, 149.
Sekigahara, battle of, 356.
Seleucidæ, conquer the Jews, 11; over the Phoenicians, 20; kings of Syria, 77; con- quered by Rome, 120, 153.
Semitic peoples, religion of, 12. Sempach, battle of, 250. Sempronius Longus, T., 114. Sena gallica, battle of, 117.
Senate, French, under the 4th constitu- tion, 461; receives greater power, 464; under Louis Napoleon, 531; constitution of 1875, 533.
Senate, Roman, origin, 87; enlargement, 89: in the monarchical constitution, 91; under the republican constitution, 94; growing importance, 102; conflict with the Gracchi, 124; loses the jury duty, 125; the reforms of Sulla give the S. a
temporary representative character, 132; power of revision restored to censors, 133; reduced to a council under Cæsar, 143; receives the power of appointing offi- cials, 149.
Senate in the United States, 433. Seneca, 150.
Senlac. See Hastings. Sennacherib, 10, 15. Senones, 34, 35, 107. Sentinum, battle of, 106. Sepoy mutiny, 546.
September laws in France, 529. Septennial parliament, 437. Septimania, 174, 201.
Septimius Severus, Roman emp., Serfdom, 166; abolished by Joseph II., 407; by Alexander II., 500. Sertorius, Q., 130, 133.
Servia, 521, 523; independent, 524; king- dom, 526.
Servian constitution, 91.
Servile wars, I., 123; II., 128; III., 133. Servilius, P., consul, 134, 141. Servilius Ahala, C., 99. Servius Tullius, 89. Sesonchis. See Shashang I. Sesostris, 5.
Seti I., k. of Egypt, 5.
Seven years' war, 403; in America, 420; in India, 443; participation of Spain, 414. Severus Alexander, Roman emp., 154. Seville, treaty of, 437. Seward, William H., 556. Sextius Lateranus, L., 100, 101. Seydlitz, 404, 405.
Seymour, lord, execution of, 336.
Sforza, Francesco, becomes d. of Milan, 262, 302, 303, 304.
Shaftesbury, lord chan., 380, 381, 382.
Shah Alam II., emp. of India, 442, 444 ; Jahán, emp. of India, reign of, 354. Shahnameh, Persian epic, refers to old Bac- tri in empire, 25, 191.
Shahr-Barz, Persian general, 191, 192. Shakespeare, 339.
Shalmaneser, ks. of Assyria, II., 14; IV., 10, 14.
Shang, mythical dynasty in China, 31. Shanghai, 31, 501; opened to British trade, 561.
Sharpe, archb., murdered, 381. Shashang I., k. of Egypt, 5, 10. Shays's rebellion, 433.
Shelburne, lord, administration, 431, 441; sec. of state. 440.
Shenandoah valley, 558. Shepherd kings in Egypt, 5. Sher Ali, death of, 547.
Sheridan, general, Opequan, 558; Tive Forks, 559.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 441. Sheriffmuir, battle of. 437.
Sherman, gen., campaign against John- ston, 558; march through Georgia, 558; received the surrender of the last confed- erate army, 559.
Shiloh, battle of, 557.
Shimonoseki batteries destroyed, 563. Shinto religion, 32, 33; reestablished, 564.
Shrewsbury, e. of, 384; secretary of state, 385; resignation, 387; last lord high treas., 435, 436. Sicilian vespers, 226.
Sicily, Phoenician colonies in, 17; wars of Carthaginians and Greeks in, 20; Messe- nians settle in, 51; Syracusan expedition of the Athenians, 67; geographical de- scription, 83; collision between Rome and Carthage, 110; ceded to Rome, west- ern S. the first Roman province, 111; war in Sicily, 116; subjugated, 117; re- volt of slaves in, 123, 128; war with Sex- tus Pompeius in, 146.
Sicily, kingdom of, Roger II. assumes title of k. of the Two S., 218; Constance, heiress of the kingdom, wife of the emp. Henry VI., 222; war with Tancred, 223; Frederic II., 223; Manfred, 225; Charles of Anjou receives kingdom from the pope, 226; Sicilian vespers, French driven from S., which falls to Peter of Aragon, 226 (see Naples); S. united with Aragon, 263; given as kingdom to Savoy, 393; seized by Spain, but abandoned, and, by Savoy, exchanged with Austria for Sardinia, 307; after the war of the Polish succession ceded by Austria to Spain, with Naples, 398; S. and Naples (as kingdom of the Two Sici- lies) given to Ferdinand, 3d son of Charles III. of Spain, 416; deprived of Naples by Napoleon, the court retires to 8., 468; dynasty restored, 483; revolt, 493; Gari- baldi liberates S., 502. Sickingen, Franz von, 302.
Sicyon, 40, 48; joins Achæan league, 72. Sidney, execution of, 382; sir Philip, death of, 339.
Sidon, chief town of the Sidonians, 16; greatest power, 17; superseded by Tyre, 18; first city of Phoenicia under Persia, 19; abandoned by crusaders, 217. Sievershausen, battle of, 306. Sieyes, 449, 461.
Sigibert 1., k. of the Franks, 181. Sigismund, emp. of the H. R. E., 251.
Sigismund, k. of Hungary, 277.
Sigismund III., k. of Poland, 352.
Simon of Montfort, e. of Leicester, his par-
liament, 234. Simony, 200. Sindhia, 443, 541. Sinope, battle of, 499. Sipylus, battle of, 119. Siraj-ud-Daulá, 443. Sistova, peace of, 413. Sivaji, 389, 443.
Siward, e. of Northumberland, 206. Six articles, 335. Sixtus V., pope, 327. Skaania, 236, 237, 238. Skobeleff, 523, 526. Skrzynecki, 490.
Slavery abolished throughout the British empire, 540; partially abolished in Conn., 432; abolished in Massachusetts, 431; in Pennsylvania, 431; in the United States, 433.
Slave-trade abolished in British dominion, 537; in the United States, 550.
Slaves in Athens, 52; in Germany, 166, 177.
Slavonic congress in Prague, 493.
Slavs, great monarchy of, 168; religion, 169; regain their liberty, 173. Slawata, 309.
Slidell, 544, 557.
Sluys, battle of, 257.
Smerdes. See Hirhor.
Smith, John, in Virginia, 291, 292; explo- ration of coast of New England by, 294. Smolensk, 474, 475.
Sobieski, John, k. of Poland, relieves Vi- enna, 372; in Poland, 374. Social democrats in Germany, 524. Socialistic commune, in France, 532. Socrates, 64, 69.
Sogdianus, k. of Persia, 29. Soissons, battle of, 173, 181.
Solemn league and covenant, in Scotland, 344; in England, 348. Solferino, battle of, 502.
Soliman II., sultan of Turkey, besieged Vienna, 303; alliance with Francis 1., 304, 305; death, 306; reign, 353. Soliman Pasha, 522.
Solis, Juan Diaz de, 284, 285. Solomon, k. of the Jews, 9.
Solon, of Athens, visited Croesus of Lydia, 21; constitution of, 52. Solway Moss, battle of, 335.
Somers, lord keeper, 387; lord chan., 388; whig leader, 435.
Somerset, execution of, 336. Sömmering, 486.
Soonees, 182.
Soor, battle of, 402, 509.
Sophia, princess of Hanover, 435.
Sophia of Russia, 374.
Sophocles, 64.
Soto, Ferdinando de, 287.
Soult, marshal, on the Rhine, 467; Spain, 471, 473, 479; in France, 481. Soult, ministry of, 530.
South Sea bubble, 435, 437, 445. Southwold Bay, battle of, 380.
Spain, Phoenician settlements in, 17; Car- thaginian colonies in, 19; war with Car- thaginians in, 115; regarded as a Roman
province, 118; invaded by Vandals, Suevi Alani, 171; West Gothic kingdom in, 172, 174; Suevi and West Goths unite and are converted, 175; conquered by Moors, 183; fall of Cordova, rise of Christian kingdoms, 756-1035, 209; revolt of Por- tugal, union of Castile and Leon, 240; conquest of Granada, wars between Castile and Aragon, 276; union of Aragon and Castile, 328; discoveries in America, 282; war with France, peace of the Pyre- nees, 366; war with England, 377; war of the Spanish succession, 390; partition treaties, 391; peace of Utrecht, 393; house of Bourbon, 414; Jesuits expelled, 415; war with England in America, 419, 437, 438; Florida ceded to England, 423, 439; war with England, 440; Florida re- stored to Spain, 432, 441; France declares war against, 453; Bourbons displaced in favor of Joseph Bonaparte, 470; penin- sula war, 471,473; constitution of 1812, ib.; French driven from Spain, 479; Bourbons restored, 483; liberal rising, const. of 1812 restored, 487; French in- tervention, 488; revolt of the American colonies, 488; revolution of 1868, 512; S. a republic, 520; monarchy restored, 521; treaties with the United States, 548, 552. Spanish succession, 388; war of, 390. Sparta, founded, 48; constitution of Ly- curgus, 50 first hegemony, 56; Ther- mopylae, 58; Platææ, 60; hegemony war with transferred to Athens, 61; Athens, 62; Peloponnesian war, 64; sec- ond hegemony, 69; loss of hegemony to war with the Achæan Thebes, 70;
league, 79, 122; Nabis defeated by Ro- mans, 80.
steam-engine, 486; applied to navigation,
Steele, sir Richard, 436.
Steenkirke, battle of, 370, 387. Stein, baron of, reorganizes Prussia, 471; central administration, 478, 479; at con- gress of Vienna, 482. Steinmetz, 514.
Stenbock, Swedish general, 396. Stenkil, k. of Sweden, 208, 237. Stephen, archd. palatine, 494. Stephen of Blois, k. of England, 230. Stephen, St., k. of Hungary, 277. Stephen Bathory, elected k. of Poland,
Stevenson, George, 486. Steward, office of, 195. Steyer, truce of, 462. Stilicho, 161, 171.
Stillwater, battles of, 429. Stockach, battles of, 460, 462. Stockholm, massacre of, 352; treaty of, 396, 437.
Stony Point, storm of, 430. Strafford, earl of, sketch of life, 344; im- peachment, 345; execution, 346.
Stralsund, peace of, 237, 249; siege of, 310; lost by Sweden, 396.
Strassburg, remains to the empire, 316; seized by Louis XIV., 369; siege, 516; capitulation, 518; ceded to the German empire, 519.
Strathclyde subjected to Northumbria, 180; submits to England, 204.
Stratton Hill, battle of, 347. Strelitzes, 374.
Struensee, 409.
Stuart, house of, succeeds in England, 339; expelled, 375; restored, 378; ex- pelled, 385.
Speier, diet at, 224; imperial chamber at, Stuart, Arabella, 340; imprisonment and
Spicheren, battle of, 516.
Spinola, 309, 310. Spitamas, 26.
Spithead, mutiny at, 535. Spoils system, in U. S., 552. Spottsylvania, battle of, 558. Spurius Cassius, 97. Stadtlohn, battle of, 310. Stahremberg, 372.
Stamford, battle of, 274.
Stamfordbridge, battle of, 206.
Sulla, L. Cornelius, takes Jugurtha, 127; in the social war, 129: war with Marius, 130; war against Mithridates, 130; ap- pointed dictator in Rome, 132, abdicated, 133; death, ib.
Stamp act, passage of, 423, 440; repeal of, Sully, d. of, 325, 340.
Sulpicius Galba, P., 118; Rufus, 130. Sumir, 13.
Sumter, Thomas, 430. Sunderland, (2d) e. of (Spencer), in cabinet, 381; sec. of state, 382; becomes Catho- lic, 383 dismissed, 384; returned to parliament, 387, lord chamberlain, 388; (31) e. of, whig leader, 435; lord lieut. of Ireland, 436.
Sung, kingdom of, 242.
Surajah Dowlah. See Siráj-ud-Daulá. Surat, English factory at, 353. Surinam, discovery of, 283.
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