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SYNOPSIS OF THE WORK.

AGRICULTURE..

LAND OF CANAAN, Divided by lot according to the number of families, as commanded by Moses, and performed by Joshua at Shiloh.

TENURE OF LAND,

Held from God in perpetual entail on condition of military service,-returning,if alienated, to its original owner at the year of jubilee, or redeemable on certain conditions, instances in Naomi, Naboth, etc.

TRANSFER OF LAND,

THRASHING,

Done on floor, thrashing floor, barn-floor, corn-
floor, by a rod, or hoofs of unmuzzled cattle,
cart-wheels or teethed instruments; straw and
grain separated by removing with a fan or
judgment, etc.
fanners; chaff driven by the wind: symbol of

GRASS,

For cattle, green and abundant, refreshed by rain, on house-tops short-lived, soon withered and used as fuel-cast into the oven; emblem

Bought in patriarchal times, and made over of life, of prosperity, of the wicked, etc. by charter also in Jewish times.

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CULTIVATION OF SOIL,

OTHER PRODUCTS OF FIELDS,

Beans, bulrushes, flags, flax, gourds, heath, lentiles, mandrakes, mallows, millet, reeds rushes, rye, tares.

FAILURE OF CROPS,

Of grass,-a terrible visitation, as in days of Ahab;-of grain,-caused by inclement season,-by drought and wet,-by locusts,—by predatory enemies,-often very severe;-hunger or cleanness of teeth, urging to various repulsive elements of food, even during a siege to canni

Assigned to Adam and to man, as the means balism, and producing blackness of skin, ema

of sustenance.

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PLENTY,

nation, fainting, and death: the symbol of spiritual destitution,-instances in the days David, Ahab, Elisha, siege of Samaria, of seven of Abraham, Isaac, Joseph, of the Judges, of years, foretold by Elisha, during siege of Jerusalem, after the captivity, in reign of Claudius

Cæsar.

GOD'S CARE OF HIS PEOPLE

During famine, as in case of Elijah, often promised.

MEANS AGAINST FAMINE,

Often experienced to an hundred fold: the gift Granaries of Egypt filled by Joseph, and corn imported from other countries.

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CREATION OF THEM BY GOD,

ANIMALS.

the Dove, an emblem of the Spirit of God:the Eagle, distinguished for its powerful pin

Out of the dust of the ground, and named by ions, rapid flight, lofty nest, penetrating eye,

Adam.

GOD'S PROVIDENCE OVER THEM,

In the necessary food and preservation of every one of them-exemplified at the flood, in Nineveh, etc., represented as teaching and tellin of God, honouring Him, crying unto Him, and seeking their meat from Him.

WILD BEASTS,

God's scourge, while on behalf of his people, He makes with them a covenant and peace.

SUBJECTION OF THE INFERIOR ANIMALS TO MAN.

and rapacity, illustrative of persecutors,-the Hawk as a bird of passage and prey,-the Ostrich, as timid and easily driven from its nest, the Owl as the symbol of desolation,— the Partridge illustrative of the persecuted,

the Peacock as admired for its beautiful plumage,-Poultry noted for affection to their young,-Quails as birds of passage, which cross the Arabian desert,-the Raven as a bird of prey, the Sparrow as common and little esteemed, two sold for a farthing, the Swallow, and Crane as birds of passage, their instinctive knowledge of the time of their migration employed as a reproof to Israel; and the Vulture, as filthy and rapacious, etc

FOWLING,

Appointed by God, effected by taming them, and exemplified in the killing of the lion by Pursued by means of snares, gins, and nets. Samson, etc.

WILD ANIMALS

Each noted for its own characteristic peculi. arity, Bear for fierceness-Behemoth or Hippopotamus for great strength-Boar for wasting,-Coney for its inaccessible abode,-Deer for agility and beauty.-Dog for its filthy and predatory habits,-For for its smallness and cunning,-Lopard for its spotted hide, and swift and sudden spring,-Lion for its boldness, power, and terrific voice; an emblem of a mighty ruler, a powerful people, and Satan the adversary; an instrument of judgment in God's hand, as in the case of the disobedient prophet and the emigrants sent to Samaria-Leviathan, or Crocodile, for its bulk, terrible appearance, and impenetrable scales,-Unicorn for its strength,-Wolf for its ferocity, etc.

PROPHETIC SYMBOLS FROM ANIMALS, Lion denoting Assyria,-the Bear Persia,-the Leopard Greece,-the beast diverse from all, Rome.

HUNTING.

FISHES,

Often employed for food; Fishing a common employment, prosecuted by means of hooks, nets and drags; illustrative of the work of Gospel ministers, and an emblem of the Assyrians carrying Israel away captive,-the fish-gate, a gate of Jerusalem.

REPTILES,

The Dragon, probably including several animals under it, represented as being of terrible and poisonous aspect, and frequenting ruined cities, rivers, and marshes; illustrating the malignity of the wicked one, the Frog an object of disgust,-the Horseleech as craving for blood,-the Worm as bred in putrifying matter, as also in certain diseases; often alluded to in connection with the grave and illustrative of the punishment of the place of woe, the Se pent described as subtil, fiery, crooked, deadly poisonous, and susceptible of being charmed, illustrative of the cunning of Satan, the Snail found in damp and shady places,-the Viper in many respects similar, and often associated with the ser

Prosecuted by means of the bow, and the net; pent. illustrative of persecution.

FOWLS.

INSECTS,

The Ant noted for diligence; Bees for their number and sting; illustrative of enemies numerous and formidable; valuable also for their honey,which is characteristic of Canaan, and often used for food,-the Caterpillar and Locust for their devastations and as a means of divine chastisement, the Ca ker worm and Palmer-worm also a divine scourge,—the

Birds marking the approach of summer by their singing;-cage of unclean birds,-nest built on the branches of trees, in rocks and in places inaccessible, an emblem of a place of peace; -Bat, Bittern, and Cormorant, alluded to as inhabitants of solitary and forsaken places,

Flea on account of its insignificance.-Flies scales and fins;-Clean fowls not formally for their swarms, the Gnat for its proverbial described, but the unclean excepted by name; smallness, Grasshoppers, for their vast num- creeping things, clean in part, described and bers, and individual smailness,-the Hornet named, as the locust, beetle, grasshopper, etc., for the severity of its sting, and as an unclean in part described and named, as the instrument of Divine judgment, Lice one lizard, etc. of the plagues of Egypt,-the Moth for its silent destructiveness-the Spider for its frail web; illustrative of the hope of wicked men,

etc.

ANIMALS USED FOR LABOUR, The ass for riding and work, persons of rank riding on white asses, wild asses regarded as untameable-the camel used on long desert journeys, the swift dromedary, the horse which Israel was forbidden to multiply, used especially by warriors in early times, and in drawing the chariots of the great,-The war steed, characterized by strength, fleetness, and courage,-Males employed in riding, horses of various colours, with their riders and chariots, used as prophetic symbols in Zechariah.

DISTINCTION OF ANIMALS INTO CLEAN AND
UNCLEAN, FOR SACRIFICE AND FOOD,

Animal food given to Noah, etc., blood for.
bidden, and fat, animals unclean which had
been killed by beasts, or died a natural death;
christian law, and conscience, require ab-tinence
from what may be doubtful to ourselves, or
offensive to weak brethren.

THE HERD,

Cattle an important description of wealth in ancient times, the calf often fatted and killed as a luxury;-Bulls, fierce, bulls of Bashan,— the Ox used for agricultural labour, unaccustomed to the yoke, an image of impenitent men under divine chastisement; statutes appointed enforcing equity and mercy, pasture ground very extensive,-dairy produce, Milk, Butter, and Cheese, killing cattle for food frequently exemplified, and very often referred to in Scripture-the Horn frequently employed as an emblem of power, pride, protection, and as a prophetic symbol.

THE FLOCK.

Sheep-a common element of ancient wealth, kept for their wool and flesh, prone to wander, are illustrative of mankind going astray from of a scattered people. and of Christ's followers God; symbols of innocence and helplessness, under persecution-Tending the flock performed by the sheepmaster and household, similitude of the rulers and teachers of a nation and of Christ the Shepherd of souls;-Multiplication of the flock, a token of the Divine blessing→ ANIMALS CLEAN AND UNCLEAN IN THEMSELVES, Wild goats, inhabitants of inaccessible rocks Quadrupeds clean which parted the hoof, and and mountains, the domesticated led in flocks chewed the cud, unclean which did not part by a he-goat-the milk and flesh valuable for the hoof or chew the cud;-Fishes clean which food, and the hair employed in manufactures; had scales and fins, unclean which had not-emblem of the wicked; symbol of Macedon.

ARCHITECTURE.

ORIGINAL DWELLINGS,

Tents, used in part at least by the Antedilu. vians, by the Patriarchs, and by Israel in the wilderness,-Materials composing them, cords, curtains and stakes; figuratively applied to the earth, with the curtains of heaven above, and also to the body of man.

OCCASIONAL DWELLINGS,

employed, bricks, stones, timber,-Erection was executed by carpenters, masons, etc.; used as a symbol of the increase of families, and of spiritual edification.

ORDINARY FORM OF HOUSES,

Walls so built as very much to seclude the building,-Courts uncovered, open spaces;Roof required by the Mosaic law to be flat, and fenced with battlements, usually communiCaves resorted to, for shelter, and in seasons cated with the house, and was often resorted of danger; caves mentioned in Scripture,-to Makkedah, Adullam, Engedi, etc.

ORDINARY DWELLINGS,

for the purpose of observation, for making public proclamation, and for retirement and prayer,-Peter on housetop,-Pilars employed for strength and ornament, symbolically applied to eminent men,-Door, porch, gate, the passage for entering and departing,-Windows for light,-the Dial for determining the hour, the various apartments constructed so as to suit the various objects for which they are designed.

Houses of various forms, palaces, castles and cottages; Foundation metaphorically applied to the mountains, and to the world at large, illustrative of strength; a name given to Christ and his Apostles;-Materials usually

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ARCHITECTURE.]

THE TENURE OF HOUSES,

SYNOPSIS.

in unwalled villages held on the same principle is in ordinary inheritance,- Houses in waled cities limited in respect to their redemption and restoration; dediction attended by certain ceremonies and privileges,-the thirtieth Psalm.

FURNITURE,

Beds sometimes richly ornamented, but ordinarily couches ranged round the walls of the rooms; used as an emblem of the grave; bottles made of leather or the skins of animals; instanced in Hannah, the Gibeonites, etc., The pitcher used for carrying water, exemplified in the woman of Samaria,-The table used for meals and often used figuratively for the food itself as "providing a table." Seats (domestic) often formed simply of the sleeping couches folded up;-other household stuti consisted of pots, baskets, etc.

THE HEARTH,

Fires for cooking, and during the winter months for warmth; instanced in the hall o the high priest during the trial of Jesus; forbidden to be lighted on the Sabbath day, Fuel of wood, thorns, dried grass, etc,-The Candle or limp of oil usually kept burning during the night, and often employed as an emblem of domestic prosperity, but "lamp pu out," the symbol of domestic adversity; leprosy in houses and law about it.

[ARMY-ARMS,

names given to them from that of the

builder, from the object of the erection, or from some circumstance connected with the erection. Different kinds of cities speciChariot, Fenced Cities, the walls of great fied, namely, Roval, Treasure, Commercial, strength, and provided at intervals with watch towers and battlements; gates sometimes constructed of brass, iron, etc., being places of concourse, spaces around them used for merchandise, and for judicial proceedings, often alluded to as the resort of the idle,Streets and thoroughfares usually narrow in the east,-Watchmen employed to guard during the night; elders of the people appointed by Moses to act as magistrates; instanced in the history of Ruth.

CITY OF GOD,

Jerusalem, often called the holy city, so named from being specially the place of God's presence, the scene of his worship, and the convocations of his people Israel

ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS,

Erected by good men to mark special manifes tations of God's favour, as by Jacob at Beth-el, Moses at Sinai, Joshua at Gilgal, etc.

CITIES IN RUNS.

As the result of God's displeasure; often the subjects of prophecy, and often described as in the case of Babylon, Damascus, Nineveh, etc. Rebuilding of a city once in ruins is illus Erected for security, for convenience in mer-trated in the case of Jerusalem after the Babychandise, and often from personal ambition, lonish captivity.

CITIES,

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Israel marching in the wilderness, had the standard of Judah, Issachar, and Z bulun on the east, Reuben, Simeon and Gad, on the south, Ephraim, Manasseh and B njamin north; sign of mustering nations, and the on the west, Dan, Asher and Naphtali on the gathering of converts to Christ.

DISCIPLINE,

Began by Saul, attempted by David, and completed under the kings,-Foreign armies often referred to those of Egypt, Midian, Amalek, Philisti. Moab, Syria, Assyria, Ammon, etc,- Allied armies also often referred to in sacred history, as in the case Founded on gradations of rank. the common of the kings of Canaan against Joshua.. soldiers being the mass of the army, and the Judah allied with Simeon,-Ammon with officers in command, consisting of various Syria,Judah with Syria,-Judah with grades, distinguished in different armies as, Israel, Judah with Assyria,-Moab with captains of thousands, captains of hundreds,

captains of fifties, captains of the host, cap- they heard the evil report of the spies-by tains of the guard, centurions, etc.

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Moab when they saw the numbers of Israel,by the kings of the Amorites when they heard of the wonders which God had wrought for the tribes,-by the Roman guards at the that their enemies would be panic struck besepulchre of Jesus, promise made to Israel fore them, which was often fulfilled in their history.

ARMOUR,

Usually worn by soldiers in battle, used symbolically to denote the weapons by which the Christian may meet and successfully repel his spiritual foes, the defensive consisting of the helmet, for the head,-the shield fastened on the left arm, and used in parrying off the strokes of enemies, the symbol of divine protection, the coat of mail fitted to the body to protect it greaves, fitted round the legs to protect them, the offensive consisting of the bow and arrow, the character istic weapons of the Jews and foreign nations; image of terrible evil inflicted by man, as also of divine-judgments, the dagger, durts, or javelin, the spear, the sling, used by shepherds in defending their flocks, as well as in war,illustrative of casting or expelling a people out of their own land, and the sword the most deadly of all the ancient weapons; the symbol of divine punishment and of human

Evinced by Israel in the wilderness, when persecution.

BODY.

BODY,

Formed out of the dust-fearfully and wonderfully made-symbol of the Church, in its sympathetic unity; has an interest in Christ's salvation; grows in stature, and possesses senses, appetites, and organs.

CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE BODY.

Flesh the name often given to the whole corporeal person, or to corrupted human nature, used to signify what is external, denotes humanity generally. Bone, name and index of blood relationship, often alluded to as the seat of pain, often applied to the dead body, as bones of Joseph. Joints said to be loosened in fear. Skin black, expressive of severe disease, bones cleaving to it denoting emaciationsinews hardened, a symbol of obstinacy-blood often used to express murder as "the pollution of blood." Flesh and blood an expression for humanity.

THE HEAD.

Hair its natural covering, often standing for the person or life itself, a natural symbol of chief or governor-bowed in token of reverence to God and respect to man-covered with dust a mark of mourning-hoary, a mark of age and venerable appearance-baldness a token of contempt, anointed for refreshment, token of disease, grief, and reproach-tossed in one hair not falling to the ground denoting perfect safety.

the Jews,-Forehead, a spot on it marking Beard usually worn among public or official rank-Face bowed down in obeisance-falling on it the result of sudden or overpowering sensation-To set the fuce denoting steady purpose-check, to smite on it an hearing, to give ear denoting attention-bad act of haughty contempt-ear the organ of characteristics of the ear denoted by the epithets, uncircumcised, stopped, not inclined-earrings, a common ornament. Eye the organ of sight, and the source of tears; sometimes Are often alluded to and frequently employed dimmed by age or sorrow; occasionally painted by women, exemplified in Jezebel, an evil eye

PARTS AND ORGANS OF THE BODY.

by the inspired writers.

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