This

which, by the operation of the statute of uses, conveys the whole fee. is called a conveyance by lease and release.

RELHANIA, in botany, so named in honour of the Rev. Richard Relham, a genus of the Syngenesia Polygamia Superflua class and order. Natural order of Composite Discoideæ. Essential character: calyx imbricate, scariose; corollets of the ray very many; pappus membranaceous, cylindrical, short; receptacle chaffy. There are sixteen species, all natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

RELIEF, a certain sum of money which the tenant holding by knight's service, grand sergeantry, or other tenure, for which homage or legal service is due, and being at full age at the death of his ancestor, formerly paid to his lord at his

entrance.

RELIEVO, or RELIEF, in sculpture, &c. is the projecture or standing out of a figure, which arises prominent from the ground or plan on which it is formed, whether that figure be cut with the chisel, moulded, or cast.

There are three kinds or degrees of relievo, viz. alto, basso, and demi-relievo. The alto-relievo, called also haut-relief, or high relievo, is when the figure is formed after nature, and projects as much as the life. Basso-relievo, bass-relief, or low. relievo, is when the work is raised but a little from the ground, as in medals, and the frontispieces of buildings, and particularly in the histories, festoons, foliages, and other ornaments of friezes. Demirelievo is when one half of the figure rises from the plane. When, in a basso-relievo, there are parts that stand clear out, detached from the rest, the work is called a demi-basso. In architecture, the relievo or projecture of the ornaments ought always to be proportioned to the magnitude of the building it adorns, and to the distance at which it is to be viewed.

RELIEVO, OF RELIEF, in painting, is the degree of boldness with which the figures seem, at a due distance, to stand out from the ground of the painting.The relievo depends much upon the depth of the shadow, and the strength of the light, or on the height of the different colours, bordering on one another; and particularly on the difference of the colour of the figure from that of the ground. Thus, when the light is so disposed as to make the nearest parts of the figure advance, and is well diffused on the masses, yet insensibly diminishing, and terminating in a large spacious shadow,

brought off insensibly, the relievo is said to be bold, and the clair-obscure well understood.

RELIGION, seditious words, in derogation of the established religion, are indictable, as tending to a breach of the

peace.

REMAINDER, in law, is an estate limited in lands, tenements, or rents, to be enjoyed after the expiration of another particular estate. As if a man seised in fee-simple, grant lands to one for twenty years, and, after the determination of the said term, then to another, aud his heirs for ever; here the former is tenant for years, remainder to the latter in fee. Both interests are, in fact, only one estate: the present term of years, and the remainder afterwards, when added together, being equal only to one estate in fee. When a remainder is limited in a will, it is sometimes called an executory devise. This is not strictly a remainder, but something in nature of a remainder, which, though informal and bad, as such, is held good as an executory devise. The doctrine of remainders is very abstruse, chiefly from the difficulty of ascertaining, from the form of the deed or will by which it is created, whether or not the remainder is contingent, and liable to be defeated. Where a remainder is limited after an estate tail, the tenant in tail can at all times, by suffering a recovery, defeat the remainder, and get possession of the fee. This is called docking the entail, and it is allowed, for the purpose of preventing limitations in perpetuity. For, otherwise, men of large landed estates would be enabled to tie up the inheritance so strictly by will, that in a few years all the landed property in the kingdom would be vested for ever in certain families, and that circulation of wealth, which is the great spur to industry, would be wholly at an end. Hence would be introduced all the inconvenience of a system of casts similar to those in the East Indies, and in a short time there would be no change in the course of inheritances, except upon forfeitures for felony, or high treason, which would rarely occur. perhaps, the consequence would be, that the inheritance of females not being forbidden, the land would be so subdivided by different descents to coheiresses, that there would be no large estates in the country. This sufficiently evinces the wisdom of the law, which prevents bequests in perpetuity, and we have thought it better to notice this in a popular work,

Or,

than to explain at length a term of art, which unavoidably leads to the most abstruse reasoning. For further information, see Jacob's Law Dict. by Tomlins, title Remainder; Fearne's Essay on Remainders, and other works there cited.

REMEMBRANCERS, anciently called clerks of the remembrance, certain officers in the Exchequer, whereof three are distinguished by the names of the King's Remembrancer, the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer, and the Remembrancer of the First Fruits. The King's Remembrancer enters in his office all recognisances taken before the Barons, for any of the King's debts, for appearances or observances of orders; he also takes all bonds for the King's debts, &c. and makes out processes thereon. He like. wise issues processes against the collectors of the customs, excise, and others, for their accounts; and informations upon penal statutes are entered and sued in his office, where all proceedings in matters upon English bills in the Exchequer Chamber remain. His duty further is, to make out the bills of compositions upon penal laws, to take the statement of debts; and into his office are delivered all kinds of indentures and other evidences, which concern the assuring any lands to the crown. He, every year, in crastino animarum, reads in open court the statute for election of sheriffs; and likewise openly reads, in court, the oaths of all the officers, when they are admitted.

The Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer is charged to make out process against all sheriffs, escheators. receivers, and bailiffs, for their accounts. He also makes out writs of fieri facias, and extent for debts due to the King, either in the pipe or with the auditors; and process for all such revenue as is due to the King, on account of his tenures. He takes the account of sheriffs; and also keeps a record, by which it appears whether the sheriffs or other accountants pay their profers due at Easter and Michaelmas; and at the same time he makes a record, whereby the sheriffs or other accountants keep their prefixed days. There are likewise brought into his office all the accounts of customers, comptrollers, and accountants, in order to make entry thereof on record: also all estreats and amercements are certified here, &c.

The Remembrancer of the First Fruits takes all compositions and bonds for the payment of first fruits and tenths, and makes out process against such as do not pay the same.

REMITTER, a e m in law, which im. plies that a person Saving a right is dispossessed, and then by a bad title, different from his former one, gets possession. He is then said to be remitted to his former title, or to be in by remitter, and cannot be turned out, although he gained his last possession by a bad ti tle.

RENDEZVOUS, in a military sense, the place appointed by the general, where all the troops that compose the army are to meet at the time appointed, in case of an alarm. This place should be fixed upon according to the situation of the ground, and the sort of troops quartered in the village. In an open country it is easy to fix upon a place of rendezvous, because the general has whatever ground he thinks necessary. In towns and villages, the largest streets, or marketplaces, are very fit; but let the place be where it will, the troops must assemble with ease, and be ready for the prompt execution of orders.

RENEALMIA, in botany, so named from Paul Reneaume, physician at Blois, a genus of the Monandria Monogynia class and order. Natural order of Scitaminex. Cannæ, Jussieu. Essential character: calyx trifid; nectary oblong; calyx one-leafed, bursting into two or three irregular teeth; anther sessile, opposite to the nectary; berry fleshy. There is but one species, viz. R. exaltata, a tree about twenty feet in height, having a straight trunk; leaves five or six feet long, lanceolate, waved about the edge; the raceme or bunch of flowers springs from the trunk above the root. It is a native of Surinam.

RENT, is a certain profit issuing yearly out of lands and tenements corporeal. There are at common law three kinds of rents; rent service, rent charge, and rent seck. Rent service is where the tenant holds his land of his lord by feaity and certain rent; or by homage, fealty, and certain rent; or by other service and certain rent; and it is called a rent service, because it has some corporeal service incident to it, which at least is fealty. Rent charge is called, because the land for payment thereof is charged with a distress. Rent seck is where the land is granted without any cause of distress for

the same.

The time for payment of rent, and, consequently, for a demand, is such a convenient time before the sun-setting of the last day, as will be sufficient to have the money counted; but if the tenant

meet the lessor on the land at any time of the last day of payment, and tender the rent, that is sufficient tender, because the money is to be paid indefinitely on that day, and therefore a tender on that day is sufficient. The remedy for nonpayment of rent is by distress, or taking the goods and chattels, or by action of debt. See Woodfall's Landlord and Tenant, or Tomlin's Law Dictionary.

REPELLING power. See REPULSION. REPETEND, in arithmetic, denotes that part of an infinite decimal fraction which is continually repeated ad infinitum. Repetends chiefly arise in the reduction of vulgar fractions to decimals;

thus = 0.333, &c. A single repetend

is that in which only one figure is repeated, as in the instance just given. A compound repetend is that in which two or more figures are repeated. "To find the value of any repetend, or to reduce it to a vulgar fraction." Rule. Take the given repeating figure, or figures, for the numerator, and for the denominator, take as many 9's as there are recurring figures or places in the given repetend: thus, 3 3 1 123

= == and 123 = 9 3

41

999 333

REPETITION, in rhetoric, a figure which gracefully and emphatically repeats either the same word, or the same sense in different words. In the use of this figure care is to be used that we run not into insipid tautologies, nor affect a trifling sound and chime of insignificant words. All turns and repetitions are so, that do not contribute to the strength and lustre of the discourse, or at least one of them. The nature and design of this figure is, to make deep impressions on those we address. It expresses anger and indignation, full assurance of what we affirm, and a vehement concern for what we have espoused.

REPLEVIN, in law, is a writ by him, who has cattle or other goods distrained by another, for any cause. If he wishes to dispute the propriety of the distress, he sues this writ, and upon putting in surety to the sheriff, that, upon delivery of the thing distrained, he will prosecute the action against the distrainer, the cattle or goods are delivered back, and said to be replevied. In this writ, or action, both the plaintiff and defendant are called actors; the one, that is, the plaintiff, suing for damages, and the defendant, who is also called avowant, to have a return of the goods or cattle. VOL. X.

Replevins by writ issue properly out of Chancery, returnable into the courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas at Westminster.

After the goods are delivered back to the party replevying, he is bound to bring his action of replevin against the distrainer; which may be prosecuted in the county court, be the distress of what value it may but either party may remove it to the superior courts of King's Bench or Common Pleas, the plaintiff at pleasure, and the defendant upon reasonable cause.

If the sheriff is shown a stranger's goods, and he takes them, an action of tresspass lies against him, for otherwise he could have no remedy; for being a prietate probundu; and were he not enti stranger, he cannot have the writ de protled to this remedy, it would be in the power of the sheriff to strip a man's house of all his goods.

If the replevin be determined for the plaintiff, namely, that the distress was wrongfully taken, he has already got his goods back into his own possession, and shall keep them and recover damages. But if the defendant prevail, by the default or non-suit of the plaintiff, then he shall have a writ de returno habendo, or to have a return, whereby the goods or chattels, which were distrained and then replevied, are returned again into his custody, to be sold, or otherwise disposed of, as if no replevin had been made. If the distress were for damage feasant, that is, for cattle breaking through fences, and coming upon the land of the party, the distrainer may keep the goods so returned, until tender shall be made of suffi cient amends.

REPLICATION, a law term, signifying a part of the pleadings upon the record, being the plaintiff's answer to the defendant's pleas.

REPRIEVE, an order to suspend a prisoner from the execution and proceeding of the law for a time. Every judge, who has power to order any execution, has power to reprieve.

REPRISE, or REPRIZE, at sea, is a merchant ship, which, after its being taken by a corsair, privateer, or other enemy, is retaken by the opposite party. If a vessel thus retaken has been twenty-four hours in the possession of the enemy, it is deemed a lawful prize; but if it be re. taken within that time, it is to be restored to the proprietor, with every thing there in, upon his allowing one-third to the ves sel, who made the reprise. Also, if the re. li

prise has been abandoned by the enemy, either in a tempest or from any other cause, before it has been led into any port, it is to be restored to the proprie.

tor.

REPRODUCTION, is usually under stood to mean the restoration of a thing before existing, and since destroyed. It is very well known that trees and plants may be raised from slips and cuttings; and some late observations have shown, that there are some animals which have the same property. The polype (see HYDRA) was the first instance we had of of this kind; but we had scarcely time to wonder at the discovery M. Trembley had made, when M. Bonett discovered the same property in a species of waterworm. Among the plants which may be raised from cuttings, there are some which seem to possess this quality in so eminent a degree, that the smallest portion of them will become a complete tree again. A twig of willow, poplar, and many other trees, being planted in the earth, takes root, and becomes a tree, every piece of which will in the same manner produce other trees. The case is the same with these worms; they are cut to pieces, and these several pieces become perfect animals; and each of these may be again cut into a number of pieces, each of which will in the same manner produce an animal. It has been supposed by some that these worms were oviparous; but M. Bonett, on cutting one of them to pieces, having observed a slender substance, resembling a small filament, to move at the end of one of the pieces, separated it; and on examining it with glasses, found it to be a perfect worm, of the same form with its parent, which lived and grew larger in a vessel of water, into which he put it. These small bodies are easily divided, and very readily complete themselves again, a day usually serving for the production of a head to the part that wants one; and, in general, the smaller and more slender the worms are, the sooner they complete themselves after this operation When the bodies of the large worms are examined by the microscope, it is very easy to see the appearance of the young worms alive, and moving about within them; but it requires great precision and exactness to be certain of this; since the

ramifications of the great artery have very much the appearance of young worms, and they are kept in a sort of continual motion by the systoles and diastoles of the several portions of the artery, which

serve as so many hearts. It is very certain, that what we force, in regard to these animals, by our operations, is done also naturally every day in the brooks and ditches where they live. A curious observer will find in these places many of them without heads or tails, and some without either; as also other fragments of various kinds, all which are then in the act of completing themselves; but whether accidents have reduced them to this state, or they thus purposely throw off parts of their own body for the reproduction of more animals, it is not easy to determine. They are plainly liable to many accidents, by which they lose the several parts of their body, and must perish very early, if they had not a power of reproducing what was lost; they often are broken into two pieces, by the resistance of some hard piece of mud which they enter; and they are subject to a disease, a kind of gangrene, rotting off the several parts of their bodies, and must inevitably perish by it, had they not this surprising property.

The reproduction of several parts of lobsters, crabs, &c. is one of the greatest curiosities in natural history. It seems, indeed, inconsistent with the modern system of generation, which supposes the animal to be wholly formed in the egg, that, in lieu of an organical part of an animal cut off, another should arise perfectly like it: the fact, however, is too well attested to be denied. The legs of lob. sters, &c. consist each of five articulations; now when any of the legs happen to break by any accident, as by walking, &c. which frequently happens, the frac ture is always found to be at the suture near the fourth articulation; and what they thus lose is exactly reproduced in some time afterwards; that is, a part of the leg shoots out, consisting of four ar ticulations, the first whereof has two claws, as before; so that the loss is entirely repaired.

If the leg of a lobster be broken off by design at the fourth or fifth articulation, what is thus broken off is always reproduced. But if the fracture be made in the first, second, or third articulation, the reproduction is not so certain. And it is very surprising, that, if the fracture be made at these articulations, at the end of two or three days all the other articulations are generally found broke off to the fourth, which, it is supposed, is done by the creature itself, to make the reproduction certain. The part reproduced is not only perfectly similar to that re

REPULSION, in physics, that property in bodies, whereby, if they are placed just beyond the sphere of each other's attraction of cohesion, they mutually fly from each other. Thus, if an oily substance lighter than water, be placed on the surface thereof, or if a piece of iron be laid upon mercury, the surface of the fluid will be depressed about the body laid on it: this depression is manifestly occasioned by a repelling power in the bodies, which hinders the approach of the fluid towards them. But it is possible, in some cases, to press or force the repelling bodies into the sphere of one another's attraction; and then they will mutually tend towards each other, as when we mix oil and water till they incorporate. Dr. Knight defines repulsion to be that cause which makes bodies mutually endeavour to recede from each other, with different forces, at different times; and that such a cause exists in nature, he thinks evident, for the following reasons. 1. Because all bodies are electrical, or capable of being made so; and it is well known, that electrical bodies both attract and repel. 2. Both attraction and repulsion are very conspicuous in all magnetical bodies. 3. Sir Isaac Newton has shewn from experiments, that the surfaces of two convex glasses repel each other. 4. The same great philosopher has explained the elasticity of the air, by supposing its particles mutually to repel each other. 5. The particles of light are, in part at least, repelled from the surfaces of all bodies. 6. Lastly, it seems highly probable, that the particles of light mutually repel each other, as well as the particles of air. The same gentleman ascribes the cause of repulsion, as well as that of attraction, to the immediate effect of God's will; and as attraction and repulsion are contraries, and consequently cannot, at the same

time, belong to the same substance, the doctor supposes there are in nature two kinds of matter, one attracting, the other repelling; and that those particles of matter, which repel each other, are subject to the general law of attraction in respect of other matter. A repellent matter being thus supposed, equally dispersed through the whole universe, the doctor attempts to account for many natural phenomena by means thereof. He thinks light is nothing but this repellent matter put into violent vibrations, by the repellent corpuscles which compose the atmosphere of the sun and stars: and that, therefore, we have no reason to be-. lieve they are gulfs of fire, but, like the rest of the heavenly bodies, inhabita ble worlds. From the same principles, he attempts to explain the nature of fire and heat, the various phenomena of the magnet, and the cause of the variation of the needle: and, indeed, it is difficult, if not impossible, by the doctrine of attraction alone, to account for all the pheno mena observable in experiments made with magnets, which may now be solved by admitting this doctrine of a repellent fluid; but whether it will be sufficient to account for all the particular phenomena of nature, which are the proper tests of an hypothesis, time and experience alone must determine. The doctor also endeavours to show, that the attractions of cohesion, gravity, and magnetism, are the same, and that by these two active principles, viz. attraction and repulsion, all the phenomena of nature may be explained; but as his ingenious treatise on this subject is laid down in a series of propositions, all connected together, it would be impossible to do justice to his arguments without transcribing the whole: we shall therefore refer the curious to the book itself.

According to 'sGravesande and others, when light is reflected from a polished spherical surface, the particles of light do not strike upon the solid parts, and so rebound from them; but are repelled from the surface, at a small distance before they touch it, by a power extended all over the said polished surface. And Sir Isaac Newton observes, that the rays of light are also expelled by the edges of bodies, as they pass near them, so as to make their shadows, in some cases, larger than they would otherwise be.

REPULSION, in chemistry. Sir Isaac Newton demonstrated, that if this law be correct, then the force, by which the particles of air recede from each other,