"In early life he was said to be handsome, and this those who knew him only in advanced life can easily believe. Many portraits of him have been engraved, but only three are in the least degree deserving of being referred to. These are one by Paillou, published in 1822; one by Bonnar in 1838; and one by Macnee, taken in the latest years of his life. The last, which was painted for the Theological Academy, is a noble portrait, admirable as a likeness, and illustrious as a work of art.

"Providence, which had assigned him originally a sound and healthy body, had placed in it an equally sound and healthy mind. His was eminently what he himself used ever to hold up as a blessing of the last importance, the sana mens in corpore sano. His natural endowments, both of mind and of manner, were of no ordinary kind. His mental development was at once large and symmetrical. He united strength and grace in a degree seldom exemplified. His faculties were diversified, but all acted in harmony, and under excellent control. He was master of them-not they of him. Even those powers which were most largely developed in him, and which he was most fond of indulging, were never permitted to carry him off into excess or irregularity. Over all there ever presided a calm but regal will that had respect to principle and purpose. Hence he could at any time bring all his powers to bear upon his subject with a singular concentration and intensity. He had no occasion to wait for the afflatus or inspiration of genius. The whole man with all his powers was there, ready to apply himself with full force to the work in hand. From this arose at once his power to do so much, and the fact that he always did his work well. Whilst another man might have been labouring to bring himself to the point of beginning, Dr Wardlaw was already in full work, his whole mind concentrated on what was before him, and his facile pen speeding in graceful and uniform characters across the page. I do not know that he was ever behind with any work which he had undertaken to do: he might often be hard pressed to accomplish it, but he always did it, and that in a manner worthy of himself. There was nothing eruptive, nothing fitful in the action of his mind. It was not the volcano bursting after long intervals of repose into tempests of flame, and shaking the earth with its thunder; it was the quiet and steadfast star that always shines in the same place with the same lustre, and to which men learn to look as to a guide that never is unsteady, and never disappoints.

"The most prominent feature of Dr Wardlaw's mind lay in his rare powers of analysis and ratiocination. His intellect was eminently dialectic and diacritical. Those faculties which lead men to be historians, or naturalists, or men of science, he either did not largely possess or did not care to cultivate. He was not given to the minute observation or careful collection of mere facts. His mind did not readily occupy itself with deductive processes, whether exercised upon concrete phenoHe had little mena or on the abstract relations of number and space. of the creative faculty, and was at all times more disposed to note the distinctions of things than to trace their analogies or resemblances. His peculiar walk was that of the philosopher and the critic. The qualities that go to furnish men for these departments he possessed and had cultivated to a high degree. His power of analysis was great: he could

separate an entangled mesh of thought with marvellous perspicacity, and discriminate conceptions from each other with a fineness of perception that was sometimes too acute for ordinary faculties to follow. He had no pleasure in seeing things hazily or merely in the mass; it was needful for him to ascertain them with precision, and to mark clearly both their individual proportions and their relative bearings. On this he thought no pains too great to be spent ; and when he was satisfied that the subject was one on which no amount of penetration or research that he could put forth would secure for him clear and definite conceptions regarding it, he judged it better to let it altogether alone than to have only a confused, illogical, and incogitable notion of it. To this power and this love of analytical investigation he added comprehensiveness of survey and sagacity of decision. There are men whose acuteness is wonderful, but whose mental eye is merely microscopic: men who can make great discoveries among the infusoria of thought, but for whom the field occupied by the larger objects is too extensive to be included within their survey. It was not so with Dr Wardlaw. His view was penetrating, but it was also extensive. He deliberated as well as analysed, and calmly contemplated the whole field of observation before he ventured upon a decision. His induction was wide, no less than discriminating. With patient diligence he collected all that could be ascertained upon any subject, weighed the whole in the scales of a nicely balanced judgment, and refused to come to a conclusion until he was satisfied that every thing that ought to have entered into his estimate had received due attention. And in coming to his decision he was aided by strong native sagacity and shrewdness, which prevented his being easily imposed upon by the mere appearances of things, or being readily drawn into the error of over-estimating the premises on which his conclusion was built. Hence the logical accuracy which formed such a marked characteristic of his reasonings, and the solidity and soundness which usually recommend his judg

ments.

"A mind thus endowed was naturally fitted for the investigation and exposition of moral and religious truth; and to this department Dr Wardlaw from an early period devoted his best energies. He found peculiar delight in the exercise of his reasoning powers upon those questions which are to be determined by a weighing of probable evidence; and it was beautiful to see the skill with which he apportioned to each scale its proper contents, and the steadiness with which he held the balance that was to determine which had the preponderance. Had he been led to devote himself to the legal profession he would undoubtedly have risen to high distinction, and his name might have gone down to posterity with those of Mansfield or Denman, as one of the most perspicacious and at the same time most refined of judges. But he had chosen another and, in the most weighty respects, a higher sphere of labour, where there was also ample scope for the exercise of his peculiar abilities. Here he shone with few to rival him. When some difficult or intricate question in which he was interested came to be handled by him, his treatment of it was sure to be such as to afford to all who could enter into it a logical treat; and though this in itself was a tendency capable of being used for evil as well as for good, there were certain moral qualities associated with it in the mind of Dr Wardlaw,

which made its operation in him ever lean to the better side. He had a sincere love of truth for its own sake, and an honest desire to apprehend it. He was calm and candid in his estimate of opposing probabilities. He exercised great caution in coming to a conclusion, and was almost timid in expressing an opinion where he had not enjoyed the fullest opportunities of judging. By these influences, combined with his strong religious sense of responsibility, he was, though a singularly dexterous controversialist, and disposed to find peculiar gratification in the exercise of his reasoning powers, preserved from that mere intellectual gladiatorship, and that craving for victory rather than love of truth, which too often ensnares the expert disputant, and leads to a mischievous abuse of his powers.

"But whilst the ratiocinative and critical faculties constituted the main strength of Dr Wardlaw's mind, there were other qualities which lent grace and refinement to all his intellectual exercises. He was gifted with an exact and elegant taste. His sense of the becoming and the beautiful both in reality and in sentiment was quick and just. His fancy, if not rich or copious, was lively, natural, and refined. Like many men of acute intellectual powers he possessed also a felicitous and playful wit, the exercise of which, however, he reserved for moments of social hilarity; never using it as an instrument of assault, never indulging it for mere purposes of display, never making any use of it when business of serious import was in hand, and never, in his most unrestrained moments, allowing it to trespass beyond the limits which the strictest propriety of taste and feeling imposed.

"To a character thus strong and graceful by natural endowment were added those advantages which education and religion confer. In all those branches of knowledge which are usually studied at our Scottish schools and universities, Dr Wardlaw had made respectable proficiency, and in some his attainments were greatly beyond the average. Without pretending to be a profound scholar, he was familiar with the learned tongues; and though his natural tastes and tendencies did not lead him to pay much attention to natural science, he was not indifferent to the importance of that department of knowledge, nor ignorant of the splendid advances which the genius and methods of its votaries have of late years enabled them to make. In philosophy and polite literature, however, he was most at home; and with nearly all the great English writers in these departments he was well acquainted. I believe Cowper was his favourite among our poets, and Dugald Stewart among our philosophers. All our great ethical writers had been carefully studied by him; but with none of them was he fully satisfied, for which he has himself stated his reasons in one of his published writings. In theology his reading, if not very extensive, had been carefully selected, and every part of the field minutely and anxiously surveyed. The writings of Dr Edward Williams, Andrew Fuller, Archibald M'Lean, and some of our older Scottish divines, such as Ricaltoun, he held in peculiar estimation; and upon them many of his own opinions were formed. But his tastes were not contracted in this department, he was ready to receive further light from whatever quarter it might come, and to the last was fond of seeing whatever new accessions had been made to the stores of biblical or theological learning."

In concluding our review of this very valuable work, with a few remarks on its special merits, we revert to that aspect of it to which we have already directed some attention. It is more like the conjoint production of two very able men, offering freely their opinions on the important controversies of half a century of a peculiarly controversial age, than like a common biography. Dr Alexander gives us a full, clear, fair, and wellcondensed statement of his elder friend's opinions, with a warm expression of his approbation, where he approves; and then an equally full, clear, and fair statement of his own opinions, with a frank expression of his disapproval, where he disapproves. In all instances the criticism of the biographer is not only eminently fair, but displays the subdued tone which deep respect and love for his departed friend called forth in his own generous heart. We are enabled to trace the mental characteristics of both men in the one volume. Dr Wardlaw, as a controversialist, was logically clear, calm, earnest, candid, and honourable to a very remarkable degree, very rarely permitting a single expression of asperity to escape him, even when greatly provoked; and never descending to the use of disingenuous artifices to gain an apparent advantage. His mind was analytic and inductive, not synthetic and deductive; better adapted to follow a course of reasoning than to perceive and state first principles. His failures, when he failed, are always to be found in his premises; rarely, if at all, in his logical inferences. Dr Alexander is considerably similar in his mental characteristics; but with a greater power of perceiving and stating first principles. By the honest and manly exercise of this power, he was able to detect a considerable number of latent fallacious assumptions in the primary positions of Dr Wardlaw, by which his conclusions were vitiated; and his candour and love of truth have constrained him to state frankly what he perceived to be erroneous in the writings of his revered friend. While he has done so in the language of an able, clear, and vigorous thinker, fairly putting forth his strength with compressed energy and eloquence on topics of importance, he has always made it evident that his statements were drawn forth by his love of truth, and by an earnest desire that men of weaker minds might not, in their indiscriminating admiration of Dr Wardlaw, adopt and follow erroneous opinions to their own injury. Dr Wardlaw's writings, read in the light of Dr Alexander's criticisms, may be and must be a precious heritage to the church of Christ, and may continue long to convey invaluable instruction to distant generations.

ART. VIII.-Vindication of Luther against his recent English Assailants. Second Edition, reprinted and enlarged, from the Notes to "The Mission of the Comforter." By JULIUS CHARLES HARE, M.A., Rector of Herstmonceux, Archdeacon of Lewes, Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. London: John W. Parker & Son, West Strand. 1855. Pp. 308.

Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education and University Reform, chiefly from the " Edinburgh Review." Corrected, vindicated, enlarged, in Notes and Appendices. By SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON, Bart. Second Edition, enlarged. London: 1853.

IT is admitted by all Christians that the church is, in some sense, the organ and the representative of Christ upon earth. This principle, true in itself, is very liable to be abused and perverted. It is perverted grossly in the hands of Romanists, when it is represented as implying that the church, as a visible society, has virtually the same power and authority, the same rights and prerogatives, as its Master in heaven. The general principle about the church, understood in this sense, and combined with the assumption that the church of Christ upon earth is the church which acknowledges the authority of the Bishop of Rome as Christ's vicar, is the foundation of the Papal claims to supremacy and infallibility. The same principle is also employed largely to defend or palliate some of the more offensive consequences of these claims, and some of the more offensive modes of enforcing them. On the ground of this identification of Christ and the church, the opponents of the church come to be regarded as the enemies of Christ, and his vicar is held to be entitled to deal with them, so far as he can, just as Christ may deal with those who continue finally obstinate and impenitent enemies to his cause. In this way Papists come to subordinate every thing, in the mode in which they regard and deal with their fellow-men, to the fancied honour and interests of the church, and to look upon the opponents of the church not as their fellow-men, whom they are bound to love, but simply as the enemies of Christ, whom they are entitled to injure. It is deeply engrained on the minds of Romanists, that those who are beyond the pale of the true church forfeit the ordinary rights of men and members of society; and that, especially when they take an active and prominent part in opposing and injuring the church, they ought to be treated as outlaws, or as wild beasts.

It is this identification of the church and its visible head,