the place and date of publication. In other words, the reference should be full and clear enough to lead straight to the authority cited.

In general, refer to the titles of parts of books (such as essays or chapters) by using quotation marks; to complete volumes or longer works by means of italics. The sign for italics is a single line drawn under the words to be italicized.

Reference to a Book:

C. F. Adams, Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, II, 141 (Boston, 1901).

Note: Here" II, 141 " means "Volume II, page 141." Macaulay, History of England, Everyman edition, I, 16.

Note: Here we have a book of which there are many editions, differing in pagination. In such cases always specify the edition; otherwise one can look up the passage only with the greatest difficulty.

Reference to a Periodical:

Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 106, p. 78 (July, 1910).

Note: In such a case as this, the thorough way is to give the month and year as well as the volume and page.

Reference to an Essay:

66

Stevenson, "Es Triplex," in Virginibus Puerisque.

Do not be pedantic about footnotes, but remember that it is better to include unnecessary details than to omit any that are essential.

319. Bibliographies.

cf.

= compare

et sqq. or ff.

and following

(as in "pp. 37 ff.")

ibid.

=

in the same place (book,

etc.) as the previous reference

s. v. under the word

ed. =

edition of, or edited by,

or editor

A bibliography is a list, usually alphabetized or otherwise classified, of books and articles relating to a given subject. Every long composition upon a subject that has been much written about should contain such a bibliography.

MISCELLANEOUS DIRECTIONS

320. Parentheses should never be used to indicate that certain words are to be omitted. Such words should be erased or stricken out.

321. Distinguish between two entirely different kinds of clauses introduced by because. For example,

(1) He went, because I saw him there.

(2) He went because he wanted to.

In (2) is stated his reason for going; in (1), the writer's reason for believing that he went. The logic of (1) may seem queer enough; but the idiom is so well established that there is no reason for not using it, if the punctuation is correct.

322. Do not confuse the conjunction however with the adverb however.

Correct: However hard he tried. [Adverb.]

Correct: However, he tried hard. [Conjunction.]

323. Do not confuse the conjunction for with the preposition for.

Correct: He ran, for the doctor lived a mile away. [Conjunction.]

Correct He ran for the doctor. [Preposition.]

EXERCISES

(Covering Chapters XI-XV)

I. Correct the following sentences:

you.

1. To openly admit that one is wrong is very humiliating to

2. He thought he would probably come.

3. All of the workmen received two dollars per day.

4. There are a great many men living in this village and who

go to the city every day.

5. New York is the termini of the road.

6. The city's indebtedness is increasing.

7. Please make this addenda.

8. Each one said their adieux.

9. To fully atone for this, he must apologize.

10. He regrets that he will be unable to come. 11. Can I have another piece of cake?

12. The choice lies between you and I.

13. Gulliver's Travels are worth reading.

14. The committee was in doubt whether their report would

be accepted.

5. The following data has been found valuable.

16. Two cherubims were represented in the picture.

17. The view of the waves from the second-story windows were magnificent.

18. The cause of this accident, as well as that of the others, were not revealed.

19. My neighbor, whom I thought would subscribe something, gave more than anyone else.

20. They supposed the owners to be we.

21. The statement has been made that an university's center is the library, and I have no question of it's truth.

22. Either he or myself would have promised our assistance. 23. All doubt of him being unsatisfactory was removed. 24. Those roses smell sweetly, no doubt, but it don't matter to me, for I am feeling very poorly with a cold.

25. Those kind of accidents seem unnecessary.

26. I read Hamlet and also Churchill's The Crisis.

27. The army, with all their baggage, has just passed through the village.

28. Either one large case or two small ones is enough.

29. He expects he will be asked, and I hope he is.

30. Will you be able to personally see both him and I?

II. Write sentences containing the following words correctly

III. Are the following words in the singular or the plural? Give for each both the singular and the plural form, or if either is lacking note the fact.

IV. Punctuate the following sentences:

1. On his style however the results were unfortunate.

2. Though his health had been infirm for some years before his death, his literary activity did not slacken nor did his powers show signs of decline.

3. What we want the Director said in particular is young men and young women to be enthusiastic about the songs and dances.

4. As a painter of manners he recalls two of his predecessors one greater one less great than himself.

5. He crowded his canvas with figures he pursued the fortunes of three or four sets of people at the same time caring little how the fate of the one set affected that of the other he made his novel a sort of chronicle which you might open anywhere and close anywhere instead of a drama animated by one idea and converging towards one center.

6. His carelessness was redeemed by or forgotten in his vivacity.

7. John Richard Green was born in Oxford on 12 December 1837 and educated first at Magdalen College School and afterwards for a short time at a private tutor's.

8. My objections are as follows first I deny that the proposed plan will save expense secondly I deny that it can be put into operation under our system of government and third, I see no sufficient reason for abandoning the present method.

9. The house that I prefer is the one on the other corner of the street.

10. This proposition is I think pretty difficult in fact Pendennis is the dullest book I ever read.

11. There are two reasons for this change first the number of students is much larger than it used to be. The second reason is the increased number of foreigners.

12. Saint John excited with drink was making some wild quotations out of Macbeth but Swift stopped him, drink no