Strange that a general, half of whose success was due to a sentiment, the glory of France, which welded his army into a thunderbolt, and still burns for us in the fervid song of Béranger, should have supposed that it is numbers and not conviction and enthusiasm which win the final victory. The 5 career of no man in our time illustrates this truth more signally than Garibaldi's. He was the symbol of the sentiment which the wise Cavour molded into a nation, and he will be always canonized more universally than any other Italian patriot, because no other represents so purely and 10 simply to the national imagination the Italian ideal of patriotic devotion. His enthusiam of conviction made no calculation of defeat, because while he could be baffled he could not be beaten. It was a stream flowing from a mountain height, which might be delayed or diverted, but knew in- 15 stinctively that it must reach the sea. "Italia fará da se.” Garibaldi was that faith incarnate, and the prophecy is fulfilled. Italy, more proud than stricken, bears his bust to the Capitol, and there the eloquent marble will say, while Rome endures, that one man with God, with country, with 20 duty and conscience, is at last the majority.

But still further, it is educated citizenship which, while defining the rightful limitation of the power of the majority, is most loyal to its legitimate authority, and foremost always in rescuing it from the treachery of political peddlers and 25 parasites. The rural statesmen who founded the Republic saw in vision a homogeneous and intelligent community, the peace and prosperity and intelligence of the State reflected in the virtue and wisdom of the government. But is this our actual America or a glimpse of Arcadia? Is this the 30 United States or Plato's Republic or Harrington's Oceana or Sir Thomas More's Utopia? What are the political maxims of the hour? In Rome, do as the Romans do. with fire. Beat the devil with his own weapons. as they are, and don't affect superior goodness. the politics of the moon and of Sunday-school statesmanship.

Beware of 35

Fight fire
Take men

This is our current political wisdom and the results are familiar. "This is a nasty State," cries the eager partisan, " and I hope we have done nasty work enough to carry it." "The conduct of the opposition," says another, "was infa5 mous. They resorted to every kind of base and contemptible means, and, thank God, we have beaten them at their own game." The majority is overthrown by the political machinery intended to secure its will. The machinery is oiled by corruption and grinds the honest majority to powder. And 10 it is educated citizenship, the wisdom and energy of men

who are classed as prigs, pedants, and impracticables, which is first and most efficient in breaking the machinery and releasing the majority. It was this which rescued New York from Tweed, and which everywhere challenges and de15 molishes a Tweed tyranny by whatever name it may be known.

Every year at the college Commencement the American. scholar is exhorted to do his duty. But every newspaper proves that he is doing it. For he is the most practical 20 politican who shows his fellow-citizens, as the wise old sailor told his shipmates, that "God has somehow so fixed the world that a man can afford to do about right." Take from the country at this moment the educated power, which is contemned as romantic and sentimental, and you would 25 take from the army its general, from the ship its compass, from national action its moral mainspring. It is not the demagogue and the shouting rabble; it is the people heeding the word of the thinker and the lesson of experience, which secures the welfare of the American republic and enlarges 30 human liberty. If American scholarship is not in place, it is in power. If it does not carry the election to-day, it determines the policy of to-morrow. Calm, patient, confident, heroic, in our busy and material life it perpetually vindicates the truth that the things which are unseen are eternal. So in the cloudless midsummer sky serenely shines the moon, while the tumultuous ocean rolls and murmurs beneath, the

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type of illimitable and unbridled power; but, resistlessly marshaled by celestial laws, all the wild waters, heaving from pole to pole, rise and recede, obedient to the mild queen of heaven.

5

Brethren of Brown, we have come hither as our fathers came, as our children will come, to renew our observation of that celestial law; and here, upon the old altar of fervid faith and boundless anticipation, let us pledge ourselves once more that, as the courage and energy of educated men fired the morning gun and led the contest of the Revolution, 10 founded and framed the Union and, purifying it as with fire, have maintained the national life to this hour, so, day by day, we will do our part to lift America above the slough of mercenary politics and the cunning snares of trade, steadily forward toward the shining heights which the hopes of its 15 nativity foretold.

ADDRESSES

ON

SOCIAL QUESTIONS.

No. I is a swift, clear analysis and exposition of a subject not well understood by the general public; noteworthy, also, because its appeal is almost entirely to the intellect, not to the prejudices, emotions, or special interests of the audience.

No. II, “The Child and the State" is included, though it was never intended for delivery as an address, for contrasting in persuasive method with the address of Phillips Brooks, No. III. Mr. Field appealed mainly to the two selfish motives, love of money and self-defence; Phillips Brooks to religious and ethical sentiment.