Agencies, the National Prisoners' Aid Association, and other groups interested in special problems of penology.

New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, pp. 809 sq.-Christian Science Monitor, 10 Sept., 1923, Vol. XV, No. 240, p. 5.

American Proportional Representation League

This League was organized in 1893 to promote proportional representation, i. e., representation in the government of each political group or party in proportion to the number of votes cast by its supporters. Its president for many years was William Dudley Foulke, of Richmond, Ind.

New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 38.

American Protective Association (A. P. A.)

This secret proscriptive society, an offshot of the Knownothing movement, was founded by Hy. F. Bowers, a lawyer, at Clinton, Ia., in 1887, to combat alleged attacks by the Catholic Church on the public school and other American institutions. It spread rapidly over the whole country after 1892, absorbing in its march many of the older so-called patriotic orders. Its total membership, in 1896, was estimated at from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000. In a statement published in the St. Louis Globe Democrat, 16 December, 1894, W. J. H. Traynor, the President of the Association, described its origin and aims as follows: The American Protective Association was founded "by a handful of patriotic, well-informed Americans," who promulgated the constitution of the society at Clinton, Ia., on March 13, 1887. Briefly stated, the object of the organization is to counteract the alleged efforts of representatives in the United States of the papal government in Rome to dominate politics here with "the spirit of ecclesiasticism," looking to "union of Church and State.' As evidence of the necessity for such an organization there are specified "many appropriations to church institutions"; the "segregation" of "the subjects of the Pope" in nearly all our large cities tending to render "the election of a non-papist" an exception, and the fact [?] that "from 60 to 90 per cent of the public officeholders and employés" were "followers of the Pope." The objects of the Association were summarized as follows (ibid.): "Perpetual separation of Church and State; undivided fealty to the Republic; acknowledgment of the right of the State to determine the scope of its own jurisdiction; maintenance of a free, non-sectarian system of education; prohibition of any gov

ernment grant or special privilege to any sectarian body whatever; purification of the ballot; establishment of a franchise with an educational qualification; temporary suspension of immigration, its resumption to be based on guarantees of extended residence in the country, with an added educational qualification; equal taxation of all except public property; prohibition of convict labor, and the subjection to public inspection of all private institutions where persons of either sex are secluded, with or against their consent." The A. P. A. played quite a rôle in politics for a while, antagonizing Catholic candidates for public offices, but the climax of its influence was reached in 1894, when it elected 20 members of Congress; after which it declined almost as rapidly as it had risen. It is noteworthy that this anti-Catholic organization not only received Negroes into its Northern "Councils," but also established separate Negro branches in the South. Its female auxiliary is known as the WOMEN'S HISTORICAL SOCIETY. At a supreme council meeting in Milwaukee, in 1895, action was taken to organize boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 21 throughout the United States and Canada. A split in the Association, in 1895, resulted in the formation of a similar society under the name of NATIONAL ASSEMBLY PATRIOTIC LEAGUE, which was speedily incorporated, but did not survive long. The A. P. A. is not fastidious in the choice of means to combat the Catholic Church. It arranges lectures by ex-priests and ex-nuns (not a few of them bogus), distributes coarse antiCatholic pamphlets and circulars, principally at elections, tries to influence the secular press against the parochial schools, and at times floods newspapers and legislatures with "anti-Romanist" documents. The movement began to develop a periodical press of its own early in 1893, and in 1894, about 70 A. P. A. weeklies were in existence. Their chief stock in trade were alleged Jesuit and cardinal's oaths, spurious "canon laws," and a list of unauthenticated quotations ascribed to Catholic sources. Quite naturally, Catholic citizens vigorously opposed the A. P. A. Their press was unremitting in its assaults upon the new movement. Public meetings and anti-A. P. A. lectures and pamphlets were among the means employed. Here and there associations were formed for purposes of defense, and in many places the council meetings of the A. P. A. were systematically watched and lists of the members procured and circulated. (Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 427). The secret ritual of the A. P. A., together with

the oaths its members took, were divulged and published from 1893-94, and a full exhibit of them may be found in the Congressional Record for 31 Oct., 1893.

In recent years the American Protective Association has been inactive. In 1923, however, the (Masonic) Fellowship Forum (30 June, 1923, Vol. III, No. 2, p. 4) noted "evidences of awakened activity."

Cyclopedia of Fraternities, 2nd ed., pp. 294-298.-New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, 1908, pp. 38 sq.-St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 16 Dec., 1894. Humphrey J. Desmond in the Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. I, pp. 426-428.-Congressional Record, 31 Oct., 1893. The records of the A. P. A., according to a statement made by H. F. Bowers to H. J. Desmond (see his book, The Knownothing Party, Washington, D. C., 1904, p. 51, note) have been deliberately destroyed.-American Journal of Politics, Vol. V, pp. 504 sqq.-Fellowship Forum, Washington, D. C., 30 June, 1923, Vol. III, No. 2, p. 4; 27 Oct., 1923, Vol. III, No. 19, p. 10. American Protestant Association

This secret society is believed to have been the prototype of the AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION (cfr. KNOW NOTHINGISM). It was established at Pittsburgh, Pa., some time between 1844 and 1850, and had five degrees, which, according to the Cyclopedia of Fraternities, "in connection with the personnel of its earlier membership, point to Orange sympathies." (See LOYAL ORANGE INSTITUTION). We judge from a recent press report that the Association continues to this day, mainly in Pennsylvania, and that its members are noted for their anti-Catholic tendencies. A schism, in 1884, gave rise to the ORDER OF AMERICAN FREEMEN. The JUNIOR AMERICAN PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION, modelled probably after the original "junior order," that of the Sons of America, was founded in 1864, and like the JUNIOR ORDER OF UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS, afterwards declared its independence of the parent society, even going so far as to change its name, in 1890, to Loyal Knights of America.

A schismatic Negro branch of the American Protestant Association was formed in Pennsylvania, in 1849, and was still in existence in 1907.

Cyclopedia of Fraternities, 2nd ed., pp. 298 sq.

American Purity Alliance

This society was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York, in 1895. It is the continuance of an earlier Com

mittee for the Prevention of State Regulation of Vice, which commenced work in 1876. Its objects are: the repression of vice; the prevention of its regulation by the State; the better protection of the young; the rescue of the fallen; the extension of the White Cross (see WHITE CROSS SOCIETY) among men; and the maintenance of equal standards of sexual morality for men and women. The Alliance is affiliated with the International Federation for the Suppression of State Regulation of Vice and is particularly interested in sex hygiene, the distribution of purity literature, and the suppression of the "white slave" traffic. Its headquarters are at Baltimore, Md., where it publishes The Philanthropist.

The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 39.

American Rangers

See Appendix.

American Secular Union and Freethought Federation

This is a society of Freethinkers, founded in 1876, with headquarters at Chicago. Its object is "to propagate the nine demands of Liberalism as specified in our constitution; to effect a total separation of Church and State, not only in name, as it now is, but as an actual fact; taxation of church property; the elimination of all religious teaching from the public schools, and the abolition of those clearly unconstitutional measures which are wrongly called Sunday laws." The "nine demands of Liberalism" further include the abolition of all religious services now sustained by the government; prohibition of Bible reading in the public schools, under whatever pretext; cessation of the appointment of religious festivals and feasts by the President or the governors of States; the abolishment of the judicial oath in the courts and all other departments of the government; the abrogation of all laws looking to the enforcement of "Christian" morality, and the foundation of our entire political system on a purely secular basis.

New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, p. 39.

American Social Science Association

This Association was founded in Boston, Mass., in 1865, and reorganized in 1899. It conducts its work under the five departments of Education, Finance, Health, Jurisprudence, and Social Economy. Meetings have been held annually for sixty

years, and many of the more important papers read thereat have been printed in the Journal of Social Science. The office of the Association is at 280 Madison Ave., New York City.

New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, pp. 39 sq.-World Almanac, 1923, p. 390.

American Society of Equity

This society was organized by J. A. Everitt at Indianapolis Ind., in 1902, to see to it that justice is done to the farmer and the consumer. Its principal aim is to "assist the farmer financially, socially, politically, and industrially." To this end it demands equitable prices for all farm products, equal rights for the farmers with their urban fellow-citizens, adequate influence in legislation, and such returns in the pursuit of agriculture as are reaped in industrial pursuits. Equitable prices are to be determined by the cost of production, plus a fair and reasonable profit. The cost of production includes: interest on capital invested, taxes on real estate and personal property, labor, seed, insurance, wear and tear, transportation to markets and other items of expense incident to the management of a farm. These equitable prices are to be obtained by co-operative control of the markets by the producers, by regulating deliveries and sales, and by preventing so-called dumping or glutting. Farm products are to be offered for sale as the demand warrants, or by pooling for direct sales (this system has been adopted by tobacco growers). Socially, farmers and their families are to be brought into closer contact, in order to promote the community spirit. Meetings are held, entertainments are given, and picnics arranged. Women's auxiliaries assist in this work. Politically, the farmers are taught to be more active and to take a greater interest in local, State, and national affairs. The Society is non-partisan and non-sectarian. Political and religious discussions are not tolerated at its meetings. By conducting the meetings in accordance with parliamentary rules, the members are to be educated and trained sufficiently to fill public offices efficiently, when elected to them, and to represent their constituents effectively. Industrially, the farmers are taught the importance of agriculture, the need of accounting, and the benefits to be derived from more modern methods. By increasing the farmers' remuneration or income, better homes are to be provided, to keep the children on the farm and to give them a start on farms of their own. The headquarters of the Society are at Indianapolis, Ind. The