of the Scots at Dunbar. Baliol resigned the crown and was imprisoned. Scotch coronation stone carried to London. Scotland under an English regent.

1297. Revolt of the Scots under Sir William Wallace. Defeat of the regent.

Edward's demands for money from the clergy being refused (bull Clericis laicos, 1296), the recalcitrant clergy were placed under the ban.

In 1297 the king summoned the barons to follow him to Flanders. The resistance of the lords ended with the acquiescence of the king in the

1297. Re-issue of the Great Charter and the forest charter (Confirmatio chartarum) with additional articles, by which the right of taxation without the consent of Parliament was renounced (1301). 1298. Truce with France enabled Edward to invade Scotland. At the

July 22. Battle of Falkirk,

the Scots under Wallace were completely defeated. Appeal to the Pope, who laid claim to the suzerainty over Scotland, a claim which was rejected by the English lords in 1301. 1303. Peace of Amiens with France. Edward had previously married Margaret, sister of Philip IV., and betrothed his son Edward to Philip's daughter Isabella. Invasion of Scotland. Submission of Bruce and Comyn.

1305. Execution of Wallace, who had been betrayed to the English. 1306. Opposing claims of Bruce and Comyn; murder of Comyn, coronation of Robert Bruce (March 27).

1307, July 7. Death of Edward I., on his way to Scotland.

Legal and Legislative reforms under Edward.

1275. First statute of Westminster: a codification of previous statutes. Grant of a regular tax on exported wool, and of a fifteenth of movable property. These forms of taxation, the indirect customs duties, and the taxation of personal estate were intended to supplement the older land tax, which they gradually surpassed in importance.

Separation of the old king's court into three tribunals: Court
of Exchequer, for cases where the royal revenue was in-
volved; Court of King's Bench, with jurisdiction in all
matters concerning the sovereign, and in criminal cases espe-
cially reserved for his decision ("pleas of the crown "); Court
of Common Pleas, for cases between private individuals.
Development of the jurisdiction of: 1. the royal council (later the
"Star Chamber "); 2. of the Chancellor, in cases where relief
could not be obtained by the ordinary or
66 common
"law.
This higher jurisdiction emanating directly from the sovereign
was known as equity.

1279. Statute of Mortmain (de religiosis), forbidding the alienation of land to religious bodies (whereby it became free from feudal dues) without the permission of the king.

pre

1285. Statute of Winchester, regulating the militia and the servation of public order. Conservators of the Peace (later called Justices of the Peace) appointed in every shire to execute the provisions of the statute. Second Statute of Westminster, amending the Statute of Mortmain.

1290. Third Statute of Westminster (Quia emptores), providing that when land was alienated the sub-tenant should hold directly of the overlord, and not of the tenant.

1295. Summons of the first perfect Parliament; clergy, barons summoned severally by special writ; commons summoned by writ to the sheriffs directing the election of two knights from each shire, two citizens from each city, two burghers from each borough.

1297. De Tallagio non Concedendo, prohibiting the imposition of taxation without the consent of Parliament.

1307-1327. Edward II.,

fourth son of Edward I. Peace with Scotland; Aymer de Valence, governor. Recall of the king's favorite, Piers Gaveston, a Gascon, who had been banished by Edward I. Marriage of Edward II. with Isabella of France. Gaveston soon incurred the hatred of the barons, and he was banished (1308), soon, however, to be recalled.

1310. Government entrusted to twenty-one ordainers. 1311. Ordinances of the Parliament of 1311 presented by the ordainers. Reform of abuses; punishment of favorites; appointment of great officers by and with the consent and approval of the barons; consent of the barons necessary for declaration of war; parliaments to be called every year. Execution of Gaveston (1312).

The successes of Bruce in Scotland (capture of Linlithgow, 1311; Perth, 1312; Edinburgh, 1313; siege of Stirling, 1314) produced a temporary reconciliation between the king and the barons. Edward marched to Scotland with 100,000 men, and in the

1314. Battle of Bannockburn,

June 24.

was totally defeated by 30,000 foot-soldiers under Robert Bruce.

The king's new favorites, the two Despensers, father and son, were as displeasing to the nobility as Gaveston had been; in 1321 Parliament decreed the exile of the favorites. Edward showed unexpected energy; at the battle of Boroughbridge, the earl of Lancaster, the leader of the barons, was defeated and captured (executed March, 1322). Repeal of the ordinances of 1311. After an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland,

1323. Edward concluded peace for thirteen years with Bruce, whose assumption of the royal title was passed over in silence. Isabella, sent to France in 1325 to treat with Charles IV., concerning the English fiefs in France, intrigued with Roger Mortimer and other hostile barons, and in 1326 landed in England. Capture of Bristol; execution of the Despensers; imprisonment of the king.

1327. Deposition of Edward II., in parliament; accession of his son, Edward. Edward, imprisoned in Berkeley Castle, was there murdered, Sept. 21, 1327.

1327-1377. Edward III.

Council of regency (earl of Lancaster), Edward being but fifteen years of age. The queen and Mortimer the true rulers. 1328. Unsuccessful war with Scotland. James, earl of Douglas. Treaty of Northampton. Bruce recognized as king, and feudal superiority of the English crown renounced.

1330. Edward took the government into his own hands. Execution of Mortimer. Imprisonment of the queen-mother.

The death of Robert Bruce (1329) was followed by civil war in Scotland, during which Edward Baliol seized the crown; Bruce's infant son, David, fled to France. Baliol did homage to Edward, which induced a revolt of the Scottish nobles; Baliol driven over the border. Edward hastened north; defeat of the Scots in the 1333. Battle of Halidon Hill, near Berwick (henceforward this town

belonged to England). Baliol restored to the Scottish throne. Scotland south of the Forth ceded to England, and homage rendered for the remainder. Alliance between the patriotic party in Scotland and France.

1337. War with France (the Hundred Years' War). Edward claimed the French crown in right of his mother (see p. 257). 1341. Completion of the separation of parliament into an Upper House (Lords), composed of the nobility, and a Lower House (Commons), composed of the representatives of boroughs and the knights of shires. The process of separation had begun as far back as the reign of Edward I.

The responsibility of ministers established by act of parliament (revoked by the king in the same year).

1342. David Bruce returned to Scotland and recovered the throne. Scotland henceforward independent.

1346. Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham; defeat of the Scots; capture of David II., who was retained in captivity until 1357. Battle of Crécy, p. 257.

1348-49. Black Death in England; more than a half of the population perished. As the visitations of the plague were especially heavy among the lower classes, a scarcity of labor and rise of wages followed, which led to the passing of the Statute of Laborers, regulating wages. In the next year (1350) laborers were forbidden to leave their own parish.

1356. Edward invaded and ravaged Scotland, but won no lasting success. Battle of Poitiers, p. 258. In 1357 David II. was ransomed. 1360. Peace of Bretigny (p. 258). Renunciation of the French crown and of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine. Cession in full sovereignty to England of Aquitaine (Gascony, Guyenne, Poitou, Saintonge, the Limousin, the Angoumois, Perigord, Bigorre, Rouergue), Ponthieu, Guisnes, Calais.

1361. Return of the Black Death. Popular discontent. Preaching of John Ball. William Longland, author of Piers Plow

man.

1369. Final visitation of the Black Death.

1370. Capture of Limoges by the Black Prince; massacre of the inhabitants (death of the Black Prince, June 8, 1376).

1371. John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., married the daughter of Pedro the Cruel of Castile, and assumed the title of king of Castile.

Loss of all the English possessions in France, except Bordeaux,
Calais, and Bayonne. Peace for three years (1374).

1376. The Good Parliament. Opposition of William of Wykeham and Peter de la Mare (Speaker of the Commons) to John of Gaunt. Punishment of favorites, reformation of the arbitrary royal council (Concilium Ordinarium). After the dissolution of the parliament John of Gaunt disregarded its enactments; to William of Wykeham he opposed John Wiclif (1327-1384), who taught that the property of the clergy was at the disposal of the crown.

1377, June 20. Death of Edward III.

During this reign the crime of treason was defined by the Statute of Treason (1351); transfer of a suit to foreign courts was prohibited (1353, future Statute of Præmunire); Parliament acquired the power of impeachment; trial by jury assumed a more modern form (separation of the old jury into a jury proper, and witnesses); a polltax was introduced (1377); English was directed to be used in courts of law (1361). In Ireland, the Statute of Kilkenny (1367) prohibited intermarriage of the English and Irish, and supplanted the native language and customs by English.

1377-1399. Richard II.,

son of the Black Prince, twelve years old. The king was in the hands of Parliament, and his uncles, the dukes of Lancaster (John of Gaunt), York, and Gloucester, were excluded from the regency. The war with France and Scotland requiring money, a polltax was assessed in 1379, and again in 1380. 1381. Revolt of the peasants under John Ball and Wat Tyler; capture of London; burning of the duke of Lancaster's palace, the Savoy. Wat Tyler killed by Walworth, mayor of London. Suppression of the revolt. Disregard of the charter abolishing serfdom, which Richard had at first granted. Villanage was, however, doomed.

Wyclif's doctrines spread by his "poor preachers." Denial of
Transubstantiation (1381). Wiclif's adherents nicknamed
Lollards by their opponents.
Wiclif's translation of the

Bible.

1388. Battle of Chevy Chase (Otterburne), between Lord Henry Percy and the earl of Douglas; defeat of the English. (Ballad of Chevy Chase).

Quarrel between Richard and his favorites, (Robert de Vere, Michael de la Pole), and the parliament. In 1386, Continual Council under the duke of Gloucester, for one year. Defeat of the king; impeachment of Vere and others, before the "Wonderful” Parliament (1388). In 1389 Richard took the government into his own hands.