ba (Keats' sonnet). Davila, governor of Darien, Carthagena, and Uraba (Castila del Oro). 1515. Voyage of Juan Diaz de Solis in search of a passage to the East Indies. Discovery of the Rio de la Plata, on the banks of which river Solis was killed by the natives. 1517. Alleged voyage of Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert. It is very doubtful if this voyage was made, or if made, what part of America was reached.

Balboa was put to death in 1514 by

Bartholomé de Las Casas (1474-1566) went to the Indies in 1502 with Columbus, bishop of Chiapa (in Mexico), advocate and protector of the Indians.

1517. Francis Hernandez Cordova rediscovered Yucatan (Cape Catoche); advanced civilization of the inhabitants (Mayas), who were under the supremacy of the Aztec empire in Mexico.

1518. Juan de Grijalva coasted from Yucatan to Panuco, and brought back tidings of the Mexican empire of Montezuma. Name of "New Spain" given to the region which he explored. 1519. Álvarez Pineda, by order of the governor of Jamaica, Garay, coasted from Cape Florida to the river of Panuco. 1519-1521. Conquest of Mexico by Hernando Cortez (1485-1547),

whom Velasquez, the governor of Cuba, had appointed to the command of a small force of 600 foot, sixteen cavalry, thirteen cross-bowmen, fourteen cannon, but immediately removed. Cortez sailed against the will of the governor. Capture of Tabasco (March). Landing at St. Juan de Uloa (April 21). Negotiations with Montezuma, who ordered the invaders to leave the kingdom. Cortez, elected general by the troops, dispatched one ship to carry a report to king Charles of Spain, and beached (not burned) the rest. Foundation of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. In alliance with the Tlascalans Cortez marched upon Mexico, the capital of Montezuma (Montecuhcuma), who admitted him to the city (Nov. 8). Daring seizure of the king in his own house. Cortez was obliged to march against Narvaez whom Velasquez had sent to chastise him. He defeated Narvaez, and strengthening his army with the soldiers of his opponent, returned to Mexico (1520, June). Revolt of the Mexicans, storm of the temple, death of Montezuma of wounds inflicted by his subjects, who were indignant at his submission to the Spaniards. The Spaniards, leaving the city (July 1), were furiously attacked on one of the causeways through the lake and suffered terrible loss (Noche triste). Reinforced, Cortez defeated the Mexicans in a pitched battle near Otompan (July 8). Occupation of Tescuco (Dec. 31). Conquest of Iztapalapan (1521). After having built a fleet of thirteen vessels which were transported by land and launched in the lake of Mexico, Cortez laid siege to the capital. After a long investment, accompanied with an almost daily storm (May-Aug. 13, 1521) the city was taken. Capture of the king Guatemozin, who was tortured and

finally executed. Submission of the country. Cortez, at first governor of New Spain with unlimited power, was afterwards restricted to the chief command of the military forces. Prosecuting the search for a western passage he discovered California (1526). Cortez returned to Spain in 1540, and died at Seville in 1547.

1520. Nov. 7-Nov. 28. Passage of the Straits of Magellan by Magalhães, see p. 280.

1520. Voyage undertaken for slaves at the suggestion of Lucas Vasquez d'Ayllon, exploration of the east coast of North America to 32° or 34° N. Cabo de Sta Helena, “Chicora." 1522. Discovery of the Bermudas.

1524. Alleged voyage of Giovanni de Verrazzano in the service of the king of France. The letter of Verrazzano which gives the only existing account of the voyage ascribes to the writer the discovery of the east coast of North Ameriea from 34° (39°) N. to 50° N. It has been thought that many places mentioned can be identified. The truth of the whole story has been disputed, but present opinion seems to be in favor of its acceptance (?).

1524. Geographical congress of Badajos, to settle the boundary between Spain and Portugal in the eastern hemisphere, which should correspond to the line of Alexander VI. in the western; after a stormy session the council separated without reaching an agreement. 1525-1527. Exploration of the coast of Peru by Francisco Pizarro (1478 (?)-1541), as a preliminary to the conquest of that kingdom, of which he had heard on Balboa's expedition (p. 284), in accordance with an agreement made by Pizarro, Diego de Almagro, and Hernando de Luque. Repulse of Pizarro and Almagro. 1525. Voyage of Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard, along the east coast of North America, 34° N. to 44° N.

1526. Voyage of Sebastian Cabot in the service of Spain.

Ex

ploration of the Rio de la Plata, Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay. The English had taken but little part in the discoveries since the time of Cabot, although traces enough of intercourse remain to show that the New World was not entirely neglected. 1527. Voyage of John Rut, who coasted north to 53° N. and returned by way of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and the coast of Maine (Norumbega).

1528. Unsuccessful expedition of Pamphilo de Narvaez to Florida, under a grant of all the country between Cape Florida and the River of Palms. After visiting Apalache (June 5) Narvaez sailed westward and was lost in a storm (Nov.). Of the survivors, four, one of whom was Cabeça de Vaca, made their way by land to the Spanish possessions in Mexico (1536). 1528. Settlement of Germans at Caro, between St. Martha and Maracapana; presented to the family of Welser by Charles V. 1531-1532. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro.

The undertaking was favored by a civil war which was raging

at the time in the empire of the Incas. Foundation of St. Michael on the Piuro in Peru. Capture of the Inca, Atahuallpa, before his army (Nov. 16), who, after the extortion of an immense ransom, was put to death (1533). March of Alvarado from Puerto Viego to Quito. Occupation of Lima, the capital of the Incas (1534). Feuds between the Spanish leaders. Almagro defeated (1538) and executed by Pizzaro. The latter was afterwards killed, with his brother. The Spanish crown assumed the administration of the country (1548). 1534. First voyage of Jacques Cartier, a French sailor, from St. Malo. Discovery of the west coast of Newfoundland (May 10), Prince Edward's Island, Miramichi Bay, Anticosti, coast to 50° N.

1535. May-1536. July. Second voyage of Cartier; discovery of the Bay of St. Lawrence, River of St. Lawrence (Hochelaga), as far as the site of Montreal. Information received about the great lakes.

Foundation of the modern city of Lima. Unsuccessful invasion of Chili by Almagro.

1537. Discovery of Lower California by Cortez.

1538. The west coast of South America explored to 40° S. by Valdivia.

1539, May-1543, Sept. Expedition of Ferdinando de Soto, governor of Cuba, for the conquest of Florida, with nine vessels and over 900 men. After toilsome marches in Florida, with no result but disappointment, De Soto led his men westward to the Mississippi, where he died (at the juncture of this stream and the Guacoya) and was buried in the stream. The remains of the expedition (311 men) reached Panuco Sept. 10, 1543. According to Dr. Kohl, De Soto reached 30° 40′ N. in Georgia, and explored the Mississippi to the Ohio (38° N.)

1539-1540. Alonzo de Camargo coasted from the Straits of Magellan to Peru, completing the exploration of the coast of South America. 1540. Expedition of Alarcon in search of the passage to the Indies (Straits of Anian). Exploration of the coast of California to 36° N. Voyage up the Rio Colorado. Lower California, previously held to be an island, was thus shown to be a peninsula. Early maps so represent it; afterwards the conviction that it was an island spread anew and late into the next century the best maps of America contained this error.

1540-1542. Expedition of Francisco Vasquez Coronado, sent out by the Spanish viceroy, Mendoza, in search of the seven cities of Cibola, concerning whose wealth the Spaniards had derived extravagant ideas from the reports of the Indians. Coronado reached Zuñi May 11. Discovery of the Moqui cañon of the Colorado. Reports of a city, Quivira. Coronado wintered at Zuñi among the Pueblo Indians. In 1541 he marched northeast to 40° N. and returned to Mexico (bisons).

1540. Expedition of Cartier to the St. Lawrence, with five ships. Roberval (Jean François de la Roche, lord of Roberval), appointed governor of Canada and Hochelaga and all countries

north of 40° N. (New France), failed to take part in this voyage. Cartier founded the fortress of Charlesburg and explored the

St. Lawrence. 1541. Gonzalo Pizarro, governor of Quito, crossed the Andes and explored the river Napo for 200 leagues: his subordinate, Francisco Orellana sailed down the Napo to the Amazon, and down that river to the sea (Aug. 6). Orellana returned in 1543 to conquer the country, but died in the search for the Napo. 1542. Roberval reached Newfoundland, where he met Cartier, who, against the will of the governor, returned to France. Roberval built a fort not far above the island of Orleans, but the enterprise was soon abandoned.

Rodriguez de Cabrillo, sent in search of the passage to the Indies, discovered Cape Mendocino in 42° N. on the west of North America, and explored as far as 44° N.

1545. Mines of Potosi claimed for Spain.

1547. Pedro de Gasca, president of Peru. Organization and pacification of the country.

1547. Bishopric of Paraguay established.

1548. First act of the English Parliament relating to America (2 Edw. VI. regulation of the fisheries at Newfoundland). 1555-1560. First attempt of the admiral de Coligny to found a Protestant settlement in America. The chevalier Nicolaus Durand de Villegagnon led two ships to Brazil, and founded a colony at the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. Geneva sent fourteen missionaries to the colony. Villegagnon now joined the Catholic church, and his defection ruined the colony; many settlers returned to France (1557), some of the rest were murdered by the Portuguese (1558), and in 1560 the colony was entirely broken up by the Portuguese government. André Thevet, who accompanied Villegagnon, on his return to France coasted along the east coast of North America to the Bacallaos (Newfoundland), and on his return described his voyage in a gossipy, untrustworthy book.

1558. Last Spanish expedition to Carolana; no settlement made. 1560-1561. Expedition of Pedro de Urana in search of the empire of the Ormaguas, and of the scoundrel Lope de Aguirre in search of El Dorado in South America.

1562. Second attempt of admiral de Coligny to establish a Huguenot colony in America. Expedition of Jean Ribault. Erection of Charles Fort near Port Royal in South Carolina. The settlement was soon abandoned.

1563. First slave voyage made by the English to America. John Hawkins with three ships brought 300 negroes to the West Indies.

1564. Third attempt of Coligny to establish a Huguenot Colony in America. René Laudonnière, sent to carry aid to Ribault's colony, finding the settlers gone built Fort Carolina on the St. John's river in Florida (June). Arrival of Ribault (1565, Aug. 28).

1565, Sept. 20. Storm of Fort Carolina by the Spaniards under Menendez de Aviles; massacre of the garrison ("I do this not as to Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans"). Ribault, having put to sea, was wrecked, captured, and slain with many of his company. Construction of three Spanish forts (Castle of St. Augustine).

1568. Expedition of Dominique de Gourges to avenge the masApril. sacre of the French at Fort Carolina. Capture and destruction of the Spanish forts, massacre of the garrison ("I do this not as to Spaniards, nor as to mariners, but as to traitors, robbers and murderers").

1572. First voyage of Francis Drake to South America. Attack upon Nombre de Dios, Carthagena, etc.

1576. First voyage of Martin Frobisher in search of a northwest June-Aug. passage. Discovery of Frobisher's Strait and Meta Incognita on the north coast of North America (60°). Supposed discovery of gold.

1577, May-Sept. Second voyage of Frobisher.

1578, May-Sept. Third voyage of Frobisher.

1577, Dec. 13-1580, Nov. 3. Voyage of Francis Drake around the world. Touching the west coast of North America he discovered "Drake's Port," and claimed the country between 38° N. and 42° N. for England under the name of New Albion.

1578. Unsuccessful voyage of discovery of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, under a patent from queen Elizabeth.

1580. Foundation of Santa Fé in New Mexico, by De Espejio. 1583. Second voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Landing at Newfoundland he took formal possession of the island for England in right of the discovery of the Cabots. On the return voyage Sir Humphrey Gilbert was lost in a storm.

1584. Sir Walter Raleigh having secured a transfer to himself of the patent granted to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, his half-brother, dispatched Amidas and Barlow to explore the coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements. They landed on July 13. the island of Wocokon and took possession of the country for the queen. Exploration of Roanoke. On their return the explorers gave glowing accounts of the country, which received the name of Virginia.

1585. Colony of 180 persons under Sir Richard Grenville sent to Roanoke Island; suffering from destitution they were removed in 1586 by Drake. Grenville arriving with supplies immediately after their departure left fifteen sailors to hold possession; they had, however, all disappeared before the arrival (1587) of 117 new colonists. "Borough of Raleigh in Virginia," governor, John White. Virginia Dare, first English child born in America. This colony met an unknown fate. White returned to Virginia in 1590, but could not find the colony. In 1589 Raleigh sold his patent. 1585. First voyage of John Davis to the north. Exploration of Davis Straits to 66° 40. Discovery of Gilbert Sound and Cumberland Straits.