and 43° N. lat. running 5° west from the Delaware River) to William Penn. Establishment of a settlement.

1682. Penn brought a colony to Pennsylvania (Aug.). Publication of a frame of government and a body of laws (April-May). Treaty with the Indians. Foundation of Philadelphia. 1683. First legislative assembly in New York; two houses. Only two sessions are known to have been held before the revolution of 1688.

1684. The troubles between Massachusetts and the crown culminated in the forfeiture of the charter.

These troubles were of old standing, dating from the restoration of Charles II. The favorable reception of Goffe and Whalley, two "regicides," in Boston, at the opening of that monarch's reign, was no favorable omen; and almost the first news received from the colony brought complaints of ill-treatment from Quakers who had suffered under the rigorous laws. In 1661 Charles sent a letter to Massachusetts prohibiting the colony from proceeding further in the prosecution of imprisoned Quakers, and ordering their release; he subsequently withdrew his protection. Further controversy led to the dispatch of agents to England. The confirmation of the charter obtained by them was conditioned in a way peculiarly aggravating to the colonists: all laws derogatory to the royal authority should be repealed; the oath of allegiance should be imposed according to the directions of the charter; freedom and liberty of conscience in the use of the Book of Common Prayer should be allowed; the sacrament should not be denied to any person of good life and conversation; all freeholders of competent estates and good character, and orthodox in religion, should be admitted to vote. These demands being evasively met, the king, in 1664, appointed commissioners (Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright, Maverick) to hear complaints and appeals in New England, and settle the peace of the country, who, barely touching at Boston, proceeded to the seizure of New Netherlands. Returning to Boston in the spring of 1665 their demand for a recognition of the commission was met by the excuse that the general court would plead his majesty's charter, whereupon the commission returned to England in anger. The court, however, acknowledged the conditional right of freeholders to vote, and agreed to permit the toleration of Quakers and churchmen for a time. A long period of controversy followed, and agents were sent back and forth with very little effect. In 1671 the colony was "almost on the brink of renouncing any dependence on the crown." The original causes of dispute became complicated by the controversy with the heirs of Gorges in regard to Maine, and by the evasion and disregard of the navigation laws practiced by the colony (1663). In 1676 the royal governors were commanded to insist on strict compliance with the commercial laws, both the navigation laws, and those imposing duties on intercolonial trade (1672). John Leverett, governor of Massachusetts, refused compliance, and in 1679 the general court voted "that the acts of navigation are an invasion of the rights and privileges of the subjects of his majesty in this colony, they not being represented in parliament." The agents then in London to de

fend the colony in the suit of the heirs of Gorges were sent home with the demand that the Maine purchase be undone and new agents sent to answer the complaints against the colony. Edward Randolph was sent over as collector of customs for Boston, where, however, he was sturdily opposed. The new agents giving no satisfaction, a writ of quo warranto was issued against the colony in 1683; in 1684 a suit of scire facias was brought and the court of chancery declared the charter forfeited (1684). The king appointed colonel Kirke governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Plymouth, but before he received his commission Charles died, and James II. appointed Joseph Dudley president of New England. He took office in 1686. 1686. Issue of a quo warranto writ against Connecticut and Carolina. New York deprived of an assembly and other liberties. Appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as president of New England. He arrived at Boston Dec. 20. Randolph was now deputy postmaster in New England. Andros assumed the government of Rhode Island. Establishment of an Episcopal society in Boston, for the use of which Andros forcibly seized the Old South Church.

1687. Quo warranto against Maryland.

Oct. Sir Edmund Andros assumed the government of Connecticut and attempted to secure the charter, but it was carried off from the hall of assembly and hidden in the famous Charter

Oak.

1688. Tyranny of Andros in Massachusetts. New York and New Jersey placed under his government. Erection of King's Chapel, as an Episcopal church, in Boston.

1689. On the receipt of news of the revolution in England, and the landing of William of Orange, Sir Edmund Andros was seized in Boston (April 18) and thrown into prison. Restoration of the old government. "Council of safety of the people and conservation of the peace." Assembly of representatives at Boston. Provisional resumption of the charter; proclamation of William and Mary. Reestablishment of the former governments in Rhode Island and Connecticut. New York, Virginia and Maryland proclaimed William and Mary.

1689-1697. “King William's War" with the French, a part of the universal war against Louis XIV. The French were assisted by the Canadian Indians and those of Maine, while the Iroquois took the war path against the French. 1690. Surprise and destruction of Schenectady (Feb. 8), of Salmon Falls (March 18), and of Casco (May 17), by three bands of French and Indians.

April. Seizure of Port Royal by Sir William Phips, who afterwards made a futile attack upon Quebec, by vote of a congress of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York. The failure imposed so large a debt on the colonies that Massachusetts was obliged to issue paper money for the first time. 1692. New charter for Massachusetts. Sir William Phips ap

pointed governor. Under this charter were included the colony of Plymouth, the provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia and all land north to the St. Lawrence; also the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket, and Martha's Vineyard. The new charter gave the appointment of the governor to the crown, and vested in him the right of calling, proroguing, and dissolving the general court, of appointing military officers and officers of justice (with the consent of the council), of vetoing acts of the legislature and appointments of civil officers made by the legislature. The electoral franchise was extended to all freeholders with a yearly income of forty shillings, and all inhabitants having personal property to the amount of £40. Religious liberty was secured to all except Papists.

1692, Feb. Commencement of the Salem witchcraft frenzy. Before October twenty persons were executed.

Construction of Fort William Henry at Pemaquid in Maine by
Sir William Phips.

Rhode Island and Connecticut were allowed to retain their
charters.

Charter of the "College of William and Mary" in Virginia.

Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor of Virginia and Mary

land.

1693. Government of Pennsylvania taken from Penn by the crown. An English expedition against Canada was planned but failed of execution. 1694. Penn reinstated.

Fletcher, governor of New York (and now of Pennsylvania), having been entrusted with the command of the militia of Connecticut, went to Hartford Oct. 26 to assert his authority, but was repulsed by the assembly, and by Wadsworth, senior captain of the militia.

French expedition of Frontenac against the Iroquois.

1696. Capture of the fort at Pemaquid by the French under Iberville. An expedition of count Frontenac against the Iroquois resulted in little more than the destruction of their harvests.

1697. The Peace of Ryswick (p. 371) prevented the execution of a French attack upon Newfoundland. Restoration of conquests by both combatants.

Third expedition of Frontenac against the Iroquois, with little effect.

1699. The French settled in Louisiana. The French claimed control of the fisheries on the north coast, and of the territory from the Kennebec eastward.

Foundation of a Scotch settlement at Darien in the hope of acquiring great wealth by the command of commercial transit (Paterson). The first expedition (1,200 men, besides women and children) perished from starvation, or returned to Scotland; the second was broken up by the Spaniards who considered the settlement a breach of the treaty of Ryswick. 1700. Iberville took possession of the Mississippi for France. 1701. William Penn gave a new charter to Pennsylvania.

1701. Foundation of Yale College at New Haven in Connecticut. 1702. Joseph Dudley, governor of Massachusetts. Quarrel with the general court over the proposed salaries to be paid the governor, lieutenant-governor, etc. An expedition projected by governor Moore of Carolina against St. Augustine resulted in failure. The debt thus incurred was discharged by an issue of paper money.

1702-1713. "Queen Anne's War" with the French. 1703. Pennsylvania province separated from the territories, or lower counties (Delaware); separate assemblies.

1704. Deerfield in Massachusetts destroyed by French and Indians. This was avenged by an expedition under colonel Church which ravaged the French settlements on the east coast of New England.

Establishment of the Church of England in Carolina. The complaints of dissenters against some details of ecclesiastical administration led to the issue of a quo warranto against the colony, but nothing came of the matter.

1706. Invasion of Carolina by the French and Spanish in assertion of the Spanish claims to that country as a part of Florida. They were repulsed and defeated on land and sea with great loss by William Rhett.

1707. New England sent an expedition against Port Royal, which returned without effecting its capture.

1708. Surprise of Haverhill by French and Indians.

1709. An expedition was planned against Canada and Acadia to which the colonies were to contribute 2,700 men. The project was abandoned by the English government after the men had been raised, and Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey were obliged to issue paper money to cancel their debts. 1710. Capture of Port Royal by a fleet from England. Change of the name of the city to Annapolis.

1711. An expedition against Canada numbering 68 sail and 6,463 soldiers, largely raised by the colonies, met with disaster and was abandoned.

1712. A massacre of colonists in Carolina by the Tuscaroras and other tribes was followed by the dispatch of Barnwell against the Indians. After a difficult march he succeeded in almost annihilating the Tuscaroras, many of whom fled to the Iroquois. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht, between Great Britain and France (p. 393). Cession of Hudson Bay and Straits, of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and St. Christopher (in the West Indies) to England.

French settlements and discoveries.

In the earlier part of the century the French had established a claim to Canada and Acadia, extending to the Kennebec in Maine, although the English claimed as far as the Penobscot. From this

vantage ground they extended their discoveries south and west. Jesuit missionaries labored among the Hurons in the country between lakes Erie, Ontario, and Huron, planted the missions of St. Mary (1668) and Michillimachinac, died with their flocks when the undying enmity of the Iroquois annihilated the Hurons (Brebœuf, Lallemont), or sought torture and death at the hands of the Five Nations (Isaac Jogues, 1640-1654).

1656. Acadia and Nova Scotia granted to St. Etienne and others by Cromwell.1

1656-1658. French colony in western New York, soon broken up. 1659. Francois de Laval, bishop of New France.

1662. The hundred associates of Quebec reconsigned their rights to the king, who soon after granted New France to the French West India Company.

1665. Courcelles, governor of New France. The colony was more than doubled by the transportation of many emigrants from France.

1666. Expedition of Tracy and Courcelles against the Mohawks. 1666. Allouez founded the mission of St. Esprit on the southern shore of lake Superior.

1668. The peace of Breda ended the war between England and France which had broken out in 1666. England restored Acadia to France, and obtained from France Antigua, Montserrat, and St. Christopher. This was followed by a peace between the French and the Five Nations. In this year

Foundation of Sault Ste. Marie, at the entrance of lake Superior by Dablon and Marquette.

1672. Tour of Allouez and Dablon in Wisconsin and Illinois. 1673. Discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet (June 17) who descended the stream for an uncertain distance.

Count Frontenac, governor of Canada, completed a fort at Ontario called after himself. Construction of a fort at Michillimachinac.

1678. Robert, chevalier de La Salle, began his career of discovery in the great west. Launching in the Niagara, the Griffin, a vessel of forty-five tons, the first ever seen on the great lakes, he sailed Aug. 7, 1679. He passed through lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, and landed at the extreme southern end of the latter lake in October. He built a fort on the St. Joseph and crossed the portage to the Illinois. Not hearing from the Griffin he returned on foot to Canada. Obtaining fresh supplies he retraced his route to the Illinois only to find the fort which he had there erected deserted. Again he returned to Canada; again he obtained aid, and again undertook his enterprise. 1680. Discovery of the Mississippi by Hennepin, a priest in the company of La Salle. He ascended the river to 46° N., but the claim which he later advanced that he had explored the Mississippi to the sea is probably false.

1 The southern boundary of Acadia in the grant of Henry IV., 1630, was 40° N.; the southwestern limit of Nova Scotia in the grant of James I.. 1621, was the river St. Croix. Holmes, Annals, I. 307, note 4.