Strelitzes (1698). Bloody punishment; dissolution of the Strelitzes, who were replaced by an army after the European pattern (1699). 1699. Peace with the Turks at Carlowitz. Acquisition of Azoff. § 5. ENGLAND. 1649-1660. England a republic; the Commonwealth. The government was actually in the hands of the army of independents under Oliver Cromwell (b. at Huntingdon, April 25, 1599, where he met prince Charles, 1603; admitted to Sidney-Sussex College, 1616; death of his father, 1617; married Elizabeth Bourchier, 1620; M. P. for Huntingdon, 1628; his first speech, Feb. 1629; removed to St. Ives, 1631; removed to Ely, 1636; affair of Bedford-Level, 1638; M. P. for Cambridge, 1640; removed to London; resided at the Cockpit [Westminster], 1650; at Whitehall, 1654; died Sept. 3, 1658. Children: Oliver, Richard, b. 1626; abdicated May 25, 1659; died, 1712; Henry, b. 1628; Bridget, married Ireton, 1646 [Fleetwood, 1651]; Elizabeth, married Mr. Claypole; died, 1658; Frances, married Richard Rich, grandson of Warwick, 1657; Mary, married lord Fauconberg), but theoretically the legislative department was in the hands of the Rump parliament, consisting of some fifty members of the commons (independents), while the executive was entrusted to a council of state numbering forty-one members (three judges, three military commanders, five peers, thirty members of the commons). Abolition of the title and office of king, and of the house of lords. Charles II. proclaimed in Edinburgh (Feb. 5). New great seal. Rising in Ireland in favor of Charles II., under the marquis of Ormond. Expedition of Cromwell to Ireland (Aug. 15). 1649, Sept. 12. Storm of Drogheda; massacre of the garrison, followed by the storm and massacre of Wexford. Cromwell returned to London, May, 1650, leaving Ireton in Ireland. The "rebellion" was not thoroughly put down until 1652, when three out of four provinces were confiscated. 1650. Montrose landed in Scotland, was defeated at Corbiesdale (April 27), betrayed, captured, and executed at Edinburgh May 21. June 24. Charles II. landed in Scotland, and after taking the covenant, was proclaimed king. Cromwell appointed captain-general in place of Fairfax. He led 16,000 men to Scotland, and totally defeated the Scots under Leslie at the Sept. 3. Battle of Dunbar. Surrender of Edinburgh and Glasgow. 1651, Jan. 1. Charles II. was crowned at Scone and marched into England (July) at the head of the Scotch army while Crom well took Perth (Aug. 2). at the Sept. 3. Battle of Worcester The latter followed the king, and totally defeated the royalists. Charles in disguise escaped to France. 1651, Oct. 9. First navigation act, forbidding the importation of goods into England except in English vessels (but goods might be conveyed to England in vessels belonging to the country producing the goods). This measure was aimed at the Dutch, and resulted in the 1652, July 8-1654, April 5. Dutch War. Naval actions in the Channel; English_commanders, Blake, Between the army and the Rump there had been growing contention since the death of Charles I. A new parliament was desirable, but the members of the Rump wished to retain their seats in any new parliament. The negotiations for ransom of confiscated royalist estates led to bribery of members. 1652, Feb. Act of indemnity and oblivion. Aug. First act of settlement for Ireland. 1653, April 20. Cromwell turned out the Rump and dissolved the council of state. Establishment of a new council and nomination of July 4. A new parliament ("Barebone's parliament," also called 1653, Dec.-1659, May. Protectorate. 1653, Dec. 16-1658, Sept. 3. Cromwell Lord Protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. "The instrument of government," a written constitution. The executive power was vested in the lord protector, who was provided with a council of twenty-one, which filled its own vacancies. A standing army of 30,000 men established; parliament was to be triennial, and to consist of 460 members, and when once summoned could not be dissolved inside of five months. Between sessions the protector and council could issue ordinances with the force of laws, but parliament alone could grant supplies and levy taxes. 1654, April 5. Peace with the Dutch. Sept. 3. New parliament. As the course of the assembly did not suit the protector, he ordered an exclusion of members (Sept. 12). After voting that the office of protector should be elective instead of hereditary the 1655, Jan. 22. Parliament was dissolved. April. Blake chastised the deys of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli. March-May. Rising of Penruddock at Salisbury suppressed. Execution of Penruddock. England divided into twelve military districts, each under a major-general, with a force supported by a tax of ten per cent. on royalist estates. May. Penn and Venables, sent to make reprisals in the Spanish West Indies, captured Jamaica. 1655, Oct. Pacification of Pinerolo concluded with France. The duke of Savoy to stop the persecution of the Vaudois. Charles to be expelled from France. Nov. Anglican clergymen forbidden to teach or preach. Priests ordered out of the kingdom. Censorship of the press. 1656-1659. War with Spain. Sept. 9. Capture of Spanish treasure ships off Cadiz. 1656, Sept. 17-1658, Feb. 4. Cromwell's third parliament. Another exclusion of members. Oct. Reduction of the power of the major-generals. 1657, Jan. Plot against the protector ("Killing no Murder"). Punishment of Nayler. March-May. Humble petition and advice altering the constituEstablishment of a second tion, adopted by parliament. house; the council of state reduced in power; the protector deprived of the right of excluding members; fixed supply for the army and navy; toleration of all Christians except Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. The title of king was offered to Cromwell but rejected by him (May 8). April 20. Victory of Blake off Santa Cruz. Death of Blake, Aug. 17. June 26. Second inauguration of Cromwell. 1658, Jan. 20. New session of parliament, including "the other house." Feb. 4. Dissolution of Cromwell's last parliament. May. Siege of Dunkirk by the English and French. A Spanish force advancing to the relief of the town was defeated in the June 4. Battle of the Dunes, which was followed by the surrender of Dunkirk (June 17). In the peace of the Pyrenees (1659, p. 366), England received this town. Sept. 3. Death of Oliver Cromwell. 1658, Sept. 3-1659, May 25. Richard Cromwell lord pro tector. 1659, Jan. 27. A new parliament met, and was soon involved in a dispute with the army, which induced Richard to April 22. May 7. Dissolve the parliament ("Humble representation and advice of the officers "). The Rump parliament reassembled under Lenthall as speaker. May 25. Richard Cromwell resigned the protectorate. Aug. Insurrection of Booth crushed at Winnington Bridge (Lambert). Oct. 13. Expulsion of the Rump by the army (Lambert). Appointment of a military committee of safety. This assertion of authority did not meet with approval even within the army. Dec. 26. Restoration of the Rump. Monk, who was in Scotland, led his army to London and assumed control of affairs (Feb. 3, 1660). Monk captain-general. 1660, Feb. 21. Restoration of members excluded in 1648. Re-establishment of the Long Parliament. March 16. Final dissolution of the Long Parliament.1 1660, Apr. 14. Declaration of Breda. Charles proclaimed amnesty to all not especially excepted by parliament, promised liberty of religious belief, and the settlement of confiscated estates in the hands of the possessors. 1660, Apr. 25-Dec. 29. Convention Parliament; chosen without restrictions and numbering 556 members. The parliament received the declaration of Breda favorably and returned a loyal answer to the king (May 1). May 8. Charles proclaimed king; on May 29 he entered London. 1660-1685. Charles II., extravagant, dissipated, careless of the duties of his position. Charles's restoration was hailed by an outburst of loyalty which enabled him to neglect many of the promises of the declaration of Breda. The king's brother, James, duke of York, appointed lord high admiral and warden of the Cinque ports; Monk captain-general; Sir Edward Hyde (earl of Clarendon) chancellor and prime minister. Abolition of the feudal rights of knight service, worship, and purveyance in consideration of a yearly income for the king of £1,200,000. Restoration of the bishops to their sees and to parliament. Act of indemnity for all political offenses committed between Jan. 1, 1637, and June 24, 1660; the regicides were excepted from this act. All acts of the long parliament to which Charles I. had assented were declared in force. The army was disbanded (Oct.), excepting some 5,000 Declaration for the settlement of Ireland. men. 1660, Dec. 29. Dissolution of the Convention parliament. 1661, Jan. Rising of the fifth monarchy men in London (Venner). Bodies of Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, disinterred and treated with indignity. Royalist parliament in Scotland. Abolition of the Covenant. Repeal of all enactments of preceding parliaments for the last twenty-eight years. Apr.-July. Savoy Conference of Episcopalians and Presbyterians. Apr. 23. Coronation of Charles II. 1661, May 8-1679, Jan. 24. New parliament. "Cavalier" or "pension" parliament. Solemn league and covenant burnt. 1661, May 27. Execution of Argyle in Scotland. 1 Recapitulation of the history of the Long Parliament :1640, Nov. 3. First assembled. 1648, Dec. 6, 7. 1653, April 20. 1659, Oct. 13. 1660, Feb. 21. Pride's Purge. The Rump. The Rump expelled by the army. Members excluded by Pride's Purge, restored. 1660, March 16. The parliament dissolved. Nov. 20. Corporation act: all magistrates and municipal officers obliged to take the sacrament according to the Church of England, to abjure the covenant, and to take an oath declaring it illegal to bear arms against the king. James Sharpe, created archbishop of St. Andrews, attempted to introduce episcopacy in Scotland. 1662, May 20. Marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of Braganza, daughter of John IV. of Portugal. Aug. 24. The act of uniformity (adopted May 19), went into operation. All clergymen, fellows, and schoolmasters were required to assent to everything in the book of common prayer. Nearly 2,000 (?) non-conformists lost their livings (dissenters). Declaration of indulgence promised. 1662, June 14. Execution of Sir Henry Vane. Nov. Sale of Dunkirk, to France for £400,000. Act of settlement for Ireland. 1663. An insurrection of fifth monarchy men in the north was followed by the passage of the 1664, May. Conventicle act, forbidding the meeting of more than five persons for religious worship, except in the household, or in accordance with the established church. Repeal of the triennial act (1641). Aug. Capture of New Amsterdam in America. 1665, Feb. 22-1667, July 21. War with Holland. 1665, April. The plague in London. June 3. Naval victory of Lowestoft over the Dutch. Oct. The five mile act: all who had not subscribed to the act of uniformity were ordered to take the oath of non-resistance, to swear never to undertake any alteration in church or state; and those who refused were prohibited from coming within five miles of any incorporated town, or of any place where they had been settled as ministers. 1666, Jan. 16–1667, July 21. War with France. June 1-4. Naval victory of Albermarle (Monk) over the Dutch (De Ruyter, De Witt) off the North Foreland. Sept. 2. Great Fire of London; lasting over a week and burning a region of 450 acres. The Monument. St. Paul's rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Nov. 28. Battle of Pentland Hills in Scotland. Defeat of the Covenanters, who had revolted under their persecutions, by Dalziel. 1667, June. The Dutch fleet burnt Sheerness, entered the Medway, and sailed to within twenty miles of London. July 21. Treaties of Breda between England, Holland, France, Denmark. England received from France, Antigua, Montserrat, English St. Christopher's; France received Acadia. England and Holland adopted the status quo of May 20, 1667; England retaining New Amsterdam, and Holland, Surinam. It was agreed that goods brought down the Rhine might be transported to England in Dutch vessels. Aug. Fall of Clarendon, on whom the most unpopular acts of the |