Principal Indemnifications: 1. The grand duchy of Tuscany: Salzburg, and Berchtesgaden. 2. Duke of Modena : Breisgau (in exchange for which Austria received the ecclesiastical foundations of Trient and Brixen). 3. Bavaria: bishoprics of Würzburg, Bamberg, Freising, Augsburg, the majority of the prelacies and imperial cities in Franconia and eastern Swabia, in return for which, 4. Baden received that portion of the Palatinate lying on the right bank of the Rhine (Heidelberg, Mannheim). Baden also received: the portion of the bishoprics of Constance, Basle, Strasburg, Speyer, on the right bank of the Rhine, and many ecclesiastical foundations and imperial cities. 5. Würtemberg: many abbeys, monasteries, and imperial cities, especially Reutlingen, Esslingen, Heilbronn, etc. Prussia: the bishoprics of Paderborn, Hildesheim, the part of Thuringia which had belonged to Mainz (Eichfeld and Erfurt), a part of Münster, many abbeys, particularly Quedlinburg, and the imperial cities, Mühlhausen, Nordhausen, Goslar. 7. Oldenburg: bishopric of Lübeck. 8. Hanover bishopric of Osnabrück. 9. Hesse (Darmstadt and Cassel) and Nassau divided the portions of the archbishoprics of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, which remained, upon the right bank of the Rhine. 10. Nassau-Orange: bishopric of Fulda, and abbey of Corvey. As a rule the indemnified princes gained considerably in territory and subjects.. 1803. New dissensions between France and England, caused by the refusal to surrender Malta and the quarrels of the journalists. The French occupied Hanover, where they nearly exhausted the resources of the state. The encampment at Boulogne threatened England with an invasion. Conspiracy against the life of the First Consul discovered (1804, Feb.). Pichegru met a mysterious death in prison, George Cadoudal was executed. Moreau fled to America. The duke of Enghien, a Bourbon prince of the branch line of Condé, was taken by violence from the territory of Baden, condemned by a commission acting in accordance with the wishes and under the order of Napoleon, without the observation of any of the forms of law, and shot at Vincennes on the night of March 20-21. On the 18th of May the tribunate and senate proclaimed the Consul Bonaparte, 1804-1814 (15) Napoleon I., Hereditary Emperor of the French. The succession was in the male line, the emperor having the privilege of adopting the children of his brothers, in default of which and of direct issue, the crown was to go to Joseph and Louis Bonaparte. The election was ratified by a popular election, by means of lists to which the people signed their names (3,572,329 to 2,569). The emperor was consecrated at Paris by Pius VII. (Dec. 2), placing the crown upon his own head. (Imitation of Pepin and especially of 1 That no misunderstandings took place, as is asserted by Thiers and others, throughout the whole shameful proceeding, that Napoleon I. afterwards endeav ored in all ways to conceal the truth, and that the guilt of this premeditated murder rests mainly upon himself, has been proved by Lanfrey, Histoire de Napoleon I. iii. 128, foll, Charles the Great, who, as Charlemagne, was transformed into a Frenchman and prototype of Napoleon). Establishment of a brilliant court. Grand dignitaries of the empire; eighteen marshals. New nobility. An absolute monarchy of the purest type. (Abolition of the tribunate, 1807.) 1805. Napoleon king of Italy. His stepson Eugène Beauharnais, son of Josephine, viceroy of Naples. The Ligurian Republic incorporated with France. 1805. Third coalition against France, between England, Russia, Austria, and Sweden (Gustavus IV.), for the purpose of restoring the balance of power in Europe. Spain allied with France. The camp at Boulogne broken up. The French armies under Davout, Soult, Lannes, Ney, advanced toward the Rhine. The main force of the Austrians in Italy under archduke Charles opposed to Massena; in Germany, under archduke Ferdinand and Mack. Napoleon commanded in person in Germany; relying on the support of most of the south German states, he advanced to meet the Austrians who had invaded Bavaria. On the upper Danube he concentrated his forces (200,000 men), reinforced by Bernadotte, who on his way from Hanover had marched through the neutral territory of Ansbach in Prussia, and by troops from Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, Nassau. After the Austrians (80,000 men) had been defeated in several engagements, and the main army was surrounded by the French, 1805. Mack surrendered in Ulm with the whole Austrian army Oct. 17. (30,000 men), prisoners of war. On the sea England opened the war brilliantly with the 1805. Victory of Nelson at Trafalgar Oct. 21. over the French and Spanish fleet. Death of Nelson ("England expects every man to do his duty "). This victory broke the naval power of France. The French marched upon Vienna, which was taken by Murat without resistance. Archduke Charles, who had driven back Massena, returned to Germany; a Russian army under Kutusoff, a second under the emperor Alexander, came to the assistance of Austria. In the 1805. Dec. 2. Battle of Austerlitz (the battle of the three emperors), Napoleon defeated the united forces of Austria and Russia. Truce with Austria. Retreat of the Russians. Dec. 15. Treaty concluded by Prussia, which was on the point of joining the coalition, with Napoleon at Schönbrunn (Haugwitz). Prussia ceded to France the remaining part of Cleve (Wesel) on the left bank of the Rhine, Ansbach, and Neuchâtel, and was promised Hanover in exchange. Dec. 26. Peace of Pressburg, between France and Austria. 1. France received Piedmont, Parma, and Piacenza. 2. Austria ceded to the kingdom of Italy all that she had received of Venetian territory at the peace of Campo Formio (p. 459); also Venetian Istria and Dalmatia, and recognized Napoleon as king of Italy. 3. Austria ceded to Bavaria: Tyrol, Vorarlberg, the bishoprics Brixen and Trient, Burgau, Eichstadt, Passau, Lindau, besides which Bavaria received the free city of Augsburg. 4. Austria ceded to Würtemberg and Baden what remained of the western Austrian lands. 5. Bavaria and Würtemberg were recognized as kingdoms. 6. Austria received as indemnification: Salsburg, Berchtesgaden, and the estates of the Teutonic order which were secularized. The elector of Salzburg received Würzburg from Bavaria as indemnification. Russia remained hostile. 1805. The Bourbons in Naples were dethroned by a proclamation Dec. issued by Napoleon from Schönbrunn (La dynastie de Naples a cessé de régner). 1806. Joseph, Napoleon's elder brother, king of Naples. The court of Naples withdrew to Palermo. Sicily was beyond Napoleon's reach, as the English controlled the sea. Joachim Murat, brother-in-law of Napoleon, created grand duke of Berg; Marshal Berthier, prince of Neuchâtel; Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon's third brother, king of Holland (the former Batavian Republic). 1806. Establishment of the Confederation of the Rhine. July 12. Napoleon, protector. Prince Primate, formerly electoral archchancellor; the kings of Bavaria and Würtemberg; the grand dukes of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Berg, duke of Nassau, etc. Afterwards all the German princes joined the confederation except Austria, Prussia, Brunswick, and the electorate of Hesse. Many princes holding immediately of the empire mediatized. The free city of Nuremberg assigned to Bavaria, Frankfort to the prince primas (grand duke of Frankfort). Emperor Francis, who had already assumed the title of emperor of his hereditary Austrian estates (1804), 1806, Aug. 6. Abdicated the crown of the Holy Roman empire. End of the old German empire. 1806-1835. Francis I., emperor of Austria. 1806-1807. (Fourth) War with Prussia and Russia. Grounds of the Prussian declaration of war: Erection of the confederacy of the Rhine, annexation of Wesel, seizure of Essen and Verden, garrisoning of half of Germany with French troops; Napoleon's offer to England to take away from Prussia the territory of Hanover which had just been forced upon her; the Prussians were, moreover, embittered against the French by the high-handed execution of Palm, a bookseller of Nuremberg, who had published some strictures upon Napoleon. Dangerous situation of Prussia at the outbreak of war. The complete separation of the military and civil orders had brought it about that the safety of the state rested on a half-trained army composed in part of foreigners, on a superannuated general, and on subordinate commanders who, full of arrogant pride in the ancient military fame of Prussia, regarded the French with contempt. No allies except Saxony and distant Russia. Dissension between Prussia and England. Want of decision in the cabinet and in the conduct of the war. 1806. Concentration of the Prussian army in Thuringia under the old duke of Brunswick. Defeat of the Prussian advance at Saalfeld (Oct. 10), prince Louis Ferdinand †. In the 1806, Oct. 14. Double battle of Jena and Auerstädt the main army was completely defeated. Dissolution of the army. The reserve under the prince of Würtemberg was defeated and scattered at Halle (Oct. 17). Napoleon in Berlin (Oct. 27). The prince of Hohenlohe with 12,000 men was forced to surrender at Prenzlau (Oct. 28). Blücher after a brave defence in Lübeck was obliged to surrender his whole corps at Ratkau as prisoners of war (Nov. 7). Incredibly hasty surrender of the fortresses: Erfurt, Spandau, Stettin, Küstrin, Magdeburg, Hameln; only Kolberg (Gneisenau, Schill, Nettelbeck) and Graudenz (Courbière) defended themselves resolutely. The duke of Brunswick († Nov. 10, at Ottensen) and the neutral elector of Hesse were driven out of the country. Coarse behavior of Napoleon toward the royal family (queen Louisa). Robbery of the museums and picture galleries. From his headquarters in Berlin Napoleon proclaimed (Nov. 21) the senseless (paper) blockade of Great Britain and the closure of the continent to British trade, a policy summed up in the title, "Continental System (“Berlin decree "). The troops of France, Bavaria, and Würtemberg invaded Silesia. The Poles summoned to revolt. Separate peace and alliance of Napoleon with the elector of Saxony (Dec. 11), who joined the confederacy of the Rhine as king of Saxony. Occupation of Hanover and the Hanseatic cities. 1807. Fall of Breslau, followed by that of the most of the Silesian fortresses. After several bloody engagements in the neighborhood of Pultusk, Prussians and Russians fought against the French, without decisive result, in the murderous 1807, Feb. 7, 8. Battle of Eylau, where the Prussians repulsed the right wing of the French under Davout. Winter quarters. Frederic William III. went to Memel. May 24. Danzig captured after a brave defense (Kalckreuth). After several engagements Napoleon was victorious in the June 14. Battle of Friedland, over the Russians. Königsberg and the country as far as the Niemen occupied by Napoleon. Truce with Russia (June 21), with Prussia (June 25). Meeting of Napoleon, Alexander, and Frederic William on the Niemen. 1807. Peace of Tilsit. July 7. A. Between France and Russia. |