ABBREVIATIONS: a. abbot; adm. admiral; b. bishop: burgr.➡ burggrave: c. count; d. duke; e. = earl; el. elector; g. d. grand duke; II. R. E. Holy Roman Empire; k. king; landg. = landgrave; margr. margrave; pr. prince; q.queen; U. S. - United States of America; visc. viscount.
Abolitionists, organization of the, 553. Aboukir, battle of, 460.
Abraham, 7.
Absalon, bishop, 235. Abu-Bekr, 192.
Abul Abbas, overthrows Ommiads, 183. Abydos, battles of, 68.
Abyssinia, Christian kingdom of, 190. Abyssinian expedition, 545.
Académie Française founded, 326. Acadia, explorations in, 290; French claims
to, 363; limits of, 364, n.; granted to St. Etienne, 364; ceded to England, 363, 419; dispersion of the French inhabit- ants, 421.
Achæan League, 43, 48; under Aratos, 79; under Philopoemen, 80; fall, 80; first Macedonian war, 118. Achæan War, 80, 122. Achæmenidæ, 25-27.
Achaia, 39, 48; Roman province, 80, 146; duchy of, 216.
Acilius Glabrio, 119, 135.
Açoka, emp. of Magadha, 23.
Acre, conquest of, in 3d crusade, 215; taken by Mamelukes, 217; repulse of Napoleon, 460.
Act for the better government of India, 544 of confederation, 483; of grace, 387; of mediation, 464; for perpetual par- liament, 345; of settlement, 388; of su- premacy under Henry VIII., 335, under Elizabeth, 338; of uniformity, 338, en- forced by James I., 340, under Charles II., 379, of Vienna, 482; final act, 483, 487.
Actium, Corcyræans victorious at, 65; de- feat of Antonius, 146. Adalbert, archb. of Bremen, 199. Adams, John, defends Preston, 425; mem- ber of Continental Congress, 426, 427; negotiates treaty with France, 429; vice- pres., 547, 548; pres., 548.
Adams, John Quincy, sec. of state, 551;
Adams, Samuel, 426.
Addington administration, 536.
Addison, Joseph, 436.
"Addled "parliament, 341.
Adelheid, empress, married Otto I., 195; regent in Italy, 197. Adhemar of Puy, 214. Adherbal, 126.
Adlerkreuz, Gen., 472.
Adolf of Nassau, elected k. of Germany, 244. Adolf Frederic, k. of Sweden, 409. Adrianople, battle of, 159, 171: peace of, 489; agreement of, 523.
Ediles, plebeian, 96; curule, 101; pay for the great games, 120.
Egatian Islands, victory of Catulus, 111. Egina, Doric community, 63; war with Athens, 57; tributary to Athens, 63; as- signed to Athenian citizens, 65. Egospotami, battle of, 69.
Alfred the Great, k. of England, 204. Elia Capitolina, 12, 153.
Elle, leader of the South Saxons, 177. Emilianus, 156.
Ethelflæd, lady of the Mercians, 204. Ethelred, kings of England, I., 203, 204; II., the Unready, 205.
Æthelstan, k. of England, 204. Æthelwulf, k. of England, 203. Aëtius, 172; defeats Attila, 173. Etolian League founded, 79; assists Rome, 116.
Afghan war, first, 546; second, 547. Afghans of Ghor, supremacy in India, 211. Africa, circumnavigated by Egyptians (?), 6; by Portuguese, 279, 280; Roman province, 121; Cæsar's war, 142; Octavi- anus administers, 146; Vandal king. dom, 172; fall of the Vandal power, 174. Agamemnon, 47.
Agathocles, k. of Syracuse, 20.
Age of Augustus, 147; of Louis XIV., 371; of Pericles, 64.
Agesilaus, k. of Sparta, 70, 71.
Alexander, tsar of Russia: I., accedes, 403; defeated at Austerlitz, 467; in the war of 1813, 477; in London, 482, 500; II., 500; murder, 525; III., 525. Alexandria, founded, 74; capital of Egypt, 77; Vespasian, 151; captured by Per- sians, 191; captured by Arabs, 182; by the French, 460; bombarded by the Eng- lish, 546.
Alexandrine library founded, 77. Alexandrine war, 142.
Agrippina, the elder, 148; the younger, 148, Alexis, tsar of Russia, 374.
Alexius Comnenus, Greek emp., 214. Alfonso III., k. of Aragon, 276.
Ahmad Shah, emp. of India, 442; Durani, Alfonso X., k. of Castile, 225, 240.
invades India, 442, 443.
Ahmednagar, kingdom, 353, 389. Ahuramazda, 24, 25.
Aistulf, k. of Langobards, 175, 184.
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of 1668, 367; of
1748, 403, 419, 438; congress, 487. See, also, Aachen.
Alabama, admitted to the Union, 552. Alabama claims settled, 545, 560. Alamanni, on the Rhine, 170; occupy Germania superior, 172; defeated by Chlodwig, 173.
Alamgir II., emp. of India, 442. /Alani, 170, 171.
Alarçon, explores the Colorado, 287. Alaric, k. of West Goths, 171.
Alaska purchase, 559.
Alá-ud-dán, sultan of Delhi, 241. Alba Longa, 87; destruction, 89. Albanian league, 525.
Albemarle, d. of, 379. See, also, Monk. Alberoni, card., 397.
Albert, the Bear, margr. of Brandenburg, 218, 219.
Albert I., emp. of H. R. E., of Austria, 245; II., 253.
Albert, c. of Holstein, 235.
Albert, d. of Mecklenburg, 237, 238.
Albert, of Saxe-Coburg, marries Victoria, 542; dies, 544.
Albertine line, in Saxony, 305.
Albigenses, 227.
Alfonso XII., k. of Spain, 521. Alford, battle of, 348.
Algarbe, kingdom of, 276.
Algeria, exp. of Charles V., 304; French expedition, 489, 527.
Ali, 182.
Alien bill, 535.
Alien and sedition laws in U. S., 549. Alkassor, battle of, 332.
Alkmar, battle of, 461. "Alleluia victory," 38. Allen, Ethan, 427. Allersheim, battle of, 315. Allia, battle of the, 100.
"Alliance of the three kings," 497. Allouez, in New France, 364. "All the talents' " ministry, 537. Alma, battle of the, 500. Almagro, Diego de, 286, 287. Almanza, battle of, 434.
Almanzor 209.
Almeida, 280; siege of, 473.
Almoadan. See Toorán-sháh. Almohades, conquer Spain, 240. Almoravides, conquer Spain, 209, 240. Alp Arslan, 210.
Alsace, formerly Germania superior, 172; ceded to France, 316; protestants in, 369; ceded to the German empire, 519. Alsen, island of, 506.
Altranstädt, peace of, 395,
Alva, duke of, in the Netherlands, 330. Alvarado, 287.
Alyattes, k. of Lydia, 21, 25.
Amadeus I., k. of Spain, 512, 520.
Alcibiades, 66; trial and flight, 68; death, Amberg, battle of, 458.
Amboise, conspiracy of, 321; peace of, 321. Amboyna, massacre of, 342, 354. Ambrosius, b. of Milan, 161.
Amendments to U. S. Constitution, first ten, 547; 11th, 548; 12th, 549; 14th, 559; 15th, 560.
Amenemhat, kgs. of Egypt: I., conquers Nubia; II, III., built lake Meri, 4 Amenhotep, III., k. of Egypt, war with Syrians, etc., 4; his statue (Memnon), 5. America, alleged discovery, 280 n.; dis- covery by Northmen, 280; by Columbus, 279; named, 283; conquest of Mexico,
285; conquest of Peru, 286; Coligny's colonies, 288; Virginia explored, 289; foundation of Port Royal by French, 290; English colonies, 291; Dutch and Swed- ish settlements, union of the colonies, 298; New France and the Arctic re- gion, 299; British, Dutch, and Swedish colonies, 357; King Philip's war, 359; King William's war, 361; Queen Anne's war, 363; French settlements and dis- coveries, 363; King George's war, 419. French and Indian war, 420; Stamp act, 423 Continental Congress, war of inde- pendence, 426; signing the Constitution, 433. See Canada, United States, Spanish colonies.
American Association, 426.
Amherst, lord, gov. gen. in India, 541. Amherst, gen., 421.
Amida, sack of, 188, 190.
Amiens, peace of, 1802, 464, 536; battle of, 518.
Ammon, 2, 5.
Amnias, battle of, 129. Ampfing, battle of, 247.
Amphictyonic council, 42; first holy war,
51, 52; 2d holy war, 72; Philip a mem- ber, 72.
Amphipolis, battle of, 66.
Amroo, conquers Egypt, 182. Amulius, k. of Alba Longa, 87.
Anabaptists, 304.
Anagawa, battle of, 355.
Anastasius, Greek
Anaxagoras, 64.
Ancus Marcius, k. of Rome, 89.
Andelot, François d', 321.
Andernach, 139; battle of 193, 194.
André, major, 431.
Andrew II., k. of Hungary, crusade, 216. Andriscus (Pseudo-Philippus), 122. Andros, Sir Edmund, 361.
Angelus, dynasty of, 240.
Anglas, Boissy d', 456.
Angles, settle in Britain, 172, 176; east, north, 178: middle, 179.
Anglican Church, 338.
Anglo-Saxon chronicle, 204.
Ansgarius, 207, 208. Anson, voyage of, 438. Antalcidas, peace of, 70. Anthemius, Roman emp., 162. Anti-corn law league, 542. Anticosti, discovery of, 287. Antietam, battle of, 557. Antigonus, 76, 77; Gonatas, 77. Antiochia, 77; capture of, 190. Antiochus, III., the Great, k. of Syria, 29,
Antipater, 76, 79. Anti-reformation, 306. Antium, 104.
Anton, k. of Navarre, 321.
Antoninus, emp. of Rome, rebuilds Agrico- la's wall, 38; reign, 154. Antonius, C., consul, 136, 137. Antonius, M., war with Pompeius, 141; as- sumes control upon Cæsar's death, 144; follows Cleopatra, 145; second triumvi- rate, 145; governor of the East, 145; Parthian war, 30, 146; defeat and death, 146.
Antwerp, capture of, 331. Anville, d', in America, 419. Apepi, k. of Egypt, 8. Aphrodite, 3, 17.
Apis, sacred bull, 2, 27.
Apollo, saves Croesus, 26; oracle of, 51. Appius Claudius, decemvir, 98; the censor, 102, 106; cæcus, 108; caudex, 110. Apries. See Hophra.
Aquæ Sextiæ, battle of, 127; colony of, 125.
Aquillius, 129.
Aquilonia, battle of, 106.
Aquitania, 34, 182.
Arabia, tributary to Assyria, 14; invaded by Seti I., 5; by Romans, 148; Roman province, 153; invaded by Chosroës, 190. Arabian dynasty in Chaldea, 13. Arabs, conquest of Africa, 182; of Spain, 183; war with the Greek empire, 210; crusades against, 213; conquest of Per- sia, 193; invasions of India, 211; dy- nasties in India, 241; capture of Con- stantinople, 260, 278. See Moors.
Anglo-Saxons. See Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Aragon, united with Catalonia, 240; wars
with the Moors and with Castile, 276; united with Castile, 328. See Spain.
See Francis I., k. of Aranda, 415.
Arausio, battle of, 127. Arbela, battle of, 74. Arc, Joan of.
Arcadius, Greek emp., 161.
Archelaus, 130.
Archidamus, 65.
Archons, development, 51; elected by all citizens, 53; reduction of their power, 55.
Arcis-sur-Aube, battle of, 481. Arcole, battle of, 458. Arcot, Nawáb of, 443. Ardaghan, 523, 524. Ardoin of Ivrea, 197. Areopagus, 53, 62.
Argal, deputy gov. of S. Virginia, 292; al- leged submission of Dutch to, 298; expe- dition to Mt. Desert, 299.
Arnim, 312.
Arnold of Brescia, 221.
Arnold, Benedict, siege of Quebec, 427; defeat on Champlain, 428; his treason, 430.
Arnulf of Carinthia, 193. Arpads in Hungary, 277. Arques, battle of, 324.
Arsaces, founder of the Parthian mon- archy, 29; dynastic name of all the Par- thian monarchs (I.-XXX.), 29, 30.
Arsacidæ, 155.
Arses, emp. of Persia, 29.
Art in Greece, 64; in Italy, 327. Artabanus I., k. of Parthia (Arsaces VIII., 30; III. (Arsaces XXX.), last k. of Parthia, defeated by Artaxerxes 30, 187. Artaphernes, 57.
Artavasdes, k. of Armenia, 146. Artaxata, 135; captured, 150, 154. Artaxerxes, k. of Persia, I., 28; II., defeats the younger Cyrus, 29; III., 29; Artax- erxes I. founds the new Persian empire, 30, 187; II., 189.
Artemisium, battle of, 59. Artenay, battle of, 518.
Artevelde, Jacob van, 257.
Arthur, k. of the Silures, 37; traditions
concerning him in the N. and S., 178; cycle of romances, 235.
Arthur, d. of Brittany, 226; death, 233. Arthur, Chester A., pres. of the United States, 560.
Arundel, e. of, impeached, 270; executed, 339.
Aryans, uncertainty concerning, Introd. iv.; in Asia Minor, 21; primitive home, 24; Celts, 34.
Aschaffenburg, battle of, 510. Asculum, battle of, 108. Ashantee war, 545.
Ashburton treaty, 554.
Ashby and White, case of, 434. Ashera, Phoenician goddess, 17. Ashikaga shoguns, 278, 355. Ashley, 380.
Asia, Roman province, 124. Aske, Robert, rebellion of, 335 Aspasia, 64.
Aspern, battle of, 472.
Assam, 389, 541.
Assandun, battle of, 205. Assaye, battle of, 541. Asshur, 12, 13.
Asshurbanipal, emp. of Assyria, 6, 15. Asshur-ebil-ili, k. of Nineveh, 15. Asshur-natzir-pal I., emp. of Assyria, 14. Assignats, issued, 450; decline two thirds, 454; total amount issued, 457. See Mandats.
Assizes of Clarendon, 232. Associations of nobles, 250. Assyria, geography, religion, 12; civiliza- tion, chronology, 13; art, 15; no Assyr- ian conquest of Egypt under Shashang I., 5 n. 2; conquest of Egypt by Esar- haddon, 6; independent empire, 13; height of power, 15; fall of the empire, 15,25; attacks Iran, 25; northern A. sub- ject to Rome, 30, 153. Astarte, 16, 17.
Asturia, kingdom of, 183, 209. Astyages, k. of Media, 21, 25, 26. Atahuallpa, inca of Peru, 287. Athalaric, k. of West Goths, 174. Athanasius, 159. Athaulf, 171, 172.
Athena, identified with Neïth, 2. Athenion, 128.
Athens, ally of the Ionian cities, 28, 40; founded, 44; old constitution, 51: re- forms of Solon, 52; Pisistratus, reforms of Clisthenes, 54; burned by Xerxes, 59; hegemony of, 61; war with Sparta, 64; under Pericles, 64; surrender of, 69; thirty tyrants, 69; Demetrius Po- liorcetes in, 79; captured by Sulla, 130; adorned by Hadrian, 153; duchy of, 216; captured by Venetians, 416. See Greece.
Athos, Mt., 56, 58.
Atlanta evacuated, 558.
Atlantic cable laid, 487, 544.
Attalus, kings of Pergamus, 78; I. joins Etolian league, 116; implores aid of Rome, 118; III. bequeaths Pergamus to Rome, 124.
Attalus, appointed emp. of Rome by Ala- rie, 171.
Attila in Gaul and Italy, 173.
Attyadæ, first Lydian dynasty, 21.
Auckland, lord, gov. gen. in India, 546. Auerstädt, battle of, 469. Aughrim, battle of, 387.
Augsburg, founded, 167; diet at, 303; confession of, 303; religious peace of, 306; peace of, 317; league of, 370. Augures, college of, 85. Augustine in Britain, 179.
Augustus, Cæsar Octavianus, emp. of Rome, his reign, 147; family, 148; death, 149. Augustus II., elector of Saxony, elected k. of Poland, 374; part in northern war, 394, 395; III., elected k. of Poland, 398; claimant for the Austrian succession, 400; death, 411.
Aurangzeb, emp. of India, deposes his father, 354; his reign, 389.
Aurelianus, emp. of Rome, 157; Persian war, and death, 188.
Aurelius, Marcus, Rom. emp., war with Parthia, 30; reign, 154.
Aurunci, 86, 103.
Austerlitz, battle of, 467.
Australia, first convicts sent to, 535. Austrasia, 181-183, 187.
Austria, Ostmark reëstablished, 196; made a duchy, 221; house of Hapsburg, 244; Hungarian succession secured to, 278; circle of, 300; anti-reformation in, 309; peace of Carlowitz, 372; war of the Span- ish succession, 391; peace of Rastadt, 394; peace of Passarowitz, 397: alliance with Spain, 398; pragmatic sanction, 398; war of Austrian succession, 400; seven years' war, 403; reforms of Joseph II., 406; alliance with Prussia, 452; first co- alition against France, 452; peace of Campo Formio, 459; second coalition, 460; peace of Luneville, 462; indemnifi- cations, 455; third coalition, 467; peace of Pressburg, 467; Francis I., resigns the crown of the H. R. E., becomes emperor of Austria, 468; war with France, 471; peace of Vienna, 472; alliance with Na- poleon, 474; war of liberation, 477; con- gress of Vienna, 482; influence in Ger- many and Italy, 487; Ferdinand I., 491; revolutionary movements, 491, 493: war with Sardinia, 494; Hungarian revolt, 494; Francis Joseph I., 495; general constitu- tion, 495; abolished, 495; German em- pire, 497; war with France and Sardinia, loss of Lombardy, 502; February consti- tution, 504; war with Denmark, 505; with Prussia, 507; with Italy, 510; with- draws from German confederation, 510; union of crowns of Austria and Hun-| gary, 511; occupies Bosnia and Herzego- vina, 524; alliance with Prussia, 525; disturbances in Bosnia, 525.
Austrian succession, war of, 400, 438, 446. Austro-Prussian war, 507. Austro-Sardinian war, 532. Authari, 175.
Ayoubites, dynasty of, 215, 217. Ayíh khán, 547.
Azermidocht, reign of, 192.
Azoff, gained by Turkey, 376; conquered by Peter the Great, 374; finally gained by Russia, 410.
Azores, discovery of, 276, 279.
Baal, 9, 10, 16, 18.
Babar, founds Mughal empire, 353. Babenberg, house of, feud with house of Conrad, 194: receives the Eastmark, 196; becomes extinct, 244.
Babington, conspiracy of, 339. Babylon, capital of Babylonia, 12; centre of the Chaldean empire, 13; founded by Ninus (?), 14; adorned by Nebuchadnez- zar, 16; captured by Cyrus, 26; revolt and recapture, 27.
Babylonia, geography, 12; religion, 12; civ- ilization, chronology, 13; dependent on Elam, independent (old or Chaldean em- pire), 13; subordinate to Assyria, 13, 14; revolt under Nabopolassar, 15, 25; new empire, the leading Eastern power, 16; becomes a Persian province, 16, 26; re- volt against Darius, 27; subject to Mith- ridates I. of Parthia, 30.
Babylonish captivity of the Jews, 11; of the papacy, 263.
Bacallaos (Newfoundland), 288.
Bacon, Francis, lord chan., 341; im- peachment of, 342.
Bacon's rebellion, 359. Bacon, Roger, 235.
Bactria, geography, 24; religion, 24; em- pire of, 25; subject to Parthia, 30. Badajos, geographical congress, 286; siege, 473.
Baden, peace of, 394; becomes an electo- rate, 464; joined allies, 479. Bæcula, battle of, 117. Bæda, 180.
Baffin, voyage of, 299.
Bagdad, caliphate of, 183; under the Ab- basides, 210; destroyed by Mongols, 241. Baglerne, 238.
Bahadur Shah, emp. of India, 442, 546. Bahamas, 358.
Bahram (Varahran VI.), 191. Bailly, mayor of Paris, 450, 451, 455. Bajasid, 523. Bajazet I., 278. Bájí Ráo, 443.
Balaclava, battle of, 500. Bálají Bájí Ráo, 443. Balas, emp. of Persia, 189. Balbinus, Cælius, 156.
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 284. Baldur, 164, 166.
Baldwin, k. of Jerusalem, I., 214, 234; II. to V., 214.
Baldwin, of Flanders, 216.
Avars, assist Alboin, 175; subjugated by Balfour, defeats Claverhouse, 381.
Baliol, Edward, k. of Scotland, 264, 268. Ball, John, 268, 269.
Avignon, Popes at, 263; annexed to France, Ballard, conspiracy of, 339.
Ayllon, Lucus Vasquez d', 286. Aymer de Valence, 267.
Bamberg, diet of, 221.
Banér, Swedish general, 312, 314.
Bank of England, chartered, 388; stopped
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