Prussia (see also Brandenburg), inhabited
by Wends, 168; conquered by the Teu-
tonic order, 218, 277; West Prussia ceded
to Poland, 277; reformation in, Albert
of Brandenburg becomes d. of P. under
Polish suzerainty, 302; elector of Bran-
denburg becomes k. of Prussia, 372, 373;
P. obtains Neuchâtel, and upper Guel-
ders, relinquishes claims upon Orange to
France, 393; cessions from Sweden, 396;
P. under Frederic the Great, 405-408;
claims upon Silesia, 400; proposed parti-
tion of P., 404; Silesia retained, 406;
shares in the partition of Poland, 411,
413, 414; joins first coalition against
France, 452; alliance with England,
455; peace of Basle, 457; indemnifica-
tions, 465; treaty with Napoleon, 467;
not in the confederacy of the Rhine,
468; war with France, 468; peace of Til-
sit, 470; reform of the state and army,
471; war of liberation, 475; congress of
Vienna, 482; receives Saarbrücken, 485;
Zollverein, 491; united Landtag, 492; up-
rising in Berlin, 492; Schleswig-Hol-
stein, 496; offer of German crown to
king of Prussia, 497; revised constitu-
tion, 497; conference of Olmütz, 498;
William I., 503; constitutional conflict,
Bismarck, 504; war with Denmark,
505; with Austria, 507-510; Luxemburg
question, 511; war with France, 513-
520; king of Prussia German emp., 519;
number of votes in the Bundesrath, 520;
May laws, civil marriage, 521; alliance
with Austria, 525; royal rescript of Jan.,
1882, 525.

Pruth, peace of the, 395.
Prynne, William, 344.
Prytanies, 55.

Psamethik, ks. of Egypt: I. revolted
against Assyria, 6, 15; II., 6; III., de-
feated by Cambyses, 7.
Psammeticus. See Psamethik I.
Pseudo-Philippus, 122; Smerdis, 27.
Pteria, battle at, 21, 26.

Ptolemais. See Acre.

Ptolemies, kings of Egypt, 11, 20, 74, 76,
77, 142.

Public peace, 300.
Publilius Philo, 102, 105.
Pugacheff, 412.

Pul, Chaldean king, 13.

Pulaski, death of, 430.
Pultowa, battle of, 395.
Pultusk, battle of, 395.

Punic wars, I., 109; II., 35, 113; III., 121.
Punitz, battle of, 395.

Punjab, 22; invaded by Alexander, 23;
conquered by Græco-Bactrians. ib.; by
Scythians, 24, 241; annexed, 546.

Pupienus Maximus, 156.

Pyrenees, battle of, 479; peace of the,
366.

Pyrrhus, k. of Britain, 37.

Pyrrhus, k of Epirus, aids the Syracu-
sans, 20; war with the Romans, 107-
109; death, 108.

Pytheas of Massilia, 37, 167.
Pythian festival, 42.

Quadi, war with Rome, 154.
Quadruple alliance, 397, 437, 445.
Quæstiones perpetuæ, 122.

Quæstors appointed, 93; two more added,
99; accompany pro-prætors, 122; 20
quæstors, 132.

Quaker Hill, battle of, 430.
Quatre-Bras, battle of, 484.

Quebec, founded, 299: taken by the Kertks,
299; surrendered to the English, 422;
besieged in vain by Arnold, 427; battle
of, 439.

Queen Anne's bounty, 434; war, 363, 365.
Queenstown, battle of, 551.
Quiberon Bay, battle of, 439.
Quincy, Josiah, 425.
Quito, 287.
Quivira, 287.

Rabelais, 319.
Racine, 371.
Radagais, 171.
Radetzki, 494, 523.
Radowitz, 497, 498.
Radzivil, 490.

Rædwald, k. of East Anglia, 179.
Rætia, 148, 167.

Rafn, descripton of Vinland, 281.
Ragaz, battle of, 253.
Raglan, lord, 500.
Ragnarok, 166.

Railroads, invention, 486: in the United
States, 486, 552.

Rain, battle of, 312.

Rajputana, 22; conquered by Akbar, 354;
unsuccessful wars of Aurangzeb in, 389;
independent, 442.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, grant of Virginia, 289;
expedition to Guiana, 290; expedition to
the Orinoco and execution 341.
Ramannarari, 14.

Ramayana, Indian epic, 23.

Rambouillet decree, 550.

Ramessu, k. of Egypt, II., the Greek Sesos-
tris, 5; III., Rhampsinitus, 5.

Ramillies, battle of, 392, 434.
Ramses. See Ramessu II.
Randolph, Edward, 361; Peyton, 426.
Raphael, Santi, 327.

Rastadt, peace of, 394; congress of, 459;
dissolution, 461.

Ratisbon. See Regensburg.
Raucoux, battle of, 402.
Ravaillac, 325.

Purandocht, reign of, 192.

Putnam, general, 423.

Puttkamer, v., 525.

Pydna, battle of, 120.

Pygmalion, of Tyre, 18.

Pylos. 66.

dence of Theodore, 174; battle of, 318.

Recimir, 162.

Reciprocity treaty, 543, 555.

Recoinage act, 388.

Reconstruction act, 559.

impeached, 346; death, 348.

Pyramids, 3; battle of the, 460.

Reform act, first, 540; Scotch, 540; second,

544

Reformation, beginning of, 301; ir, Eng-
land, 335; in France, 321; introduced
into Geneva by Calvin, 304; in Switzer-
land, 301.

Regensburg, founded, 167, 215; electoral
assembly at, 311; permanent diet at, 316,
371; battle of, 471.

Regillus, battle of, 95.

Regulus, M. Atilius, 110, 111, 112.

314; administration, 325; d. of, 487;
ministry, 527.

See Henry VIL,

Richmond, surrender of, 559.
Richmond, e. of, 275.
k. of England.
Ridley, 338.

Ried, treaty of, 478.
Rienzi, Cola di, 263.
Riga, siege of, 474.

408 treaty of, 476.

Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, 464.

Reichshofen, battle of, 516.

Reichskammergericht, 300.

Reichstag, German, 511, 520, 526.

Reign of terror, 454.

Rekenitz, battle of, 196.
Remigius, b. of Rheims, 174.
Rense, electoral meeting at, 248.

Republic of the Seven Ionian Islands. See
Ionian Islands.

Republican party in U. S., 548; in France,
530.

Republics founded by the French during
the revolution: Batavian, 456; Cisal-
pine, 459; Helvetian, 460; Ligurian,
459 Parthenopran, 460; Roman, 459.
[Seven Ionian Islands, founded by Rus-
sia, 461.]

Reservatum ecclesiasticum, 306, 310.
Restoration of the Bourbons, 481, 484, 526,
527; of the Stuarts, 378.
Resumption of specie payments, 560.
Reutlingen, battle of, 250.

Revolution, American, 426: Belgian, 408;
of 1830, 489; Central American, 488;
English, I., 347, 375; II., 384; French,
I., 447; II. (July), 529; III. (Feb.), 530;
IV. (Sept.), 517; German, 492; Greek,
488; Hungarian, 494; Italian, 490, 493,
502; Japanese, 563; Polish, 490, 505;
Portuguese, 488; South American, 488;
Spanish, 488, 512.

Revolutionary tribunal, 453.
Rezonville, battle of, 516.
Rhampsinitus.

Rhé, Isle of, 343.

See Ramessu III.

Rhett, William, 363.
Rhine cities, league of, 249.
Rhode Island, colony, founded, 297; pe-
tition of, to be admitted to the colonial
union rejected, 357; charter, 358; gov-
ernment, 361, 3C2; accepted the consti-
tution of U. S., 547; Dorr rebellion,
554.

Rhodes, colonized by Phoenicians, 17, 41;
independent, 78; Roman province, 79;
war with Antiochus III., 119, 120; cap-
tured by Persians, 191; given to knights
of St. John, lost to Turks, 217.

Ribault, Jean, 288.

Ricci, Jesuit general, 416.
Richard of Clare, e. of Leinster, 232.
Richard of Cornwall, elected emp. of H. R.
E., 225.

Richard I., Coeur-de-Lion, k. of England,
crusade, 215; imprisoned, 216; released,
223; war with Philip Augustus, 226;
reign in England, 232; II., 269, 270;
III., 275.

Richard, d. of York, 271.

Richelieu, card., in thirty years' war, 311,

Rio de la Plata, discovery, 285.

Ripon, marq. of, viceroy of India, 547.
Ripon, treaty of, 345.

Rivers, e. of, execution, 274.

Rizzio murdered, 338.

Roanoke Island, colony, 289.

Roberjot, murder of, 461.

Robert of Belesme, 230.

Robert, c. of Clermont, 324.

Robert, d. of France, proclaimed k., 202.
Robert I., k. of France, 203.
Robert, d. of Normandy, 214, 230.
Robert Guiscard, 200.

Roberval, gov. of Canada, 287, 288.
Robespierre, member of the Jacobins, 451;
in the convention, 453; at the head of
the reign of terror, 454; crushes the
moderates and radicals, 455; overthrow
and execution, 456.
Robinson, John, 294.
Rochambeau, 430, 452.
Roche, marquis de la, 290.
Rochefort, 512.

Rochester, e. of, 382, 383.

Rockingham, first administration, 424, 440;
second, 431, 441.
Rocroy, battle of, 366.
Rodney, 441.

Roe, sir Thomas, 354.
Roeskild, peace of, 373.

Roger II., k. of the Two Sicilies, 218.
Rogers, Wood, capt., 417.
Rohan, card., 447.

Roland, death of, 185.

Roland, madame, executed, 455.
Roldan, revolt of, 283.

Rolf, 208; siege of Paris by, 201; first d.
of Normandy, 202.

Roman republic, proclaimed, 459; abol-
ished, 461.

Romanow, house of, 353, 374.
Rome, geography, 81; religion, 84; eth-
nography, 85; origin, mythical and real,
87; the kings in legend, 88; in history,
90; constitution, 91; republic, constitu-
tion, 93; patricians and plebeians, 95;
decemvirs, 98; conquest by the Gauls,
35, 99; equalization of the old orders,
100; Samnite and Latin wars, 104, 105,
106 war with Tarentum, conquest of
Italy, 107; Punic war, I., 109; II., 118;
Hannibal in Italy, 114-117; Macedonian
wars, 116, 118, 120, 121; war with Antio-
chus, 119; Punic war, III., destruction
of Carthage, 121; destruction of Corinth,
122; provinces of Rome, 122; civil dis-
turbances, the Gracchi, 124; Jugurthian
war, 126; Cimbri and Teutones, 127;
Mithridatic wars, 129, 132, 134; Marius
and Sulla, 130; conservative reforms of
Sulla, 132; war with the gladiators, 133;
with the pirates, 134; organization of

Asia, 136; Catiline, 136; Cicero, 137; 1st
triumvirate, 137; conquest of Gaul, 138;
civil war, 140; constitution under Cæsar.
143; assassination of Cæsar, 144; 2d tri-
umvirate, 145; war between Octavianus
and Antonius, 146; Octavianus ruler and
emperor, 147; Julian emperors, 147-151;
Flavian, 151; the good emperors,
152-
154; emperors appointed by the soldiers,
154 Aurelian, 157; Diocletian, 158;
Constantine, 159; division of the empire
into the eastern, or Greek, and the west-
ern empire, 161; fall of the western em-
pire, 162; Persian wars, 187, 188; Par-
thian wars, 30. See Holy Roman Em-
pire, and Eastern Empire.
Rome (the city), described, 82; founded,
87; Cloaca, Servian wall, 89; sacked by
Gauls, 100; fire in, under Nero, 151;
sacked by Alaric, 171; by the Vandals,
173; seat of the papacy, 175; Pipin pa-
tricius, 184; Charles the Great crowned
in, 185; Arnulf, 194; Otto I., 195; Fred-
eric III. (IV.), last emp., crowned in
Rome, 253; sacked by the army of the
constable of Bourbon, 303; occupied by
the French, 459, 473; return of pope,
482; occupied by French, 503; captured
by Italians, 518; capital of Italy, 520.
Romulus and Remus, 87.

Romulus Augustulus, Roman emp., 162.
Roncevaux, 185.

Rooke, sir George, 434.
Rosamunda, 175.

Roses, wars of the, 272.

Rosny. See Sully.

Rossbach, battle of, 404.

Rostra, 82, 104.

Rothari, 175.

Rouher, 512.

Roum, sultanate of, 210.

Roumania, independent, 524; kingdom, 524.

Roumanian language, 153.

Roundheads, 350.

Roundway Down, battle of, 347.

Rousseau, 448.

Royalists, 350.

Rudolf, archd. of Austria, 249.

Rudolf, of Burgundy, k. of France, 202.
Rudolf III., k. of Burgundy (Arles), be-
queaths kingdom to Henry II., 198.
Rudolf I., of Hapsburg, emp. of H. R. E.,
reign, 244; II., reign, 308.

Rudolf, of Rheinfeld, d. of Swabia, 199;
anti-king of Germany, 200.

Rudolfian line, 316.

Ruel, treaty of, 366.

Rullianus, 102, 106.

Moscow, 276; house of Rurik succeeded
by that of Romanow, 353; Peter the
Great, 374; war with Charles XII., 394;
peace of Nystadt, 397: seven years' war,
403; Elizabeth succeeded by Peter III.,
Frederic's friend, 405; Catherine II.,
neutral, 406; war with Sweden, 409;
house of Holstein-Gottorp in R., 411;
the partition of Poland, 411, 418, 414;
peace of Kutschouc Kainardji, 412; Paul
I., 459; R. in the second coalition against
France, 460; Suwaroff in Italy and Swit
zerland, 461; Alexander I., 463; third
coalition, 467; war with France in alli-
ance with Prussia, 468; peace of Tilsit,
470; war with France, 474; burning of
Moscow, 475; alliance of Kalisch with
Prussia, 475; receives Warsaw at the
congress of Vienna, 483; Nicholas I.,
488; war with Turkey, 487; peace of
Adrianople, 489; revolt in Poland, 490;
alliance of 1840, 491; intervention in
Hungary, 495; Crimean war, 499; peace
of Paris, 501; Turkish troubles, 521;
war with Turkey, 522; peace of San Ste
fano, 523; congress of Berlin, 524; Alex-
ander III., 525; Nihilists, 526.
Rustchuck, battle at, 473.
Rut, John, 286.

Rütli, oath on the, 246.
Ruyter, de, 368, 376, 379.
Rydesdale, William of, 272.
Ryswick, peace of, 362, 371.

Sa'ad Ibu Abi Wakas, 192.

Saalfeld, battle of, 469.

Sabellians, 86.

St. Albans, battles of, 272.

St. Aldegonde, 330.

in Germany, 496.

Rupert, count palatine, 250, 251.

Rupert, pr., at Edgehill, 347; at Marston
Moor, 348; in cabinet, 380.

Rurik, house of, 276, 352.

Russell, adm. See Orford.
Russell, lord, executed, 382.

Russell, lord John, 539; home sec.,

540;

first ministry of, 543; foreign sec., 543;
earl Russell, 544; second ministry, 544.
Russia, Swedes subjugate the Slavs around
Novgorod, 208; R. under the Mongols,
241; under the house of Rurik, rise of

St. Jacob, battle of, 253.

St. John, Henry, dismissed from the cabi-
net, 434; sec. of state, 435; created visc.
Bolingbroke, q. v.

St. John, Oliver, 341.

St. John, knights of, 217.

St. John River, discovery of, 290.

St. Just, 454, 456.

St. Lawrence, discovery of, 284, 287.
St. Leger, 428.

St. Louis, settlement of, 365.
St. Lucia, ceded to the English, 422.
St. Mary, mission of, 364.

St. Patrick, 39.

Sarsfield, 387.

Salii, or dancing priests, 85.

Salisbury, e. of, 272.

Salvius Julianus, 153.

Salzburg, made an electorate, 464; given
to Austria, 468; ceded to Bavaria, 472;
ceded to Austria, 482.

Samaria, 7; capital of Israel, 9; captured
by Sargon, 10; tributary to Assyria, 14.
Sammuramit, 14.

Samnites, 81, 83; wars with Rome, I., 104;
II., 105; III., 105; join Pyrrhus, re-
conquered, 108; revolt after Cannæ, 115;
attack Rome, but are repulsed by Sulla,
131.

Samo, k. of the Slavs, 168.

Samson, 8.

Samuel, 8.

Sardinia, Phoenician colonies in, 17; sub-
jugated by Carthage, 19; ceded to Rome,
112; given to Sextus Pompeius, 146;
Enzio, k. of Sardinia; S. also claimed
by the pope, 225; reserved for the em-
peror, 393; seized by Spain, but aban-
doned, and given to Savoy in exchange
for Sicily; dukes of Savoy, kings of Sar-
dinia, 397, 415; compelled to cede Savoy
and Nice to France, 458; possessions on
the main-land occupied and annexed by
France, 460; old dynasty restored, 483;
Austrians put down the liberals, 488;
war with Austria, 494; shares in the
Crimean wars, 500; the French and Sar-
dinians defeat Austria, 502, 531; Victor
Emmanuel k. of Italy, 503.
Sargon, k. of Assyria, 10, 14.
Sasbach, battle of, 368.

See Italy.

182.

Satsuma rebellion, 564.

Saturninus, L. Appuleius, 128.
Saucourt, battle of, 201.

Saul, k. of the Jews, 8.

Saussage at St. Savior, 299.

Savage, conspiracy of, 339.

Savannah, captured by the British, 430;
evacuated, 431; taken by Sherman, 558.
Savery, capt., 486.

Savonarola, 327.

Savoy, most powerful state in northern
Italy, 327; obtains Sicily as a kingdom,
393; exchanges Sicily for Sardinia, dukes
become kings of Sardinia, 397; acquires
part of Milan, 415; ceded to France, 458;
restored, 485; ceded again to France, 502
Savoy palace, 269.

Saxe, marshal, 438, 446.

Saxou kings and emperors, 194.
Saxons, pirates, 38; location, 170; settle
in Britain, 172, 176, 177, 178; subdued
by Charles the Great, 184, 185.
Saxony, 194; revolt against Henry IV.,
199, 200; Lothar, duke, becomes emp.,
218; Saxony under Henry the Proud and
Henry the Lion, 218, 219; division of the
old duchy, 222; electorate given to Fred-
eric, margrave of Meissen, 252; separa-
tion of the Albertine (Catholic), and Er-
nestine (Lutheran) line, 305; alliance of
Ferdinand and the Lutheran elector,
309; receives Lusatia, 314; Augustus
II., becomes k. of Poland, 372; deposed,
395; Augustus III., claimant for Poland,
398, claimant for the Austrian succes-
sion, 400; allied with Prussia, 408, 469;
with Napoleon, 469; elector becomes
king and joins confederacy of the Rhine,
469; capture of the king, 478; half of S.
ceded to Prussia, 483; revolutionary dis-
turbances, 492, 499; allied with Aus-
tria against Prussia, 507; vote in the
Bundesrath, 520.

Say and Seal, visc., 296.

Saybrook united with Connecticut, 357.
Scandinavia, geography, 163; ethnography,
164; religion, 165. See Denmark, Nor-
way, Sweden.

Scharnhorst, 471, 476.

Schenectady, destruction of, 361.
Schill, 472.

Schism act, repeal of, 437.

Schism in the church, 221; the great S.,
263.

Schlegler, the, 250.

Schleswig, foundation of, 194; yielded to
the Danes, 198; war in Denmark over,
236; conquered by Wallenstein, 310;
taken from the duke of Holstein-Got-
torp by the Danes, 396; annexed to
Denmark, 496; three wars with Den-
mark, 496; delivered to the Danes, 498;
incorporated with Denmark, 505; re-
signed by Denmark, 506; provisionally
governed by Prussia, 507; incorporated
with Prussia, 510.
Schmalkaldic league, 303; war, 305.
Schöffer, Peter, 253.

Schomberg, 384, 385, 386.

Schönbrunn, treaty of, 467.
Schulenburg, 395.
Schuyler, gen.,

429.

Schwarzenberg, 474, 477, 478, 480.
Schweinschädel, battle of, 509.
Schweppermann, 247.
Scipio, Cn., 112; killed, 116.
Scipio (Asiaticus), L. Cornelius, 119.
Scipio (Barbatus), L. Cornelius, 106.
Scipio, P. Cornelius, 113, 115; killed, 116.
Scipio, P. Cornelius (Africanus major),
elected consul, 117; defeated Antiochus,
119; death, 120.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, Emilianus (Africanus
minor), captures Carthage, 121; takes
Numantia, 123.

Scipio, P. Nasica, 124.

Scotland, geography, 36; Scots ravage
Britain, 38, 176; war with Edward I.,
264; contested succession, 264, 266; Scot-
land independent after Bannockburn,
268; capture of James, prince of Scot-
land, 270; James IV. invades England,
333; Flodden field, 334; Mary queen of
Scots, 338, 339; James VI. succeeds in
England as James I., 339; episcopacy in
Scotland, 340; riot in Edinburgh, solemn
league and covenant, 344: bishops' war,
345; Scotch invade England, 348; Mon-
trose in Scotland, 348; Charles surren-
ders to Scotch, 349; secret treaty with,
350; Cromwell in Scotland, 375; perse-
cution of covenanters, 382; William and
Mary receive the crown, 386; union with
England, 434.

Scroop, archb. of York, 270.
Scurcola, battle of, 226.

Scutage, introduction of, 231.

Scythians, invade Media, 15, 25; India, 24;
attacked by Darius without success, 28.
Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 332.

Sebastopol, siege of, 500.

temporary representative character, 132;
power of revision restored to censors,
133; reduced to a council under Cæsar,
143; receives the power of appointing offi-
cials, 149.

Senate in the United States, 433.
Seneca, 150.

Senlac. See Hastings.
Sennacherib, 10, 15.
Senones, 34, 35, 107.
Sentinum, battle of, 106.
Sepoy mutiny, 546.

September laws in France, 529.
Septennial parliament, 437.
Septimania, 174, 201.

Septimius Severus, Roman emp., 154.
Serfdom, 166; abolished by Joseph II.,
407; by Alexander 11., 500.
Sertorius, Q., 130, 133.

Servia, 521, 523; independent, 524; king-
dom, 526.

Servian constitution, 91.

Servile wars, I., 123'; II., 128; III., 133.
Servilius, P., consul, 134, 141.
Servilius Ahala, C., 99.
Servius Tullius, 89.
Sesonchis. See Shashang I.
Sesostris, 5.

Seti I., k. of Egypt, 5.

Seven years war, 403; in America, 420; in
India, 443; participation of Spain, 414.
Severus Alexander, Roman emp., 151.
Seville, treaty of, 437.
Seward, William H., 556.

Sextius Lateranus, L., 100, 101.
Seydlitz, 404, 405.

Seymour, lord, execution of, 336.

Sforza, Francesco, becomes d. of Milan,
262, 302, 303, 304.

Shabak, 6.

Shaftesbury, lord chan., 380, 381, 382.

Shah Alam II., emp. of India, 442, 444 ;
Jahán, emp. of India, reign of, 354.

Secessio plebis, 96, 98, 107.

America, 558.

Sedan, battle of, 517.

Sedgemoor, battle of, 383.

Seisachtheia, 52.

Sejanus, 149.

Sekigahara, battle of, 356.

Seleucidæ, conquer the Jews, 11; over the
Phoenicians, 20; kings of Syria, 77; con-
quered by Rome, 120, 153.

Seleucus, 76.

Self-denying ordinance, 349.

trian empire, 25, 191.

Shahr-Barz, Persian general, 191, 192.
Shakespeare, 339.

Shalmaneser, ks. of Assyria, II., 14; IV.,
10, 14.

Shang, mythical dynasty in China, 31.
Shanghai, 31, 501; opened to British trade,
561.

Sharpe, archb., murdered, 381.
Shashang 1., K. of Egypt, 5, 10.
Shays's rebellion, 433.

Seminole war, 552.

Shelburne, lord, administration, 431, 441;
sec. of state. 440.

Shenandoah valley, 558.

Shepherd kings in Egypt, 5.
Sher Ali, death of, 547.

Sheridan, general, Opequan, 558; Tive
Forks, 559.

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 441.
Sheriffmuir, battle of. 437.

Sherman, gen., campaign against John-
ston, 558; march through Georgia, 558;
received the surrender of the last confed-
erate army, 559.

Shiloh, battle of, 557.

Shimonoseki batteries destroyed, 563.
Shinto religion, 32, 33; reestablished, 564.