Niles, Hezekiah, on southern
trend of slavery, 35.
Norfolk navy-yard watched by
secessionists, 205.
Norris, Charles, at Norfolk, 205.
North, indecision at crisis, 4;
ignorant of South, 16; popu-
lation and area of free states
(1860), 21; manufactures
(1860), 28; preponderance
over South, 29; development
of anti-southern feeling, 57;
final opposition to slavery,
59; and compromise, 173-
175; unwarlike condition,
North Carolina, secession con-
vention voted down, 268.
Nullification, fatuity of Clay's
compromise, 43.
ОнIO, instructions to Peace
Convention delegates, 271.
Orr, J. L., conference on seces-
sion, 136; South Carolina
commission, 205; demand
for the forts, 213-215; Bu-
chanan's reply, 216-218; re-
joinder, 218.
Parker, F. S., on growth of
secession movement, 167.
Parker, Theodore, and John
Brown, 73-76; advocates
slave insurrection, 84; com-
plicity with Brown condemn-
ed, 84-86.
Payne, H. B., on Democratic
platform (1860), III.
Peace Convention, call and
Sumter truce, 268, 269; reso-
lution calling, 269; South
Carolina's answer, 269; meet-
ing, 270; failure foreshadow-
ed, 270; Tyler's address, 270;
state instructions to dele-
gates, 271; compromise offer,
272; Chandler on, 273; offer
defeated in Congress, 273;
public disappointment in fail-
Pendergrast, G. J., and Pensa-
cola, 248.
Pennington, A. C. M., elected
speaker, 92.
Pennsylvania, state election
(1860), protection issue, 126;
instructions to Peace Con-
vention delegates, 271.
Pensacola, navy-yard captured
by secessionists, 247; secre-
tary of navy's responsibility,
248; Brooklyn sent to, truce,
249-251; fleet before, 251.
See also Pickens (Fort).
Periodicals of period 1859-1861,
346.
Personal liberty laws, as reason
for secession, 139, 147, 168;
Buchanan on, 163; Critten-
den compromise on, 171;
Republican offer on, 173;
Lincoln on, 280.
Petigru, J. L., Unionist, 304.
Pettigrew, J. J., and Anderson,
Phelps, A. A., on other isms of
abolitionists, 56.
Pickens, F. W., and forty-
muskets episode, 201; re-
quest for Sumter, 201-204;
for immediate secession, 204;
and removal to Sumter, 210;
and Star of the West, 233;
demand for delivery of Sum-
ter, 240; and Confederate con-
trol of forts question, 259;
urges attack, 260; and Fox,
303; and Lamon, 305, 308;
informed of relief expedition,
310, 327; consultation with
Beauregard, 327.
Pickens, Fort, Slemmer occu-
pies, 247; Vogdes sent to,
249; truce, 250, 251; Vogdes
not landed, 250, 319; Vodges
ordered to land, 297; Scott
advises abandonment, 305,
306; Porter's plan to re- Pugh, G. E., on navy, 124.
lieve, 313; expedition author-Pugh, J. L., advice on secession,
ized, 314; orders for expe-
dition, 315, 316; conflicting
plans, 316-318; expedition QUITMAN, J. A., death, 68.
fails, 318-320; Vogdes finally
reinforces, 320.
Pierce, Franklin, on secession,
148.
Pinckney, Castle, condition, 189.
See also Charleston Harbor.
Politics, party conditions (1859),
67. See also Elections and
parties by name.
Poor whites, lowland, and sla-
very, 23-25, 33; character
of mountain, 25-27; anomaly
of loyalty to South, 34;
virtual disfranchisement, 34.
Population, southern and north-
ern, compared (1860), 21.
Porter, D.D., plan to relieve
Pickens, 313; orders, 315, |
316; and orders to Brown,
317; and failure of expedi-
tion, 318-320.
RAILROADS, North and South,
(1860), 29.
Reagan, J. H., Confederate post-
master-general, 255.
Realf, Richard, and John Brown,
Republican party, and abolition,
67; control (1859), 68; ignores
secession threats (1860), 95;
Douglas on, 97; and compro-
mise, 169, 172, 176, 181-183.
See also Elections.
Rhett, Barnwell, on causes of
secession, 168.
Rhett, R. B., Jr., and removal
to Sumter, 206.
Rhode Island, instructions to
Peace Convention delegates,
Robertson, John, and Sumter
truce, 269.
Roman, A. B., commissioner to
Washington, 256.
Porter, Fitz-John, report on
Charleston forts, 193.
Post-office, exclusion of aboli-
tionist publications, 57.
Pottawatomie massacre, 70.
Potter, J. F., and Pryor's chal-Ruffin,
lenge, 105.
Powell, L. W., committee of thir-
teen, 166; and Chandler, 273.
Powhatan, and loss of Pensacola,
248; and Sumter relief expe-
dition, 312, 313; diverted to
Pensacola expedition, 314-
316, 333; diversion useless,
320.
President under Confederate
constitution, 256, 257.
Prince of Wales, visit to Amer-
ica, 126.
Pryor, R. A., in Congress, 90;
challenges Potter, 105; on
Lincoln's inaugural, 287; and
surrender of Sumter, 339.
Rowan, S. C., Sumter relief ex-
pedition, 332, 333.
Edmund, opens fire on
Sumter, 334.
SAN ANTONIO, ordnance depot
seized, 275:
Sanborn, F. B., on Pottawato-
mie massacre, 70; and John
Brown's Harper's Ferry raid,
73-75; complicity with Brown
condemned, 85, 86.
Schurz, Carl, on Chase's can-
didacy (1860), 116.
Scott, H. L., and Fox expedi-
tion, 332.
Scott, Winfield, advises rein-
forcement of forts (Oct.),
184; inaccurate statement
of force available, 185; re-
news advice (Dec.), 223;
and Star of the West expedi-
tion, 225, 231-233; reply to
Black on relief, 237; and
Fox's plan of relief, 238; and
Washington plot, 263; and
Twiggs's surrender, 276, 277;
Lincoln's warning on poli-
cy, 278; Lincoln orders vigi-
lance, 292; advises concilia-
tion, 292; discourages relief
of Sumter, 293; and renewal
of Fox's plan, 294; advises
abandonment of Pickens, 305,
306, 319; bibliography, 348.
Secession, slavery basis, 10, 13-
16; as a constitutional ques-
tion, 11; New England move-
ment, 12; Calhoun's respon-
sibility, 37, 46; principles in
his resolutions (1833), 43-46;
Calhoun's final threat, 48;
threats and answers in Con-
gress (1859), 93; Republi-
cans ignore threats, 95, 126;
Douglas's campaign denuncia-
tion, 127-130; election shows
southern majority against,
133, 142; not ulterior pur-
pose of Democratic split,
133-135; South Carolina's
pre-election steps towards,
136-138; convention called,
138; ordinance, 138; char-
acter of convention,
declaration of causes, 139;
Georgia's plan of co-opera-
tive action, 140, 146; opposi-
tion in Georgia, Stephens's
speech, 141-143; opposition
to, considered hopeless, 143;
policy of, to secure better
terms, 144; Alabama, 144
147; Mississippi, 146; Louis-
iana, 146; Texas, popular
vote, 147; non-existence of
concrete grievances, 147; in-
tangible grievance, sectional
hostility, 148, 167, 168; move-
ment not of popular origin,
149; how it became popu-
lar, 150; Buchanan's policy
promotes, 159, 187-189; ques-
tion of coercion and enforce-
ment of laws, 160, 163, 266,
282,283; Buchanan's attempt
to delay, 161, 204; Buchanan
denies right, 162;
162; "go in
peace" policy, 164, 165; not a
sudden crisis, 167; southern
programme, 168; congressmen
advise, 169; as conspiracy,
242-245; importance of bor-
der states, 265; attitude of
Virginia, 266, 267; border
state conventions, 267, 268;
Lincoln on, 279, 286; Vir-
ginia secedes, 340.
Compromise.
Sectionalism, outward manifes-
tations, ro; unconscious so-
cial forces, 11; development
of northern antagonism to
South, 57. See also National-
ism, Secession.
Seward, W. H., on threats of
secession (1860), 95, 127;
southern opinion of, as prob-
able nominee, 98; speech on
slavery (1860), 102-104; nom-
ination considered sure, 116,
120; Greeley opposes, 117;
vote for, 119; why not nom-
inated, 120-122; magnanim-
ity, 130; ephemeral pique,
131; stump speeches, 131;
committee of thirteen, 172;
compromise offer, 172; com-
promise attitude, 176; select-
ed for state portfolio, 281;
secessionists doubt conserva-
tism, 287; advises against
relief of Sumter, 294, 306;
public statement of in-
tended evacuation of Sum-
ter, 296; and Confederate
commissioners, 297, 298, 311;
Campbell negotiations
evacuation, 298-301, 308-
311; and Stoeckl, 301; sin-
cerity of statements, 302, 311;
Davis and peace policy, 301,
303; belief in southern Union
sentiment, 304; and Pensa-
cola expedition, 307, 313-
318; considered head of ad-
ministration 311; "Thoughts
for the President's Considera-
tion," 312; bibliography, 348,
349.
Seymour, Truman, and removal
to Sumter, 209.
Sharkey, W. L., and Davis, 254.
Sherman, John, speakership con-
test and Impending Crisis,
91; and naval appropriation
(1860), 124.
Sickles, D. E., in Congress, 90;
and Washington's birthday
parade, 264.
Slave-trade, foreign, opposition
to (1776), 5; amount of
clandestine (1850-1860), 18;
domestic, of border states,
35; foreign, movement for
reopening, 61-63; suppres-
sion and decay of South
Carolina, 63-66; Crittenden
compromise on, 171, 172;
Confederate constitution on,
Slavery, sentiment (1776), 4-6;
and cotton, 7, 8; economic
factor of treatment of slaves,
9; basis of secession, 10,
13; anachronism, 14; lesson
taught by issue, 17; and
negro race, 18; defence, 19;
contentment of slaves, 20;
statistics (1860), 21; and low-
land poor whites, 23-25; and
mountain poor whites, 26;
and immigration, 27; low
value of agricultural slave
labor, 27; burden on slave-
owners, 32; proportion of
slave-owners, 32-34; effect
on white labor, 33; trend
southward, 35; Calhoun's
belief in, 38; his responsi❤
bility for agitation, 38-40;
his blindness to its anachro-
nism, 40; Calhoun on, as a
social basis, 41; Clay's atti-
tude (1850), 49; wisdom of
Webster's speech (1850), 50-
53; baseless fear of further
annexations, 53; South and
abolitionist propaganda, 55;
possible working basis for
emancipation, 55; doctrine
of necessity, 55; possible
suppression of agitation be-
fore 1854, 58; effect of Kan-
sas-Nebraska bill and Uncle
Tom's Cabin, 59; of Dred
Scott decision, 59; impossi-
bility of territorial expan-
sion (1859), 59, 60; attempt-
ed expansion, 61; price of
slaves, 61; demand for slaves
and territorial expansion, 62,
114; slaves and John Brown's
raid, 84, 87-89; Davis's reso-
lution on territorial (1860),
99-101, 104; Lincoln's Cooper
Institute speech, 101; Seward
on (1860), 102-104; Demo-
cratic platform on territo-
rial, 110-114; Republican
platform on territorial, 117;
Sumner's speech, 125; recog-
nition in Confederate consti-
tution, 256, 257; foundation
of Confederate government,
258; bibliography, 351. See
also Compromise.
Slemmer, A. J., occupies Fort
Pickens, 247.
Slidell, John, in Senate, 90;
manifesto of southern con-
gressmen, 242.
Smith, C. B., selected for interi-
or portfolio, 281, 282; and
relief of Sumter, 294, 306.
Smith, Gerrit, negro coloniza-
tion, 69; and John Brown, | Spain, draught claims conven-
72, 75; complicity with tion (1860), 107.
Brown condemned, 85, 86. Spratt, L. W., on decay of
Social conditions, poor whites,
23-27; lack of southern
towns, 30; character of south-
ern life, 31. See also Slavery.
Soulé, Pierre, and Douglas, 115.
Sources on period 1859-1861,
collections, 345; documents,
345, 346; periodicals, 346;
writings, 347; autobiogra-
phies and reminiscences, 348,
349; on John Brown, 350;
on economic conditions, 351;
on outbreak of the war, 352.
South, failure to share in na-
tionalistic development, 15;
ignorant of the North, 16;
small farms, 27; manufact-
ures, 28; preponderance of
North, 29; railways, 29; lack
of towns, 30; character of
life, 31; proportion of slave-
owners, 32-34; and aboli-
tionism, 55; development of
northern antagonism, 57; and
John Brown's raid, 84, 89;
belief in world-controlling
power of, 94, 95, 104; effect
of Civil War on, 342; bibliog-
raphy of conditions, 351. See
also Compromise, Secession,
Sectionalism, Slavery.
South Carolina, migration and
decay, 35; real and assumed
causes of decay, 63-66; pre-
election secession prepara-
tions, 136-138; convention
and ordinance of secession,
138; declaration of causes,
139; refuses to await co-op-
eration, 140; commissioners,
205; and Peace Convention,
269. See also Charleston Har-
bor.
Southern Commercial Conven-
tions and reopening of slave-
trade, 63.
Stanton, E. M., attorney-gen-
eral, and removal to Sumter,
213; and reply to commission-
ers, 215; bibliography, 350.
Star of the West expedition, orig-
inal plan, 224; delay, 224;
unarmed vessel substituted,
225; vain attempt at secrecy,
225; preparation, 226; An-
derson's ignorance, 226; off
Charleston Harbor, 227; fired
upon, 227; turns back, 228;
Anderson's action, 228, 229;
responsibility for failure, 230-
233; Pickens justifies firing
on, 232; attempt to counter-
mand expedition, 235.
State rights, Calhoun's doctrine,
44-46.
Stearns, G.
G. L.,
L., and John
Brown, 71-76; complicity
with Brown condemned, 85,
86.
Stephens, A. H., on constitu-
tional cause of secession, 11;
on slavery and Christianity,
20; leaves Congress, proph-
ecy, 68; on Buchanan and
election of 1860, 133; expects
Civil War, 134; anti-secession
speech, 141, 142; and Lin-
coln, 143; despairs of pre-
venting secession, 143; on
Confederate provisional con-
gress, 252; Confederate pro-
visional vice-president, 253;
and presidency, 253; and
Confederate heads of depart-
ments, 258; on Confederacy
and slavery, 258; bibliog-
Stevens, A. C., Harper's Ferry
raid, 79.
Stevens, Thaddeus, opposes
compromise, 176.
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