Raphael, on the contrary, qualifies it thus: "To dream of flying denotes that you will escape many difficulties and dangers: If you dream that you are trying to fly very high, you will aspire to a position that you will never reach and for which you are not qualified."

A Witches Dream-book gives the following:

"To servants this means liberty; to the poor it is a dream of riches. To fly very high from the earth and without wings is fear and danger, as also to fly over the houses and through the streets and forlorn ways signifies trouble and sedition."

HOVERING, GLIDING, ASCENDING OR RISING AND FALLING are attributed generally to the same sources as the dream of flying.

Havelock Ellis, however, adds that as a rule the falling dream comes at the end of a flying dream and that being usually accompanied by fear, it presupposes an organic origin, perhaps a circulatory or nervous trouble, even apoplexy or epilepsy.

Freud attributes it to eroticism, as in the case of the flying dream, but adds that in woman it frequently has its origin in the fear of a moral downfall. He classifies it as a typical, sexual dream of fear.

Manaceine attributes the falling dream to the fact that on falling asleep the dreamer does not feel that he is supported by the bed, and that therefore he has the sensation of being in the air, i.e., unsupported.

Bruce thinks the falling dream arises from some slight disturbance affecting the heart action.

Raphael interprets this dream as foretelling the loss of a sweetheart; to a sailor it augurs shipwreck.

The gypsies generally agree that it augurs losses and crosses, unless the dreamer should pick himself up afterwards, in which case this dream foretells changes and movings.

SWIMMING is generally attributed to the respiration, but Ellis qualifies this by adding that it is sometimes due to cu

taneous sensations. Freud holds it as erotic dream associated with childish memories. Coriat classifies it among the dreams of freedom, flying, etc.

Raphael and other dream interpreters are almost unanimous in agreeing that to dream of swimming with the head well up is an augury of success in business and in love affairs; with the head under water this dream implies trouble and unpleasant news; in dirty water slander and malice; if you dream of sinking ruin will follow.

NAKEDNESS OR BEING INSUFFICIENTLY CLAD. Freud and Ellis agree that this dream is due to the perception felt in sleep when one has thrown off the bed covers and is exposed. Freud divides this dream into two varieties, one in which the dreamer is indifferent to his condition, and the other in which the dreamer is overwhelmed with shame. The latter he classifies as having a sexual content.

Coriat considers this dream as a residue of childish memories, a desire to abandon all social restraint.

The interpretations of the dream-books are more or less synonymous.

Raphael, Poverty and disgrace; Witches dream books translate it as disappointment, also a sign that the dreamer will suffer an affront. To the gypsy interpreters it augurs sickness, poverty and misfortune generally.

In connection with this typical dream of nakedness, the following extract from Der Grune Heinrich by G. Keller illustrates the antiquity of the dream interpretations by the gypsies, witches, etc.

"I do not wish, dear Lee, that you should ever come to realize from experience the peculiar, piquant truth contained in the situation of Odysseus, when he appears before Nausikaa and her playmates naked and covered with mud! Would you like to know what it means? Let us consider the incident closely. If you are ever separated from your home and from everything that is dear to you, and wander about in a strange country, when you have seen and experienced much, when you

have cares and sorrows, and are, perhaps, even miserable and forlorn, you will some night inevitably dream that you are approaching your home; you will see it shining and beaming in the most beautiful colors; charming, delicate and lovely figures will meet you; and you will suddenly discover that you are going about in rags, naked and covered with dust. A nameless feeling of fear seizes you, you try to cover yourself and to hide; and you awaken bathed in sweat. As long as men exist this will be the dream of the care-laden, fortune-battered man, and Homer has taken his situation from the profoundest depths of the eternal character of humanity."

DREAM OF THE DEATH OF PARENTS OR OF DEAD PERSONS. Freud and Coriat classify this as a wish dream, and they subdivide it under two headings, the dream in which the dreamer is unmoved and the dream in which he is grieved. The dream without attendant grief is not a typical dream, in that it is used to cover another wish in the Latent Content. The dream attended by expressions of grief, however deep, is a desire for the death of the person dreamed of: if the wish does not exist at the time of the dream, it must have existed at some time in the past. Freud gives an example of a woman who dreamed that all her sisters and brothers suddenly grew wings and flew up into the sky. Of course, he says, the lady wished all her relatives dead or she would not have had this dream.

Raphael and the popular dream authorities take the more normal view of this dream and translate it as foreboding sorrow and trouble.

FALLING OUT OF TEETH. This dream is attributed to dental irritation by all except the Freudian school, who define it as an erotic dream.

Oneirocritics agree that it forecasts heavy sorrows. Raphael expresses the general view: "To dream that your teeth are very loose portends personal sickness; that one comes out denotes the loss of a friend or relative; that they all fall out is a sign of your own death."

RETURN TO SCHOOL DAYS. This dream is classified as typi

cal by Havelock Ellis, Foucault, Wundt and others, though Freud does not mention it. It is generally attributed to a cramped position of the body or the limbs, suggesting the restraint of a school desk.

THE EXAMINATION DREAM, i. e., of passing through a school examination, Freud terms a typical dream; it occurs only to persons who have passed an examination, never to those who have failed.

THE DREAM OF MISSING A TRAIN. Freud classifies as a "consolation dream" directed against a fear, or the fear of dying. Havelock Ellis, on the contrary, attributes dreams of trains and railroads as due to headache.

With a few exceptions the symbolical interpreters, gypsies, etc., agree that to see oneself in a railroad train augurs either a change of residence or a long journey. A few authorities, however, hold this dream to mean the visit of a friend from a distance. In this connection it is rather curious to note the agreement of authorities upon the subject of the dreams of older origin, while their disagreement upon the more modern dreams, engines, railroads, electricity, etc., is almost inevitable.

CLIMBING A HILL, SWEATING, DRAWING HEAVY LOADS, ETC. These dreams are with one accord attributed to pulmonary, respiratory or cardiac troubles; they manifest themselves in sleep through the subconsciousness before the waking mind has recognized them. The dream of Robert Louis Stevenson, previously quoted, is an illustration.

THE DREAM OF BURGLARS BREAKING INTO THE HOUSE is attributed to sounds without which become exaggerated by the dream consciousness. Freud, however, traces this dream to erotic sources.

Raphael declares that to dream of burglars and to overcome them signifies victory over enemies; to be defeated by the burglars signifies proportionate misfortune.

STANDING UPON THE BRINK OF A PRECIPICE is caused by

lying diagonally across the bed with the feet extended beyond the edge.

Artemidorus, as well as Raphael, construes this as a dream of warning, and the symbolism is obvious.

LAKES, SPRINGS, ETC. These are attributed to a full bladder by Manaceine and others.

Freud suspects them of erotic origin, while Raphael says that to dream of a glassy lake denotes prosperity and future happiness; a muddy lake, on the contrary, is supposed to represent loss and heavy cares.

Havelock Ellis mentions contrast dreams as typical, and defines them as those which take the emotions of the day and invert them; the classification of these dreams, however, is difficult for the ordinary dream student. Freud divides typical dreams into three classes, Fear Dreams, Anxiety Dreams and Consolation Dreams

The Anxiety dream, Freud announces as merely superficially attached to the idea containing it and coming from another source, to be inferred from a knowledge of the patient. Anxiety dreams may be psycho-neurotic in their nature; chief among them is that of failing to pass an examination.

The dream of committing murder, while not precisely typical in that it lacks unanimity as to its fundamental source, is nevertheless sufficiently universal to merit mention among the typical dreams.

Freud attributes the dream of murder to the suppressed wish of the dreamer. Näcke and other writers claim that the dream is due to the innate vileness of the human heart when freed from conventional restraint.

Havelock Ellis takes the optimistic view that especially sensitive persons dream of crime as they are frequently more imaginative when sleeping than when awake. In proof of this theory he cites the sleep of criminals which is usually free from dreams, and those that they have are generally harmless. To which Freud replies that the most beautiful dream is commonly the most wicked in content.