referred to as "the Hunter." The White Mingo was a Seneca also. There was no variation tolerated from the time-honored ceremonies of the Indians-no haste, no levity, no applause, while speaking, no lack of attention. They were always serious affairs, and most frequently momentous, as will become evident. Croghan's conferences with the Western tribes at Fort Pitt from February to May, 1765, and that of April, 1768, were especially important, at all of which Guyasutha was present and a leading speaker.

Moral and mental character of the Delawares was estimated differently, even by those who had the best opportunities of judging. The missionaries were severe upon them. Brainerd said they were unspeakably indolent and slothful, with little or no ambition or resolution, not one in a thousand with the spirit of a man. Zeisberger was no more favorable. He spoke of their alleged bravery with the utmost contempt, and morally as "the most ordinary and vilest of savages." Other competent authorities speak more cheerfully, and from observation also, Heckewelder, of course, who said there were not in his belief any people on earth who were more attached to their relatives and offspring than the Delawares. These Indians soon learned the Quakers were non-combatants, and spared them, and for forty years after the founding of Penn's Colony there was not a single murder committed on a settler. The missionaries probably judged them by the Christian ideal, from which many not Indians fall wofully short, remarks Dr. Brinton. The Quakers never suffered personal molestation from the Delawares. Even after embittered and corrupted by the knavery of the whites, for example in the notorious "Long Walk" and the debasing influence of alcohol, so good an authority as Gen. William Henry Harrison, from a long and intimate knowledge of them, in peace and war, as enemies and friends, attested that they had left upon his mind the most favorable impression of their character for bravery, generosity, and fidelity to their engagements, nor were they deficient intellectually. Even Brainerd, who began his labors in 1742, acknowledged the Delaware children learned with surprising readiness. Zeisberger, who died in 1808, after sixty-two years of missionary work, left barely a score of converted Indians clustered in huts around his little chapel. He had lived to see the Lenape a mere broken remnant, "steeped in all the abominations of heathenism, eke out their existence far away from the former council fires."10

In treating of the Delawares in this work, in some degree there has been followed the outline of Mr. Jenkins in his first chapter of Volume I, "Pennsylvania, Colonial and Federal." It may be observed by students of Pennsylvania history that the account there has been adapted from

10"Lenape and Their Legends;" D. G. Brinton; pp. 62, 63. "Life of Zeisberger, E. De Schweinitz; p. 674.

Dr. Brinton's work, "The Lenape and Their Legends" (1885). Brinton in his researches has covered much ground, for he has examined everything extant on the subject. He has told also the story of the Lenape as women, and that of the "Long Walk," and detailed the historic migrations of the Lenape. Both Brinton and Jenkins have relied greatly on Heckewelder. The part these Indians took in the French and Indian War, the American Revolution and the later wars, is proper Pittsburgh history, for many events in all these wars occurred in and about Pittsburgh.11

11To the list of authorities here cited, there should be added Robert Proud, quoted ante, in whose second volume of Pennsylvania History much interesting matter is to be found, especially in Part III, "The State of Pennsylvania Between the Years 1760-1770," and in pages 292 et seq. therein. It may be said that most of our Pennsylvania historians have had recourse to Proud in their researches into our State's Indian history. The authority for certain statements in this chapter must be accorded to Proud, though not taken from him at first hand.

CHAPTER VI.

The Migrations of the Delawares and the Shawanese.

The power of the Six Nations over the Algonquin stock in Pennsylvania is the principal theme of this chapter, merging into the causes and consequences of the alienation of the Delawares and the Shawanese from the English interests; these causes rightly told by Charles Thomson, an Irishman, once master of a Quaker school in Philadelphia (the Old Academy), and best known in our national history as having been secretary of the Continental Congresses, and especially for serving in that capacity during the memorable session of 1776. Thomson's book will be quoted from further on in this chapter.

The first traders that came to the region about Pittsburgh found the savages on the Ohio living in the shadow of a tyrannical Confederacythe League of the Iroquois. We have seen how these warriors in their wonderful career of conquest left their footprints on the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, and whose war cries rang from the St. Lawrence to the Carolinas. One instance of the prowess of the Six Nations lies in the historical fact that they drove into the country about the Forks of the Ohio the deluded (?) Delawares and the equally submissive Shawanese. It is always to be remembered that the coming of these tribes was not voluntary. Back of it lies a long story of wrong. The Delawares have been described in detail; an account of the Shawanese must also be given. With the passing of the Indian nations or their adoption of civilized life, the story of their savage life becomes more and more interesting. The horrors of Indian warfare will be lightly glossed or passed over, and facts of history presented that are distinctively notable for the reason that the events to be recorded were far-reaching in effects on our embryo nation and the province of Pennsylvania. It is not a pleasant story. On the contrary, it is harrowing, and in its perusal there may arise pangs of regret-to say the least, a few sighs for the shortsighted and at times criminal Indian policy of Penn's colony.

From the days of Penn and Shackamaxon and its treaty tree, the trail of the Delawares lay to the West. Their traditions say they came from the West. We are to bear in mind here, Heckewelder's story of their migration East.

The land-hungry Penns, no less so than others of the times, induced the first step in the various migrations of the Delawares, and in this initial step they took with them their English designation henceforth to be their historical name. Their condition was pathetic. Parkman tells it well: "When William Penn came to them in the placidity of his sect, he extended a hand of brotherhood to a people unwarlike as his own