twelfth legion which had been formerly beaten with Cestius. Which legion, as it was otherwise remarkable for their valour, so did it march on now with greater alacrity, to revenge themselves on the Jews, as remembering what they had formerly suffered from them. Of these legions he ordered the fifth to meet him, by going through Emmaus; and the tenth to go up by Jericho. He also moved himself, together with the rest. Besides which marched those auxiliaries that came from the kings, being now more in number than before: together with a considerable number that came to his assistance from Syria. Those also that had been selected out of these four legions, and sent with Mucianus to Italy, had their places filled up out of those soldiers that came out of Egypt with Titus: which were two thousand men, chosen out of the armies at Alexandria. There followed him also three thousand drawn from those that guarded the river Euphrates. As also there came Tiberius Alexander, who was a friend of his, most valuable both for his good will to him, and for his prudence. He had formerly been governor of Alexandria, but was now thought worthy to be general of the army under Titus. The reason of this was, that he had been the first who encouraged Vespasian very lately to accept this his new dominion: and enjoined himself to him, with great fidelity, when things were uncertain, and fortune had not yet declared for him. He also followed Titus, as a counsellor; very useful to him in this war, both by his age, and skill in such affairs.

CHAP. II.

TITUS MARCHES TO JERUSALEM, AND IS IN DANGER, WHILE TAKING A VIEW OF THE CITY.—OF THE PLACE ALSO WHERE HE PITCHED HIS CAMP.

NOW as Titus was upon his march into the enemies' country, the auxiliaries, that were sent by the kings, marched first having all the other auxiliaries with them. After whom followed those that were to prepare the roads, and measure out the camp. Then came the commanders' baggage; and after that the other soldiers, who were completely armed to support them. Then came Titus himself, having with him another select body; and then came the

pikemen. After whom came the cavalry belonging to that legion. All these came before the engines. And after these engines came the tribunes, and the leaders of the cohorts, with their select bodies. After these came the ensigns, with the eagle: and before those eusigns came the trun.peters belonging to them. Next came the main body of the army in their rank: every rank six deep. The servants belonging to every legion came after these, and before these last their baggage. The mercenaries came last; and those that guarded them brought up the rear. Now Titus, according to the Roman usage, went in the front of the army, after a decent manner; and marched through Samaria, to Gophna; a city that had been formerly taken by his father, and was then garrisoned by Roman soldiers. And when he bad lodged there one night, he marched on in the morning: and when he had gone as far as a day's march, he pitched his camp at that valley which the Jews, in their own tongue, call The Valley of Thorns, near a certain village called Gabaoth Saul: which signifies the hill of Saul being distant from Jerusalem about thirty furlongs. There it was that he chose out six hundred select horsemen, and went to take a view of the city, to observe what strength it was of, and how courageous the Jews were. Whether, when they saw him, and before they came to a direct battle, they would be affrighted, and submit. For he had been informed, what was really true, that the people who were fallen under the power of the seditious and the robbers were greatly desirous of peace: but, being too weak to rise up against the rest, they lay still.

Now so long as he rode along the straight road which led to the wall of the city, nobody appeared out of the gates. But when he went out of that road, and declined towards the tower Psephinos, and led the band of horsemen obliquely, an immense number of Jews leaped out suddenly at the towers called the Women's towers, through that gate which was over against the monuments of queen Helena, and intercepted his horse: and standing directly opposite to those that still ran along the road, hindered them from joining those who had declined out of it. They intercepted Titus also, with a few others. Now it was here impossible for him to go forward, because all the places had trenches dug in them from the wall, to preserve the gardens round about; and were full of

gardens obliquely situate, and of many hedges. And to return back to his own men he saw was also impossible; by reason of the multitude of the enemies that lay between them. Many of whom did not so much as know that the *king was in any danger; but supposed him still among them. So he perceived that his preservation must be wholly owing to his own courage, and turned his horse about, and cried out aloud to those that were about him to follow him; and ran with violence into the midst of his enemies in order to force his way through them to his own men. And hence we may principally learn that both the success of wars, and the dangers that kings are in, are under the providence of God. For while such a number of darts were thrown at Titus, when he had neither his head-piece on, nor his breast-plate: (for he went out not to fight, but to view the city :) none of them touched his body, but went aside, without hurting him. As if all of them missed him on purpose; and ouly made a noise as they passed by him. So he diverted those perpetually with his sword that came on his side, and overturned many of those that directly met him; and made his horse ride over those that were overthrown. The enemy, indeed, made a shout at the boldness of Cæsar, and exhorted one another to rush upon him. Yet did those against whom he marched flee away, and go off from him in great numbers. While those that were in the saine danger kept up close to him, though they were wounded both on their backs, and on their sides. For they had each of them but this one hope of escaping, if they could assist Titus in opening himself a way, that he might not be encompassed round by his enemies, before

*We may here note, that Titus is here called a king, and Cæsar by Josephus, even while he was no more than the emperor's son, and general of the Roman army; and his father Vespasian was still alive. Just as the New Testament says Archelaus reigned, or was king, Matt. ii. 22; though he were properly no more than ethnarch, as Josephus assures us, Antiq. XVII. 11. Of the War, II. Thus also the Jews called the Roman emperors kings; though they never took that title to themselves. "We have no king but Cæsar," John xix. 15. "Submit to the king as supreme," 1 Pet. ii. 13, 17. Which is also the language of the Apostolical Constitutions, II. 11, 34; IV. 13; V. 19; VI. 2, 25; VII. 16, VIII. 2, 13. And elsewhere in the New Testament, John xix. 15; Matt. x. 18.-xvii. 25; 1 Tim. ii. 2, and in Josephus also. Though I suspect Josephus particularly esteemed Titus as joint king with his father, ever since his divine dreams that declared them both such. III. 8.

he got away from them. Now there were two of those that were with him, but at some distance: the one of which the enemy compassed round, and slew him with their darts, and his horse also. But the other they slew, as he leaped down from his horse, and earried off his horse with them. But Titus escaped with the rest, and came safe to the camp. So this success of the Jews' first attack raised their minds, and gave them an ill-grounded hope: and this short inclination of fortune on their side made them very courageous for the future.

But now, as soon as that legion that had been at Emmaus was joined to Cæsar at night, he removed thence, when it was day, and came to a place called Scopus: from whence the city began already to be seen, and a plain view might be taken of the great temple. Accordingly this place, on the north quarter of the city, and joining thereto, was a plain, and very properly named Scopus, or the prospect and was no more than seven furlongs distant from it. And here it was that Titus ordered a camp to be fortified for two legions, that were to be together: but ordered another camp to be fortified at three furlongs farther distance behind them, for the fifth legion. For he thought that by marching in the night they might be tired, and might deserve to be covered from the enemy, and with less fear might fortify themselves. And as these were now beginning to build, the tenth legion, which came through Jericho, was already come to the place, where a certain party of armed men had formerly lain, to guard that pass into the city, and had been taken before by Vespasian. These legious had orders to encamp at the mount called the †mount of Olives ; which lies over against the city, on the east side, and is parted from it by a deep valley, interposed between them, which is named Cedron.

Now when hitherto the several parties in the city had been dashing one against another perpetually, this foreign war, now suddenly come upon them after a violent manner, put the first

See Book IV. chap. 9.

This situation of the mount of Olives, on the east of Jerusalem, at about the distance of five or six furlongs, with the valley of Cedron interposed between the mountain and the city, are things well known both in the Old and New Testament, in Josephus elsewhere, and in all the descriptions of Palestine.

stop to their contentions one against another. And as the seditious now saw, with astonishment, the Romans pitching three several camps, they began to think of an awkward sort of concord: and said one to another, "What do we do here? and what do we mean, when we suffer three fortified walls to be built, to coop us in, that we shall not be able to breathe freely; while the enemy is securely building a kind of city in opposition to us and while we sit still, within our own walls, and become spectators only of what they are doing, with our hands idle, and our armour laid by; as if they were about somewhat that was for our good and advantage? We are, it seems, only courageous against ourselves; while the Romans are likely to gain the city without bloodshed, by our sedition." Thus did they encourage one another, when they were gotten together; and took their armour immediately, and ran out upon the tenth legion, and fell upon the Romans with great eagerness, and with a prodigious shout, as they were fortifying their camp. These Romans were caught in different parties, and this in order to perform their several works; and on that account had, in great measure, laid aside their arms. For they thought the Jews would not have ventured to make a sally upon them: and had they been disposed so to do, they supposed their sedition would have distracted them. So they were put into disorder unexpectedly: when some of them left the works they were about, and immediately marched off; while many ran to their arms, but were smitten and slain before they could turn back upon the enemy. The Jews became still more and more in number, as encouraged by the good success of those that first made the attack. And while they had such good fortune, they seemed both to themselves and to the enemy to be many more than they really were. The disorderly way of their fighting at first put the Romans also to a stand: who had been constantly used to fight skilfully, in good order, and with keeping their ranks, and obeying the orders that were given them. For which reason the Romans were caught unexpectedly, and were obliged to give way to the assaults that were made upon them. Now when these Romans were overtaken, and turned back upon the Jews, they put a stop to their career; yet when they did not take care enough of themselves, through the vehemency of their pursuit, they were wounded by