had encompassed them about. While the Jews pursued them, as they retired; and followed them, and threw darts at them as far as the monument of queen Helena.

After this these Jews, without keeping any decorum, grew insolent upon their good fortune, and jested upon the Romans for being deluded by the trick they had put upon them and making a noise with beating their shields, leaped for gladness, and made joyful exclamations. In the mean time these soldiers were received with threatenings by their officers; and with indignation by Cæsar himself, who spake to them thus: "These Jews, who are only conducted by their madness, do every thing with care and circumspection: they contrive stratagems, and lay ambushes; and fortune gives success to their stratagems, because they are obedient, and preserve their good will and fidelity to one another. While the Romans, to whom fortune uses to be ever subservient, by reason of their good order, and ready submission to their commanders, have now had ill success, by their contrary behaviour: and by not being able to restrain their hands from action, they had been caught and that which is the most to their reproach, they have gone on without their commanders in the very presence of Caesar. Truly, the laws of war cannot but groan heavily; as will my father also himself, when he shall be informed of this wound that hath been given us: since he, who is grown old in wars, did never make so great a mistake. Our laws of war do also ever inflict capital punishment on those that in the least break into good order: while at this time they have seen an entire army run into disorder. However, those that have been so insolent shall be made immediately sensible, that even they who conquer among the Romans, without orders for fighting, are to be under disgrace." When Titus had enlarged upon this matter before the commanders, it appeared evident that he would execute the law against all those that were concerned. So these soldiers were in despair; as expecting to be put to death, and that justly, and quickly. However, the other legions came round about Titus, and entreated his favour to these their fellow soldiers; and made supplication to him, that he would pardon the rashness of a few, on account of the better obedience of all the rest and promised for them that they should make amends for their present fault, by their more virtuous behaviour for the time to come.

and as he was desirous to bring rest of the multitude that folset the strongest part of his lay on the north quarter of the

So Cæsar complied with their desires, and with what prudence dictated to him also. For he esteemed it fit to punish single persons by real executions; but that the punishment of great multitudes should proceed no farther than reproofs. So he was reconciled to the soldiers, but gave them a special charge to act more wisely for the future. And he considered with himself, how he might be even with the Jews for their stratagem. And now, when the space between the Romans and the wall had been levelled, which was done in four days; the baggage of the army, with the lowed him, safely to the camp; he army over against that wall which city, and over against the western part of it; and made his army seven deep, with the footmen placed before them, and the horsemen behind them, each of the last in three ranks: while the archers stood in the midst in seven ranks. And now as the Jews were prohibited by so great a body of men from making sallies upon the Romans, both the beasts that carried the burthens, and belonged to the three legions, and the rest of the multitude, marched on without any fear. But as for Titus himself, he was but about two furlongs distant from the wall; at that part of it where was the *corner, and over against that tower which was called Psephinus: at which tower the compass of the wall belonging to the north bended and extended itself over against the west. But the other part of the army fortified itself at the tower called Hippicus; and was distant, in like manner, but two furlongs from the city. However the tenth legion continued in its own. place, upon the mount of Olives.

CHAP. IV.

A DESCRIPTION OF JERUSALEM.

THE city of Jerusalem was fortified with three walls, on sucli parts as were not encompassed with unpassable valleys. For in

Perhaps, says Dr. Hudson, here was that gate, called the gate of the corner, in ? Chron. xxvi. 9. See Chap. 4.

such places it had but one wall. The city was built upon two hills, which are opposite to one another, and have a valley to divide them asunder. At which valley the corresponding rows of houses on both hills end. Of these hills, that which contains the upper city is much higher, and in length more direct. Accordingly it was called the citadel, by king David. He was the father of that Solomon who built this temple at the first. But it is by us called the Upper Market-place. But the other hill, which was called Acra, and sustains the lower city, is of the shape of a moon, when she is horned. Over against this there was a third hill, but naturally lower than Acra; and parted formerly from the other by a broad valley. However, in those times, when the Asmoneans reigned, they filled up that valley with earth; and had a mind to join the city to the temple. They then took off part of the height of Acra, and reduced it to be of less elevation than it was before, that the temple might be superior to it. Now the valley of the cheesemongers, as it was called, and was that which we told you before distinguished the hill of the upper city from that of the lower, extended as far as Siloam. For that is the name of a fountain which hath sweet water in it, and this in great plenty also.But on the outsides these hills are surrounded by deep valleys; and by reason of the precipices to them belonging on both sides, they are every where unpassable.

Now of these three walls, the old one was hard to be taken, both by reason of the valleys, and of that hill on which it was built, and which was above them. But besides that great advantage, as to the place where they were situate, it was also built very strong because David and Solomon, and the following kings, were very zealous about this work. Now that wall began on the north, at the tower called Hippicus, and extended as far as the Xistus, a place so called; and then joining to the council-house, ended at the west cloister of the temple. But if we go the other way westward, it began at the same place; and extended through a place called Bethso, to the gate of the Essenes; and after that it went southward, having its bending above the fountain Siloam : where it also bends again towards the east at Solomon's pool; and reaches as far as a certain place which they called Ophlas, VOL. IV.

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where it was joined to the eastern cloister of the temple. The second wall took its beginning from that gate which they called Gennath, which belonged to the first wall. It only encompassed the northern quarter of the city, and reached as far as the tower Antonia. The beginning of the third wall was at the tower Hippicus; whence it reached as far as the north quarter of the city, and the tower Psephinus; and then was so far extended till it came over against the monument of Helena, queen of Adiabene, the mother of Izates. It then extended farther to a great length; and passed by the sepulchral caverns of the kings, and bent again at the tower of the corner, at the monument of the fuller: and joined to the old wall at the valley called the Valley of Cedron. It was Agrippa who encompassed the parts added to the old city with this wall which had heen all naked before. For as the city grew more populous, it gradually crept beyond its old limits and those parts of it that stood northward of the temple, and joined that hill to the city, made it considerably larger, and occasioned that hill, which is in number the fourth, and is called Bezetha, to be inhabited also. It lies over against the tower Antonia but is divided from it by a deep valley, which was dug on purpose and that in order to hinder the foundations of the tower of Antonia from joining to this hill, and thereby affording an opportunity for getting to it with ease, and hindering the security that arose from its superior elevation. For which reason also that depth of the ditch made the elevation of the towers more remarkable. This new built part of the city was called Bezetha, in our own language: which, if interpreted in the Grecian language, may be called the New City. Since, therefore, its inhabitants stood in need of a covering, the father of the present king, and of the same name with him,Agrippa, began that wall we spoke of. But She left off building it when he had only laid the foundations;

*See Antiquities, XX. 2.

† See 2 Kings xviii. 17. Isaiah vii. 3.

Cities were usually bounded by walls; but the increase of their population rendering it impossible for the inhabitants to be accommodated within them, gave vise to suburbs and liberties. B.

Bethesda. See John v. 2.

See Antiquities, XIX. 7.

out of the fear he was in of Claudius Cæsar; lest he should suspect that so strong a wall was built in order to make some innovation in public affairs. For the city could no way have been taken, if that wall had been finished in the manner it was begun. As its parts were connected together by stones twenty cubits long, and ten cubits broad: which could never have been either easily undermined by any iron tools, or shaken by any engines. The wall was, however, ten cubits wide; and it would probably have had a height greater than that, had not his zeal who began it been hindered from exerting itself. After this, it was erected with great diligence by the Jews, as high as twenty cubits; above which it had battlements of two cubits; and turrets of three cubits' altitude. Insomuch that the entire altitude extended as far as twen

ty-five cubits.

Now the towers that were upon it were twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in height. They were square, and solid, as was the wall itself. Wherein the niceness of the joints and the beauty of the stones, were no way inferior to those of the holy house itself. Above this solid altitude of the towers, which was twenty cubits, there were rooms of great magnificence; and over them upper rooms, and cisterns to receive rain-water. They were many in number: and the steps by which you ascended up to them were every one broad. Of these towers then the third wall had ninety; and the spaces between them were each two hundred cubits. But in the middle wall were forty towers; and the old wall was parted into sixty; while the compass of the city was thirty-three furlongs. Now the third wall was all of it wonderful. Yet was the tower Psephinus elevated above it at the north-west corner and there Titus pitched his own tent. For being seventy cubits high, it both afforded a prospect of Arabia, at sunrising, as well as of the utmost limits of the Hebrew possessions at the sea westward. Moreover it was an octagon, and over against it was the tower Hippicus; and hard by it two others were erected by king Herod, in the old wall. These were for largeness, beauty, and strength, beyond all that were in the habitable earth. For besides the magnanimity of his nature, and his magnificence towards the city on other occasions, he built these after an extraordinary manner, to gratify his own private affections and dedi