PERKENIERS committed. Moreover, it is necessary, in proving the crime, that at least two persons should be able to testify to the falsehood of the matter, so that there might be a majority of oaths on the matter there being then two oaths to one. But this rule is satisfied though both witnesses do not testify to one point. The perjury must also have taken place before some court or tribunal which had power to administer the oath (see OATH). Though in some courts affirmations are allowed instead of oaths, yet the punishment for false affirmation is made precisely the same as for false swearing. The punishment for perjury was, before the Conquest, sometimes death or cutting out the tongue; perjury is now a misdemeanour, punishable by imprisonment with hard labour. The crime of Subornation of Perjury-i.e. the persuading or procuring a person to give false evidence--is also punishable as a distinct offence; if the false evidence is not given the crime is incitement. In many states of the American Union the crime of false swearing, recognised by common law, is further particularly | defined by statute. The violation of an oath of office is not perjury; nor is a false affidavit to an account rendered to an administrator technically perjury, nor false evidence in depositions taken by consent by unauthorised persons. Perkeniers. See MOLUCCAS. Perleberg, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, 80 miles NW. of Berlin. Pop. 7825. Perlitic Structure, in Petrography, is a structure seen in some vitreous rocks. These rocks seem as if made up of little pearly or enamel-like spheroids, each of which is subdivided into a number of concentric coats by curved cracks, roughly parallel to its boundary. The spheroids usually lie packed between rectilinear or curved fissures that traverse the rock in all directions. Perlite is the name given to rocks showing this structure. Perm, a town of Russia, on the Kama, by which it is 685 miles NE. of Kazan. It is the chief seat of the extensive transit trade between European Russia and Siberia, and has a cathedral, tanneries, distilleries, flour-mills, and oil-works, and a government arsenal and cannon-foundry. Pop. (1885) 33,078.-The government has an area of 128,173 sq. m. and a pop. (1883) of 2,593,420, and is exceptionally rich in minerals. Permian System. In Britain this series of strata rests unconformably upon the Carboniferous rocks. It consists of the following groups: UPPER RED SANDSTONES, clays and gypsum (50 to 100 feet MARL SLATE (about 60 feet) = Kupferschiefer. and breccias (3000 feet in Cumberland; in the east of England not over 250 feet) = Rothliegende of Germany. The Lower Red Sandstones are greatly developed in Staffordshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire, and the Vale of Eden in Westmorland and Cumberland. Small areas also occur in the valleys of the Nith and Annan and in Ayrshire; and similar areas appear in the districts of Down, Tyrone, and Armagh in Ireland. The breccias met with in this group often contain erratics, and have the general aspect of glacial accumulations; and Sir A. Ramsay thought they probably indicate the occurrence of a glacial episode in the Permian period. In the Scottish area the rocks contain sheets of lava-form rocks and tuffs, associated with which are many small filled-up volcanic vents or necks. The most important member of the overlying groups is the Magnesian limestone, which is the chief repository of Permian fossils. Many of In In Germany the Permian consists of an upper and lower group-hence the system is often termed Dyas-the Zechstein and Kupferschiefer forming the upper, and the Rothliegende the lower group. Volcanic rocks are associated with the latter. The Kupferschiefer has long been famous for its ores of copper and other metals, and fossil fishes; while associated with the Zechstein are beds of anhydrite, gypsum, rock-salt, and bituminous shales. Russia the system occupies an area of more than 15,000 sq. m. between Moscow and the Urals. It is well developed in the government of Perm, from which it derives it name. While the German Dyas presents the same general features as the Permian of Durham and the east of England, the Russian development resembles the Permians of the Midlands and north-west of England-limestone being quite a subordinate formation, and often wanting. Although there is commonly an unconformity between the Permian and the Carboniferons, yet in some places, as at Autun in the heart of France, a conformable passage is traced from the coal-measures into the Permian. The same is the case in North America, where in the western part of that continent no hard and fast line can be drawn between the two systems the Carboniferous graduating upwards into the Permian. Life of the Period.-The Permian strata as a whole are not rich in fossils-the red sandstones which form so large a portion of the system being for the most part barren. As contrasted with the flora of the Carboniferous period that of the Permian is poor and meagre. But that poverty may be only apparent-the conditions for its preservation not having been so favourable as during Carboniferous times. It may be considered as an impoverished continuation of the Carboniferous flora. The most common plants are fernsboth herbaceous and arborescent-many of the genera being Carboniferous, while others, such as Callipteris, are not known as Carboniferous forms. Conifers were likewise numerous, especially the yew-like Walchia and the cone-bearing Ullmannia. Traces of what some suppose to have been cycads (Noggerathia) are met with in Permian strata. Finally, it may be noted that many characteristic Palaeozoic types died out in Permian times, such as the Lepidodendroids, Sigillarioids, and Calamites. The animal life of the period is somewhat better represented; but it too appears impoverished when contrasted with that which flourished in the preceding Carboniferous period. We note that rugose corals, so abundant in the older Palæozoic rocks, are very sparingly met with in Permian strata; even tabulate forms are feebly represented. Polyzoa are fairly numerous in the Magnesian limestone. Amongst brachiopods the more abundant types are survivals from the Carboniferous, as Producta, Spirifera, Strophalosia. Lamellibranchs are somewhat more numerous than brachiopods, common forms being Schizodus, Bakevellia, Gervillia, &c. Gasteropods (Murchi sonia, Pleurotomaria) are feebly represented, and the same is the case with the cephalopods (Nautilus, Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras). It is worthy of note that the trilobites are represented by one form (Phillipsia)-the last appearance of that eminently Paleozoic order. Among the fishes the principal genera are Palæoniscus and Platysomus. Amphibians seem to have abounded; they are all labyrinthodonts (Archegosaurus, Branchiosaurus, Pelosaurus). At this horizon true reptiles (Proterosaurus) make their earliest appearance. In most parts of Europe where Permian strata are developed they rest unconformably on Carboniferous and other rocks, from which it is evident that towards the close of Carboniferous times considerable earth-movements took place. These caused the sea to disappear from wide regions in Europe, and resulted eventually in the isolation of certain areas, which thus became inland seas or salt lakes. In these latter mottled sandstones, dolomitic limestones, rock-salt, and gypsum were accumulated, so that the conditions were not favourable to life. One or more such inland seas covered large areas of what is now central England, and extended into southern Scotland and the north of Ireland. Similar large inland seas existed in middle and eastern Europe. The strata accumulated in such basins show plentiful footprints and other indications of shallow-water conditions, such as worm-tracks, sun-cracks, rain-pittings, and ripplemarks-evidence which indicates that the level of the lakes was often abnormally lowered during dry seasons, leaving wide tracts exposed over which crawled annelids, amphibians, and reptiles. Volcanic action was rife in Scotland and Germany, and it has been suggested that the abundant and wellpreserved fish remains which occur in the Kupferschiefer may have been poisoned by the sudden influx of mineral springs connected with the volcanic disturbances of the time. Some of the inland seas may have had occasional connection with the open sea for longer or shorter periods, as, for example, during the formation of the thicker fossiliferous limestones. But, taken as a whole, the general character of the strata is that of accumulations formed in inland seas. The climate of the period, so far as one can judge from the aspect of flora and fauna, was probably mild and genial. Nevertheless the occurrence of coarse breccias, with their scratched stones and erratics, in the Permian of Britain and the Continent, and the similar appearances met with in strata, which are believed to be of the same age, in India, Australia, and South Africa seem hard to explain without the agency of floating ice. A Permissive Bill. See LOCAL OPTION. Permutations and Combinations. combination, in Mathematics, is a selection of a number of objects from a given set of objects, without any regard to the order in which they are placed. The objects are called elements, and the combinations are divided into classes, according to the number of elements in each. Let the given elements be the four letters a, b, c, d; the binary combinations, or selections of two, are ab, ac, ad, be, bd, cd-six in all; the combinations of three are abc, abd, acd, bed-four in all; while there is only one combination of four-viz. abcd. Permutation, again, has reference to the order of arrangement; thus, the two elements, a and b, may stand ab or ba, so that every combination of two gives two permutations; the three elements, a, b, and c, may stand abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba, one combination of three thus affording six permutations. The combinations of any order with all their permutations are called the Variations. Formulas are given in works of algebra for calculating the number of permutations or combinations in any given case. Suppose seven lottery-tickets marked 1, 2, 3, to 7, and that two are to be drawn; if it is asked how many possible pairs of numbers there are, this is a question of the number of combinations of seven elements, two together, which is found to be 21. If we want to know how many times the same seven persons could sit down to table together with a different arrangement each time, this is to ask how many permutations seven objects admit of, and the formula gives 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 x 3 x 2 = 5040. The theory of probabilities is founded on the laws of combination. Thus, in the case of drawing two tickets out of PEROWNE seven, since there are 21 possible pairs, the chance or probability of drawing any particular pair is 1 in 21, or . In working out questions in combinations' advantage is often taken of the fact that, whatever number of elements be taken from a group to form a combination, the number left gives the same number of combinations; thus, the number of combinations of 10 elements three together, is the same as that of 10 elements seven together. The Pernambu'co, or RECIFE, the busiest seaport of north Brazil, stands at the easternmost point of the coast, in 8° 3' S. lat. It consists of three portions, connected by bridges-Recife (the reef ') proper, a Dutch-looking quarter, with narrow, winding streets, the chief seat of commerce, on a peninsula; San Antonio, a modern quarter, with straight, wide streets, on an island between the peninsula and the mainland; and Boa Vista, where are the merchants' villas, on the mainland. principal buildings and public institutions embrace two arsenals, an observatory, the palace of the Bishop of Olinda (8 miles to the north), a law school, &c. The harbour is formed by a reef lying a quarter to half a mile from the coast, with an opening for vessels drawing 19 feet of water. In 1889 a contract was made for the deepening of the harbour, the construction of additional quays, docks, and a new breakwater. In the meantime mail-steamers load and unload by means of lighters from the outer (exposed) roadstead. Cottons, machinery, and tobacco are manufactured, and shipbuilding is carried on. There is a lighthouse in the harbour, which is defended by forts. The principal exports are sugar and cotton, with rum, hides, dye-woods, &c.; the principal imports are cottons and woollens, fish and meat, vegetables, minerals, wines, &c. The former fluctuate in value between £1,417,000 (1888) and nearly four times that sum (1880), the fluctuations depending upon the sugar and cotton crops; the imports average from one to two millions sterling. England, the United States, and France have the largest shares in this trade, England supplying about one-half of the imports and taking between one-half and onethird of the exports. Pop. (1878) 94,493; (1888, an estimate) 130,000. Recife was founded by the Spaniards in the second half of the 16th century. Sir James Lancaster captured it in 1595, and the Dutch in 1630. The other two quarters, Mauritsstad (now San Antonio) and Schoonzigt (Boa Vista), were laid out by the Dutch Count Maurice in 1639. The Portuguese captured the town in 1654. The province has a hot, moist climate; produces sugar and cotton; and has an area of 49,625 sq. m. and a pop. of (1872) 841,539; (1888) 1,110,831. Large portions of the interior still remain in a state of nature, uncultivated and covered with forests. Pernambuco Wood. See BRAZIL-WOOD. Pernow (Ger. Pernau), a seaport of the Baltic Provinces of Russia, stands at the mouth of the river Pernow, at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Riga, 100 miles N. of Riga and 80 large quantities of flax, principally to Great Britain. W. of Dorpat. Besides linseed and barley, it ships The total exports average £526,000 per annum (£423,000 for flax); the imports (herrings, coal, and chemical manure) only £6200. Pop. (1881) 12,918. The university of Dorpat was stationed here from 1699 to 1710. Pérouse. See LA PÉROUSE. Perowne, JOHN JAMES STEWART, was born at Burdwan in Bengal, March 13, 1823, of a family of Huguenot origin. He had his education at Norwich grammar-school and at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, carried off many prizes for theological knowledge and Hebrew, besides the Member's PERPENDICULAR Latin essay, graduated B.A. in 1845, and was elected Fellow of his college in 1849. He was afterwards examiner for the classical tripos, select preacher, Hulsean lecturer (1868), and Lady Margaret's preacher; professor in King's College, London; and from 1862 till 1872 vice-principal of St David's College, Lampeter. Later he was prelector in Theology and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; preacher at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall; and canon residentiary of Llandaff from 1869 to 1878, when he was appointed Dean of Peterborough. Already, since 1875, he had been also Hulsean professor of Divinity at Cambridge, and an honorary chaplain to the Queen. In 1891 he succeeded Dr Philpott as Bishop of Worcester. Dr Perowne is a sound Hebrew scholar, sat throughout in the Company for the revision of the Old Testament, and has been general editor of the admirable series of short commentaries forming The Cambridge Bible for Schools. His principal work is his commentary on the Book of Psalms (2 vols. 1864-68), a masterpiece of exegetical science. Besides sermons and contributions to magazines, other works are his Hulsean Lectures on Immortality (1869), and Lampeter and Llandaff Sermons (1873). Perpendicular, the name given to the style of Gothic architecture in England which succeeded the Decorated style. It prevailed from about the Winchester Cathedral-Nave, looking west. end of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th century, and was thus contemporary with the Flamboyant style in France. These styles have much in common, but they derive their names from the features peculiar to each. Thus, the Flamboyant (q.v.) is distinguished by the flowing lines of its tracery; whilst the Perpendicular is remarkable for its stiff and rectilinear lines. The lines of the window-tracery are chiefly vertical, and the mullions are frequently crossed by transoms or horizontal bars. The mouldings are usually thin and hard. The same feeling pervades the other features of the style; the buttresses, piers, towers, &c. are all drawn up and attenuated, and present in their shallow recesses and meagre lines a great contrast to the deep shadows and bold mouldings of the earlier styles. The art of masonry was well understood during the Perpendicular period, and the vaulting was admirably built. Fan-tracery Vaulting (q.v.) belongs to this style. The depressed or four-centre arch is another of its peculiar features. In doorways the arched head is frequently enclosed in a square panel over the arch, with spandrels containing shields, quatrefoils, &c. Panelling was also much used, the walls being frequently almost entirely covered with it, as in Henry VII.'s Chapel at Westminster. There are many well-known buildings of this style. Most of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge belong to it, and in almost every cathedral and church of importance there are some specimens of it-e.g. William of Wykeham's nave at Winchester (q.v.). Open timberroofs are very common in the Perpendicular style, and are amongst the peculiar and beautiful features of the architecture of England. The roof of Westminster Hall, built by Richard II., is the largest example ever erected. Perpetual Cure. See CURATE, VICAR. Perpetual Motion. Formerly the attempts made to 'square the circle' led to an enormous waste of time till mathematicians proved, by repeated and unassailable methods, that the circular area cannot possibly be expressed in terms of the diameter or radius. It logically follows from the definition of a circle that it is a plane figure which does not admit of being squared. In the same way, to all who have understood the words force and motion, it follows from the definition of a machine that it does not admit of being 'perpetual,' or self-moved. Every machine is constructed to transmit motion or force. The machine, further, modifies the transmitted force, so as to overcome certain resistances, some useful' and some prejudicial.' In every instance the motion of the machine is derived from without, and the energy so conveyed is to be at once referred to muscular action, or the weight of falling water, or a current of air, or the expansive force of steam, or some other natural power. Some such force is at once implied by the action of any machine, whether the motion is only commencing or has continued for an indefinite time. In an ordinary clock, for example, action is due to the muscular force expended in coiling a spring or raising a weight. The sight of motion in wheels or levers compels us to believe that force has been exerted upon them, and that they are merely vehicles for transmitting it. The machine has gained so much motion and energy, but only at the expense of some exterior agent. The quantity of force in existence being fixed, no new stock can be created, and therefore a self-moving machine is absurd even in name. The practical engineer knows that the force of his steam-engine is exactly in proportion to the amount of coal burned per hour-i.e. the work depends on the consumption of heat. If the mechanical force produced is in excess, however small, of its equivalent (measured by the coal burned), then perpetual motion would be at last found, because then the engine would be generating force-i.e. giving out more than was derived from the heat of the coal. This, of course, is impossible; it is from the inexhaustible stores of nature alone, such as fire, water, wind, chemical action, and electricity, that force is derived to give motion to any machine whatever. Instead of producing more force than it has received, and so laying up a stock of energy which might render it perpetual,' every machine must in its results show less energy than has been transmitted to it. Some of the machine's work is always spent on friction and the atmospheric resistance, so that it cannot give out all the force that was put in. A simple pendulum' swinging in an exhausted receiver, or a top spinning there, might illustrate the term Perpetual Motion, if friction could be avoided. Neither of these, however, could be called a perpetual machine. Give the top some work to do by putting it in gear, say, with a wheel or a crank, and speedily its motion slackens; which proves that, for a machine,' new foree is constantly required from without, especially if anything more than mere motion is required. In the words of the French Academy (Histoire, 1775): Neglecting friction and resistance (of the air), a body to which motion has been given will retain it for ever, but only on condition that it does not act on other bodies; and the only perpetual motion possible, even on this hypothesis, would be useless for the purpose of the devisers. . Numerous mechanics who might have been of great service have wasted (on this kind of research) their means, time, and talents.' The mere enumeration of all the chief attempts made in various countries to contrive a self-moving machine would be tedious. We shall only note some typical cases in each class. In one class of so-called perpetual machines the essential part was a wheel revolving on a horizontal axis, with several movable weights so distributed round the rim as apparently to act always more on one side than the other, and thus continue the revolution. One of these was by the ingenious Marquis of Worcester, and is described in his Century of Inventions as having been tried in the Tower before the king and court. On the same principle was Jackson's machine shown in fig. 1. In other attempts of this class the side of the wheel was divided symmetrically into cells with curved sides, each cell holding a ball which rolled about as the revolution took place, so that the balls should, by being further from the centre, act more on one side than on the other, as shown in fig. 2. A foreign instance, described in a letter to Newton as an undoubted success, was that of Orffyreus, consisting of a large wheel covered with canvas. When set in motion the speed increased till it reached a rate of twenty-five revolutions a minute; and when sealed up by the Elector of Cassel it was found at the end of two months to be moving as rapidly as ever. We must of course assume the existence of some imposition in this and more recent cases. In another class of self-moving machines water or mercury became the prime motor, and was sometimes used in defiance of the most elementary laws of hydrostatics. One of these consisted essentially of a large vessel having a curved tube leading from the bottom up one side and bending over the brim. The inventor actually concluded that the great weight of the liquid in the vessel when full, or nearly so, must force the liquid in the tube up higher than the edge of the vessel, and thus cause a perpetual circulation. Another class depended on magnetic action, such as Bishop Wilkins's inclined plane up which an iron ball was drawn in a groove by the attraction of a loadstone fixed at the top (fig. 3). Before reaching the loadstone the ball was ingeniously intended to fall through a hole in its path on to a curving incline beneath, and thus be conveyed by a second groove to the foot of the first inclined plane, in order to recommence its upward journey under exactly similar circumstances. The bishop overlooked the fact that the magnetic action would also tend to prevent a fall; but for that fallacy, he had come as near success as the laws of nature permit. In Addeley's perpetual motion the wheel was surrounded by a set of magnets, projecting like teeth in a slanting direction, and having the S poles all towards the centre (fig. 4). Four larger fixed magnets were disposed outside the wheel, two of which at opposite points of the circumference presented their S poles to attract the revolving magnets, while half-way between them the other two presented their N poles to retard them. All the four magnets, however, acted against the inventor's purpose, as well as in the direction which he intended. In fact, if magnetic action or gravity could be temporarily nullified in a particular direction (as light is by interposing an opaque body) the problem of perpetual motion could immediately be solved. Innumerable patents have been taken out for magnetic and electric machines, but in the principle of each some fallacy lurks, due to a misconception of the laws of force-transmission. A typical case is an electric machine driven by a gas-engine where the latter is heated by the decomposition of water by the electricity produced; just as if a steam-engine, for example, could be heated by the friction of certain bodies set in motion by itself. Some intelligent and practical proposals have from time to time been made to utilise the rise and fall of tides as the motive power of machines. These, however, should not be classed, as is sometimes done, under those named 'perpetual,' since the supply of power is obviously derived from a natural source the moon's attraction combined with the earth's daily rotation. A tide-mill, exactly as a water-mill or wind-mill, is entirely dependent on an outward supply of power, and can in no sense be termed self-moving or 'perpetual.' Ultimately, of course, all the forms of natural energy are to be referred to the sun, the PERPETUITY source of planetary force as well as life, whatever be their modifications. See H. Dircks, Perpetuum Mobile: Search for Self-motive Power (2d series, 1861-70). Perpetuity, in English law, means an arrangement whereby property is tied up-i.e. rendered inalienable-for all tinie or for a very long period. Testators and settlers have always been tempted by family pride to restrain their successors from parting with settled property, especially land; but the policy of the law requires that owners should be free to dispose of their property, and perpetuities are sternly discouraged. Land was formerly tied up by means of Entails (q.v.) and by the creation of remainders, but these forms of disposition were brought within strict rule. Trusts were then used to evade the rules of common law, but the equity courts gradually evolved a rule that property should not be tied up unless for the lives of persons in being and twenty-one years beyond; any disposition which may possibly postpone the vesting of property beyond that period is void. The rule left a settler free, by selecting the lives of young persons, to tie up his property for eighty or ninety years. Thellusson, a London banker, attempted to create an immense fortune by directing that the income of his property should go on accumulating during the lives of his children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren, living at the time of his death, and for twenty-one years beyond. This led to the passing of what is called the Thellusson Act in 1800; the act restricts accumulation of income (except for payment of debts, &c.) to a period of twenty-one years from the death of the settler, or some other of the limited periods described in the act. It is to be observed that trusts for public and charitable purposes are not, as a general rule, within the scope of the law against perpetuities. In the United States the rules developed by the English courts have been generally adopted as the basis of the law; several states have legislated on the subject, and in some cases the local law against perpetuities has been made a part of the state constitution. Perpignan, a town of France, and a fortress of the first rank (dept. Pyrénées-Orientales), stands on the river Têt, 7 miles from the Mediterranean, 40 by rail S. of Narbonne, and 17 from the Spanish frontier. It commands the passes of the Eastern Pyrenees, and is defended on the south by a citadel, which encloses the old castle of the Counts of Roussillon, and by a detached fort. The streets are narrow and the houses of semi-Moorish construction, and show evidences of Spanish influence. The cathedral (begun in 1324), the Moorish-Gothie cloth-hall or bourse (1396), the town-house (1692), the building of the former university (1349-French Revolution), the palace of justice, and a college are the principal public buildings and institutions. Good red wine is made, sheep and silkworms are bred, vegetables and fruit grown, brandy distilled, cloth woven, and corks cut; and there is a good trade in wine, spirits, wool, cork-bark, oil, cloth, and silk. As capital of the former county of Roussillon Perpignan was in the hands of the kings of Aragon from 1172 to its capture by France in 1475; it was restored to Spain in 1493; but Richelieu retook it in 1642, and France has possessed it ever since. Pop. (1891) 27,593. Perranzabuloe ('Perran in the sands'), a Cornish coast parish, 10 miles N. by W. of Truro. The rude little stone oratory (25 by 12 feet) of St Piran, who was sent to Cornwall by St Patrick in the 5th century, had been buried in the sands for a thousand years, when it was discovered in 1835; it is probably the earliest ecclesiastical structure in England. Perran Round is a circular enclosure, Perrault, CHARLES, immortal as the author of Puss-in-Boots,' Cinderella,' and 'Bluebeard,' was born at Paris, January 12, 1628, the youngest of an advocate's four sons. He was sent at nine to the College de Beauvais, but quarrelled with his masters, and had the rest of his education left to chance. He studied law fitfully, and took his license at Orleans in 1651, but soon tired of the humdrum routine of the profession, and filled from 1654 till 1664 an easy post under his brother, the Receiver-general of Paris. In 1663 he became a kind of secretary or assistant to Colbert in matters of architecture and art generally, and for twenty years enjoyed a salary, if not his master's friendship throughout, while by his influence he was admitted to the Academy in 1671. His poem, 'Le Siècle de Louis XIV.,' read to the Academy, and Boileau's angry criticisms thereon, opened up the famous and foolish dispute about the relative merits of the ancients and moderns; to the modern cause Perrault contributed his ambitious but poorly argued Parallèle des Anciens et des Modernes (4 vols. 1688-96). The same quarrel inspired his Eloges des Hommes Illustres du Siècle de Louis XIV. (2 vols. folio, 102 portraits; 1696– 1700), the labour of his latest years. He died May 16, 1703. His Mémoires appeared in 1769. · All his writings would already have been forgotten but for the happy inspiration which prompted him to publish in 1697 his eight inimit able prose fairy-tales, the Histoires ou Contes du Temps Passé, with the title on the frontispiece of Contes de Ma Mère L'Oye.' These had already appeared anonymously from 1696 to 1697 in Moetjens' Recueil, a little miscellany published at the Hague since 1694. The same volume contained a reprint of three tales in verse by Perrault (Peau d'Ane, Les Souhaits Ridicules, and Griselidis), which had already appeared both in Moetjens' Recueil and in small volumes at Paris in 1694-95. The prose contes, on the other hand, were expressly stated to be by P. Darmancour, Perrault's little boy, to whom the Privilége du Roy' is granted. ship to the son; it is more reasonable to believe M. Paul Lacroix attributes the complete authorwith Andrew Lang that, if the naïveté and popular traditional manner point to the conservatism of the child and the native inspiration of his nurse, many a happy touch is due to the elderly academ ician and wit. But whatever the method of composition of these tales, the resultant is a group of masterpieces in the most difficult of arts, the same judgment of which is renewed generation after stories; it is enough to enumerate their names: generation. It were impertinence to praise these 'La Belle au Bois Dormant' (The Sleeping Beauty); Le Petit Chaperon Rouge' (Little Red Riding Hood); La Barbe Bleue (Bluebeard); Le Maistre Chat, ou le Chat Botté' (Puss-inBoots); Les Fées (The Fairy); Cendrillon, ou à la Houppe' (Riquet of the Tuft); and Le Petit la Petite Pantoufle de Verre' (Cinderella); Riquet Poucet' (Hop o' my Thumb, Tom Thumb). There are editions of the tales by Giraud (Lyons, 1865), Lefèvre (Paris, 1875), Paul Lacroix (Jouast, Paris, 1876), and Andrew Lang (Clar. Press, Oxford, 1888). The last has an exhaustive Introduction of 115 pages. See also Charles Deulin's Contes de Ma Mère Oue avant Charles Perrault (Paris, 1879); and Deschanel's Boileau, Charles Perrault, &c. (Paris, 1888). Perry, an agreeable beverage made by fermenting the juice of pears. It is extensively made in Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Devonshire, and forms, with cider, the chief |