Beginning of the Campaign of 1885-Crossing Into Mexico-Methods of the Indian Scouts-Little Mexican Towns and Their People - Mescal, and Its Use by Indians - First News of the Hostiles- Beginning of a Mountain March on Foot Abandoned Camps - The Devil's Backbone Finding the Hos- tiles The Attack - A Battle with Mexican Troops That was Fought by Mistake - Captain Crawford Mortally Wounded — Later Action of the Mexi- - The Homeward March Messenger from Geronimo A Confer- ence - An Indian Trick - Death of Captain Crawford - Burial at Nacori, Mexico - Unfriendly Disposition of the Mexicans — Arrival in United States Territory Return for the Hostiles-The Signal-The Escape and Pur- cans - - Problem Presented by the Situation - Opinions of Citizens - The Obstacles to Success Presented by the Natural Conditions-Aid From the Signal Corps at Wash- ington-The Heliostat-Arrangement of Stations - Number of Messages Sent-Districts of Observation-Captain Lawton-Captain Wood - Other Officers of the Command-Breaking Out of the Hostiles-Details of the The Question of Removing the Indians From Arizona - Consultations with Agents- Captain Pierce-Colonel Wade - Discharge of the Apache Scouts - Visit to Fort Apache - The Appearance of the Agency Indians-"Tiswin". Sending a Delegation to Washington - The Result-Correspondence with War Department - Fort Marion Decided Upon as Place of Confinement- Preparations at Fort Apache-Using the Telegraph Between Wilcox and The Story of the Wounded Apache-Captain Wood's Story-Character of Apache Raids-The Case of the Peck Family — Indian Ideas About Insane Persons — Fight Between Apaches and Mexicans, and Some of its Results - Meeting the Mexican Troops - Finding the Murdered Mexicans - Finding Dead Bodies on the March-Indian Manner of Riding Horses to Death-The Old Mines of Mexico - How the Soldiers Marched, Ate and Slept — Surprising an Indian Camp-Preliminaries of Surrender at Fronteras — Geronimo Comes In- Agreement to Surrender- Meeting with the Mexican Soldiers - Geronimo's Friendly Offer to Assist - Mexican Nervousness - Losing a Command - A New Rifle A Stampede - Mexican Towns - Extreme Hardship of the Campaign The Proportion of Survivors-Geronimo's Philosophy of Sur- 506-518 Preliminaries of Surrender- An Indian Hostage - Going in Person to Meet the Indians Courage of Officers Lieutenant Rucker, and 'Rucker's Cañon" - Arrival at Skeleton Cañon - Visit by Geronimo-A Question of Terms - Geronimo and the Heliostat-Telling the Chief of the Destiny of His Tribe - How Natchez was Brought in-Character and Dress of Ger- onimo's Band - How Crimes Were Committed-Difficulties of the Civil Power in Dealing with Renegade Indians-The Effect of the Campaign Upon the Officers — Arrangements at Fort Bowie-Meeting of Officers and Their Families Departure of the Indians for Florida-"Auld Lang Syne"-Feeling of the Citizens of Arizona Toward the Apaches-Effect of Removal Upon Values in the Territory-Colonel Wade's Task in Remov- ing the Indians From Fort Apache-Remarkable Escape and Return of a Single Indian-Ideas and Emotions of the Indians While on the Train — The Remaining Small Band of Hostiles, and Their Final Capture-At- tempted Escape of Mangus from a Train-Tribute to the Officers Engaged Reduced Expenses on the Cessation of Indian Hostilities-The Nogales Disturbance- Troubles at San Carlos Reservation-The Emergencies of Present Military Service Why Indians Are Difficult to Capture-Field Service and Its Value The Field Maneuvers of 1887-Orders for the Same-Their Suc- The Conditions of the Arid Region - A Rich Soil, but a Lack of Rainfall - What the Arid Belt Includes - Area, and Proportion Irrigated - The Sub-Humid Region-The Standard of Humidity-Science and Personal Experience— Idea of Farming by Irrigation New to the Saxon-The Instance of Cali- fornia Irrigation in History - Universal Efficiency of the System- The Measures Taken by the Government-The Action of States-Cost-Reasons The Unbridged Space Between the East and the West-Early Railroads - Early Railroads of the United States-Change in Rates of Speed-Prophecy of Simon Cameron — Vast and Rapid Increase of Mileage — The Sleeping Car— The Old Passenger Car-Through Tickets and Transfers-The Origin of the Idea of a Trans-continental Line-The Union and Central Pacific Lines- The Northern Pacific The Thirty-fifth Parallel Route - The Southern Pacific-Land Grants to the Pacific Lines-Sum of Land Grants to All CHAPTER XLIV. CALIFORNIA. Size of California-The Name "California"- Discovery - The Spaniards - Drake - The Coming of the Franciscans - The Missions - Wealth of the Same-The Indians and Their Condition-Customs of the Old Time - First Immigrants from the States-Commodore Sloat and General Fremont-First Hoisting of the American Flag-Discovery of Gold-Sutter and Marshall-Rapid Increase of Population-The Character of the Pioneers-Admittance as a State Geography of California - The Two Natural Divisions of the State California Wonders - Yosemite, Little Yosemite, King's River Cañon, etc.-The Seasons-Vast Product of the State in Fruits and Cereals Manufactures - Educational Institutions - Los Angeles - Santa Barbara-San Francisco-The Vigilance Committee-The Harbor. PAGES 571-590 CHAPTER I. IN NEW ENGLAND FIFTY YEARS AGO. PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK THE SENTIMENT OF COUNTRY UNIVERSAL-A DEMOCRACY NATURAL IN AMERICA THE CHANGE FROM PRIMITIVE LIFE TO THE PRESENT, AND THE MEN WHO MADE IT EARLY NEW ENGLAND COLONISTS INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE - MAS SACHUSETTS THE INFLUENCE OF NEW ENGLAND IDEAS IN OUR HISTORY T is my purpose in this volume to write concerning a subject that is nearest the heart of every true American-Our Country, and its eventful changes and transformations as I have observed them during the brief period of my own life. Doubtless the most refined and enlightened of the human race best comprehend and appreciate the sentiment expressed by the words "my Country." But we know that he whom we are accustomed to consider the most stoical savage also cherishes the same thought and feeling to an intense degree. The warrior standing amid the primeval forest, or on the crest of some butte towering above the prairie, or beneath the shadow of some mountain, also has this sublime inspiration. It has been said that patriotism is a narrow sentiment, and that one's love for mankind ought not to be bounded by the ocean's tides, the course of rivers or the trend of mountain chains. And yet we cannot but feel a deep and special interest, a just pride, in contemplating our own country. Its remarkable history, its character, unlike that of any other, its institutions and system of government, its prosperity, its magnitude and grandeur, are all without precedent or rival. In fact there seems to be something in the very atmosphere of this country that inspires independence, liberality and freedom of thought and action. These qualities are not characteristic of those only who have taken possession of this country, but also of its original occupants. I shall have occasion to remark later in these pages, that the customs and governments of the aborigines were purely democratic. The voice, M-2 (17) the opinions, the wishes, the rights and interests of the majority and minority of that race were also by them duly ascertained and always respected. Writing of the change from primitive life and conditions to modern civilization as I have observed it, I shall have occasion to mention the faithful soldier, the adventurous explorer, the hardy pioneer, the missionary and teacher, the hunter, trapper and miner, and last, but not least, the home-builders of the West. I shall also endeavor to describe some of the chief distinguishing characteristics of our people as they have developed in that vast new field, noting the influence of the cavalier of the South, of the descendants of the Huguenot, of the sturdy and sagacious Knickerbocker, and of the adventurous and enterprising Puritan of New England. I may be pardoned for referring first to the last-named section, the character of its people, its society, and my own New England home. The earliest colonists of New England possessed in an extraordinary degree moral, mental and physical strength and energy. This was in accordance with nature's laws, for only those possessed of such qualities. could have had the courage to venture upon unknown seas in search of liberty upon unexplored shores, and the fortitude to endure the rigors of an exposed, desperate and unaccustomed life. Here these sturdy qualities were expanded and strengthened because they were surrounded in their every-day life by the hardest conditions. Every faculty was on the alert, and every sinew of the body was called into constant and intense endeavor to sustain life and defend their infant settlements. They dwelt in an atmosphere of continual trial, danger and warfare for nearly two hundred years, no generation during that time escaping an incursion of savages to their doors or a general war. Possibly the climate may have had somewhat to do with giving tone and vigor to the heart and brain of the people of New England. Four very sharply-defined seasons follow one after another in that region, each with vicissitudes and charms peculiarly its own, constantly making demands upon the physical system, and the thought and ingenuity of its inhabitants. Before the heart of man is fully sated with spring's joys and beauties, summer comes with nature's growing gifts. Then follow the beautiful autumn and "Indian Summer" with their ripe fruit and golden harvest. At last winter brings its toils and pleasures of a sturdier cast, more invigorating but no less pleasing, that round up in full measure New England's well-defined seasons. These observations concerning the people and climate of New England are applicable to the State of Massachusetts in an especial degree. |