down dead on the floor, to the consternation of all present.' The adoration of the mass was the occasion of exciting disgust in the breast of Waldo against the Church of Rome; as the preaching of indulgences was the offence in the eyes of Luther, which moved his indignation. Luther, it may be further remarked, employed his own translation of the Vulgate, in illustrating those principles and doctrines which led to the Reformation: Waldo owed much of his success to the method which he adopted of teaching the people the text of the New Testament in their mother tongue. On minds similarly constituted, like causes will produce like effects; and in the compared instances we may perceive the methods which Providence adopted in selecting and appointing to their respective spheres of agency two of the most useful instruments in the accomplishment of these great designs. We regret that so little is known of Waldo. He was compelled to quit Lyons by the archbishop of that city; and after a ministry of nearly twenty years exercised in different parts of France and Germany, attended with much persecution, but accompanied with great success, he died, according to Thuanus, in Bohemia, in the year 1179.

The third and fourth sections of the fifth chapter, describe the doctrinal sentiments and religious practices of the Waldenses, collected from their own writings, and the testimony of Catholic authors. We cannot make room for any extracts from this part of the work, but shall satisfy ourselves with inserting the Author's conclusions on this head.

An impartial review of the doctrinal sentiments maintained by the Waldenses, of the discipline, order, and worship of their churches, as well as their general deportment and manner of life, not to mention their determined and uniform opposition to the church of Rome, affords abundant evidence of the similarity of their views and practices to those held by Luther, Calvin, and the other illustrious cha racters, whose labours, in the sixteenth century, contributed so eminently to effect the glorious Reformation. Most of the catholic

writers who lived about the time of the Reformation, and the age which succeeded it, clearly saw this coincidence between the principles of the Waldenses and those of the reformers, and remarked it in their works.' Vol. II. pp. 86, 87.

The Inquisition being the great instrument of Romish despotism and cruelty, Mr. Jones has very properly employed a section of his History in describing its rise and establishment. Whoever is acquainted with its character and proceedings, will not feel inclined to deny the justice of the following remarks.

< There is something in the very constitution of this tribunal so monstrously unjust, so exorbitantly cruel, that it must ever excite one's astonishment, that the people of any country should have permitted its existence among them. How they could have the incon

sistency to acknowledge a power to be from God which has found it necessary to recur to expedients so manifestly from hell, so subversive of every principle of sound morality and religion, can be regarded only as one of those contradictions, for which human characters, both in individuals and nations, are often so remarkable. The wisdom that is from above is pure, peaceable, gentle, and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy. But the policy of Rome, as displayed in the inquisition, is so strikingly characterized by that wisdom which is earthly, sensual, and devilish, that the person who needs to be convinced of it, seems to be altogether beyond the power of argument. Never were two systems more diametrically opposed in their spirit, their maxims, and effects, than primitive Christianity, and the religion of modern Rome; nor do heaven and hell, Christ and Belial, exhibit to our view a more glaring contrast.' Vol. II. p. 106.

The remaining part of the work is employed principally in relating the sufferings of the Waldenses. Popish vengeance pursued them, and with but few intervals of respite, for a long suecession of years. The most sanguinary edicts were published against them; bands of ferocious soldiers, mustered by Papal authority, invaded their devoted country, carrying fire and sword into their towns and villages, and destroying the aged and the young, smiting the shepherd and the flock, and involving in one promiscuous slaughter the healthy and the sick, the mother with her child, the infant and the man of gray hairs.

Their moans

The vales redoubled to the hills, and they

To heaven.'

The following passage is descriptive of the first general attack that was made by the Papists on the Waldenses of Pied

mont.

About the year 1400, a violent outrage was committed upon the Waldenses who inhabited the valley of Pragela, in Piedmont, by the Catholic party resident in that neighbourhood. The attack, which seems to have been of the most furious kind, was made towards the end of the month of December, when the mountains were covered with snow, and thereby rendered so difficult of access, that the peaceable inhabitants of the vallies were wholly unapprised that any such attempt was meditated; and the persecutors were in actual possession of their caves, ere the former seem to have been apprised of any hostile designs against them. In this pitiable plight they had recourse to the only alternative which remained for saving their livesthey fled to one of the highest mountains of the Alps, with their wives and children, the unhappy mothers carrying the cradle in one hand, and in the other leading such of their offspring as were able to walk. Their inhuman were swift to shed blood, their flight, until night came on, and slew great numbers of them, before they could reach the mountains. Those

pursued them invaders, whose feet

that escaped, were, however, reserved to experience a fate not more enviable. Overtaken by the shades of night, they wandered up and down the mountains, covered with snow, destitute of the means of shelter from the inclemencies of the weather, or of supporting themselves under it by any of the comforts which providence has destined for that purpose; benumbed with cold, they fell an easy prey to the severity of the climate, and when the night had passed away, there were found in their cradles or lying upon the snow, fourscore of their infants, deprived of life, many of the mothers also lying dead by their sides, and others just upon the point of expiring. During the night, their enemies were busily employed in plundering the houses of every thing that was valuable, which they conveyed away to Susa. A poor woman, belonging to the Waldenses, named Margaret Athode, was next morning found hanging upon a tree!' pp. 212, 213.

Vol. II.

Another massacre was the consequence of a bull for the extirpation of heresy, published by Innocent VIII, in the third year of his Pontificate, 1487, directed to Albert de Capitaneis, archdeacon of Cremona, who calling to his aid the king of France's lieutenant in the province of Dauphiny, despatched him with the troops which he had raised for this service, to the valley of Loyse.

The inhabitants, apprised of their approach, fled into their caves at the tops of the mountains, carrying with them their children, and whatever valuables they had, as well as what was thought necessary for their support and nourishment. The lieutenant finding the inhabitants all fled, and that not an individual appeared with whom he could converse, at length discovered their retreats, and causing quantities of wood to be placed at their entrances, ordered it to be sent on fire. The consequence was, that four hundred children were suffocated in their cradles, or in the arms of their dead mothers, while multitudes, to avoid dying by suffocation, or being burnt to death, precipitated themselves headlong from their caverns upon the rocks below, where they were dashed in pieces; or if any escaped death by the fall, they were immediately slaughtered by the brutal soldiery. "It is held as unquestionably true," says Perrin, "amongst the Waldenses dwelling in the adjacent vallies, that more than three thousand persons, men and women, belonging to the valley of Loyse, perished on this occasion. And, indeed, they were wholly exterminated, for that valley was afterwards peopled with new inhabitants, not one family of the Waldenses having subsequently resided in it; which proves beyond dispute, that all the inhabitants, and of both sexes, died at that time." Vol. II. Vol. II. pp. 218, 219. 218,219.

The Dukes of Savoy hitherto had generally discovered a favourable inclination towards their Waldensian subjects, and in more than one instance had protected them against the designs of their enemies. But on the 25th of January, 1655, a public document, since known by the title of The Order of 'Gastaldo,' made its appearance, and too plainly proved that this inclination no longer existed. Gastaldo, acting by the au

thority of the Court of Savoy, now influenced by the persecuting Louis XIV. of Franee, commanded all members of the reformed religion, without exception, inhabiting or possessing estates in the places of Lucerne, Lucernetta, S. Giovanni, La Torre, Bubbiana, and Fenile, Campiglione, Bricherassio, and S. Secondo, to withdraw within three days of the publication of the edict, on pain of confiscation of property and death. It was also declared, that in the places to which they should with-draw, the mass should be celebrated, and that attempts to dissuade the Reformed from turning Papists, were to subject the party to death. Every effort was employed by the proscribed Waldenses, to avert the blow, but in vain. The only alterna'tive which remained for them, was to abandon their houses ' and properties, and to retire with their families, their wives ' and children, aged parents, and helpless infants, the halt, the lame, and the blind, to traverse the country through the rain, " snow, and ice, encompassed with a thousand difficulties. A dreadful tragedy ensued. The valleys of Piedmont became again the scene of rapine and of blood. They resounded, not as they had been wont to do, with the voice of devotional praise, but with the cries of ruffians, the shrieks of the violated, the moans of the wounded, and the groans of the dying.

There is one circumstance connected with this awful catastrophe, which is highly gratifying to the generous feelings of the mind, and reflects more true honour on our own country, than many of those incidents in its history, to which its glory is supposed principally to attach.

At this period, the government of England was in the bands of Oliver Cromwell, who, on receiving the intelligence of the Duke of Savoy's proceedings against the Waldenses, em ployed the pen of Milton, then his Latin Secretary*, as Protector, and addressed the most earnest appeals to the Protestant princes of Europe, to interest themselves on behalf of the presecuted Piedmontese. He appointed a day of humiliation to be observed throughout the kingdom, and patronised a national collection in aid of the sufferers. Sir Samuel Morland, a man who was well qualified for so important a mission, was despatched by him to the Courts of France and Savoy, to negotiate for the interests of the Waldenses. We refer our readers to the letters which were composed by Milton on this occasion; they reflect the highest praise on his name, and attach no small portion of true magnanimity on the Protector, by whose command they were written. Power thus exerted, is a godlike quality. The annals of history are comparatively

* An office which corresponded to that of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,' in our own time.

barren of such incidents in the lives of princes. Whatever be the sentiments entertained of Oliver Cromwell, all reflecting men must unite in applauding his conduct on behalf of the Waldenses, and in pronouncing it to be a lesson worthy of being impressed on the minds of all princes. The insertion of Milton's letters in this work, cannot fail of procuring for the Author the thanks of his readers. They constitute no inconsiderable part of its value.

The details of this last persecution, conclude the work. Materials might, we apprehend, be obtained without much difficulty for a continuation of the work to a later period. Mr. Jones has quoted a passage (Vol. II. p. 438,) from Burnett's Letters from Italy, containing an account of about 500 persons of different sexes and ages having passed through Coire, in Switzerland, in April 1685, who described themselves as inhabitants of a valley in Tyrol, belonging mostly to the archbishopric of Saltzburgh-a remnant of the old Waldenses.' We have now before us, " An Account of the Sufferings of the Persecuted "Protestants in the Archbishopric of Saltzburgh," who, to the number of upwards of twenty thousand, were banished by the archbishop from his dominions in 1731, and received into the protection of several cities in Germany. These persecuted persons were, it should seem, a remnant of the Waldenses, and might have properly engaged our Author's attention.

We sincerely regret that the first edition of the work was overlooked by us; we have endeavoured by an early notice of the improved volumes, to make amends for our apparent though unintentional neglect. This improved edition will, we hope, be as speedily exhausted as the former. We would then advise a careful revision of those parts which bear some marks of haste. Open up the scriptures,' is not an English idiom: it occurs more than once in these volumes. The year 1414 is inserted Vol. II. p. 218, instead of 1484. Sylvester is stated to have been bishop of Rome in the days of Constantine the Great,

about the year 350.' (Vol. II. p. 21). Constantine died in 337, as is correctly stated in another part of the history. Two useful maps accompany the volumes, and an Appendix of important papers is added as proofs and illustrations.

Art. IV. A Description of the Collection of Ancient Marbles, in the British Museum; with Engravings. Part I. 4to. Price 11 5s. Large Paper, 11. 15s. G. and W. Nicol; Miller; Longman and Co. 1812. Part II. Price 21. 12s. 6d. Large Paper, 31. 13s. 6d. 1815.

S the description of the Terracottas may be considered as the first, these volumes come as the second and third of a work which promises to be one of the most beautiful, and, in its department, most valuable, that have been produced in