II.-On the mode of raising Water in India. SIR, To The Editor of the Madras Journal of Literature and Science. I beg leave to forward herewith to be deposited in the museum of the Literary Society a rustic model of a machine for raising water. 2. I have the pleasure to send also a coloured sketch shewing the manner in which the principles of the machine may with facility be reduced to practice; and a guide sketch with references to the several parts of the mechanism. Where there are trees upon the spot, they may be made part and parcel of the machine itself without injury to them; and where there are not, strong posts or trunks of trees, sunk in the ground, will prove effectual substitutes. 3. A post A, see guide sketch, firmly fixed and braced, forms the centre point on which the mill beam or lever B. acts. The post is shaped into the form of a pin at its upper end, and this pin passes through a hole made near the end of the lever B. The other end of the lever has affixed to it, in the usual manner, the draft yoke for the bullocks;-and it has several holes pierced along it to suit different depths of water. Suppose the diameter of the mill track to be 30 feet; then the pin and swivel C. fixed at 4, may be assumed to raise water to the height of 25 feet; but if the pin and swivel C. be fixed at 1, it may then be assumed to raise water to the height of only 10 feet. It is clear that water may be raised to any height within the diameter of the mill track, simply by shifting the swivel C. along the beam, nearer to the centre or further from it, for if it be fixed at 1, and suppose 1 to be 5 feet from the centre, then when the beam is in the opposite part of the mill track, that point 1 will be 5 feet from the centre on the left hand of the sketch, or 10 feet from its original position; and so on with respect to any other distance the swivel may be fixed at, the water being necessarily raised to this height because it is to the swivel that the bag rope is attached. The enlarged sketch shews the form of the swivel and pin more accurately. The pin must be made of Iron, and should fit tight into the beam or lever. The lines D. D. represent other to be fixed to the 4. The ropes are double for each bag. two ropes, one for raising the water, the spout of the bag for discharging the water. lel to, and along with each other through the pullies E, F. from C, These ropes run paral and from C. through the pully G. but at F. and G. they separate, the bag rope descends with the bag direct into the well, the other makes a turn round the pulley H. or J. and is attached to the spout of its own bucket. By this arrangement the machine itself performs the office of discharging the water and needs no attendance as the sketch shows. The ropes leading through pullies on opposite sides of the mill track occasions an alternate motion, so that while one bag is filling, discharging, or rising, the other bag has an action directly the reverse. The sketch itself may sufficiently serve to explain further arrangements, and save the necessity of further description. 5. In this machine I have studied to combine simplicity of principle with equal simplicity of construction. But although the sketch and model exhibit rudeness of workmanship which indicates how little mechanical skill is required in order to make the machine of prac tical utility in every village throughout India, those who have the means and might choose to adopt the principle might improve upon the workmanship, and construct an effective machine for raising water, at a comparatively small expense. The only parts necessarily requiring superior workmanship are the centre on which the beam B. works, and the pullies E. F. G. Instead of a wooden pin on the top of the post A. an iron one might be substituted, and it might work in an iron or brass bouche or socket let into the beam B. or any other better construction might be adopted; and the rollers might have polished steel centres working in gudgeons of brass. Both these arrangements would decrease friction and add to durability. The pullies E. F. G. ought to be as large as conveniently practicable to lessen their wear and tear. They should hang by a rope or chain to allow them a vibratory motion to suit the different angles made by the draught rope in different parts of the mill track. The grooves of the pulley rollers should be deep to prevent the ropes slipping out of them. I shall now proceed to estimate the value of this machine comparatively with other machines employed for raising water. 6. And in the first place let us enter into the consideration of Bhowries, (bag or bucket machines) Pickottas, (levers) and the Europe pump. 7. The Bhowrie or Bucket machine has its effect increased by the inclined plane down which the cattle travel to raise the water, and the increase of effect is proportionate to the angle of inclination; the greater the angle within practicable limits, the greater the effect, and vice versa. 161 and from bag rope a turn ro own buck office of sketch sh of the mi bag is fill directly explain fi scription. 5. In ciple with and mode tical utili means an the work water, a sarily rec beam B. on the tc might wo B. or an rollers m brass. 1 to durab niently F by a rop mill trac vent the mate th employe 6. A Bhowrie: Europe] 7. T the incli and the the grea and vice 8. A gentleman at Bellary has in his garden two wells, and two Bhowries. In the following experiments the depth of water in one well was 24 feet, and the angle of the inclined plane 14 degrees. In the other the depth of water was 27 feet; and the inclined plane 19 degrees. The same bucket was used at both wells and the quantity of water each time discharged was 650 lbs. The following was the rate of performance. Well, angle 14o times Two pairs of Bullocks raised the Bucket 10 in Well, angle 190 Do..... .Do.......6 in times minutes 5 27 feet high. ....6 in 5 Do. Do pair of Bul Two pairs of Bullocks raised the Bucket 9 in One pair of Do.......... Do....... In both which cases it will be observed that one locks raise a much larger proportionate quantity of water than two pairs. 9. In another Bhowrie the common every day work was, to raise a bucket discharging 673 gallons (689) lbs. once a minute from a depth of 20 feet. The two bullocks worked 8 hours a day and the foregoing had been their daily performance for 6 months prior to the experiment being taken. Angle of plane 19o. 10. “Three men and two oxen work a môt (Bhowrie) from "morning till evening with a refreshment of only about of an "hour. In a well 33 feet from the surface to the water, a môt in "half an hour drew 7210 lbs." Vol. 2, Calcutta gleanings in Science page 29. 11. In 1831 I had occasion to ascertain the quantity of water drawn daily for the use of the Government Gardens at Madras, and I found that a pickotta (lever machine) worked by 3 men discharged 6 times per minute, 75 lbs. of water raising it 14 feet high. 12. "A latha (Pickotta) in a well from which it was 36 feet to the water from the surface in half an hour drew 1357 lbs. avoirdupois of water." Vol. 2 Cal. glean. Science, Page 29. 13. As the gravity, or weight of either man or beast, is far more effectual in mechanics, than the exertion of simple muscular effort, I shall conclude these examples of practical data by two such cases from Brewster's Ferguson's Lectures. Vol. 2 P. 9. Ed. 1823. I presume that pumps were used in both these instances. 14. According to Dr. Robison a feeble old man raised 7 cubic feet of water,=437 pounds avoirdupois 113 feet high in a mi |