nute, for 8 or 10 hours a day, by walking backwards and forwards on a lever."

15.

"A young man weighing 135 lbs. and carrying 30 lbs. ́raised 9 cubic feet of water = 578lbs. avoirdupois, 11 feet high for 10 hours a day without being fatigued.

16. Before I proceed to remark upon the data thus laid down, I must insert a few experiments on the strength of Bullocks with which I have been favoured. They were made a few years ago at Seringapatam, by a gentleman who had given much attention to the subject and there is every reason therefore to believe that they have been accurately made and may be depended on, while they are the more valuable because they are sound and of direct practical utility. The cattle employed were of 3 different sizes;-large, inferior and small. The large cattle weighed about 850 lbs. each, the inferior about 700 Ibs. each, the small about 500 lbs. each. They drew up out of a dry well weights by means of a rope and pulley; they were yoked în pairs as usual; but had a 56lb. weight hung to the yoke to assist

traction.

The large size pair drew up with tolerable ease 430 lbs. with difficulty 486 lbs.

17. The dynamical unit of writers on mechanics varies. I shall adopt that of Mr. Watts in estimating the power of his steam engines, which is equivalent, to 33,000 lbs. raised one foot high per minute, or to a force of traction of 150 lbs. moving at the rate of 2 miles an hour for a one horse power. Let also 6 men be considered equal to one horse, and the dynamical unit for one man will be 5,500 lbs. raised one foot high in one minute, which is indeed a very high estimate, to be attained in practice only by the physical weight or gravity of a man acting in connexion with his muscular effort; but if any one prefer a different unit or equivalent as the measure of force, it will be easy for him to reduce the following numbers.

18. I shall now collect in one view the relative values of the foregoing examples.

Raised one foot high

in one minute.

33,000 lbs. 5,500 31,200

......

19. It will be observed how fluctuating and discrepant these results are, but so they must of necessity be:-the workmanship and nature of the machine will make some difference, and the variation of animal strength and condition will make it much greater. The two last examples seem to imply that the Pickotta might be much improved, for one man at home appears by the last example to have done as much work as 3 men in the Government Gardens, at Madras (11) The Bengal practice exhibits a very low result.

20. We may now proceed to investigate the probable performance of a machine on the principle of the model herewith submitted.

21. The Bullocks employed in the Bhowrie experiments Para. 8 were of a large size and the quantity of water drawn up by them was 650 lbs. But large sized bullocks according to the experiments of Para. 16 drew up and with difficulty a weight of only 486 lbs. It is clear therefore that the force of traction on a horizontal plane is far less than in a Bhowrie and that it cannot be estimated so high as in the foregoing experiment. The gentleman to whose kindness I am indebted for these trials thought that of 430 lbs. (the smaller weight) would be a fair estimate for continued labour. I think so too; let us therefore fix the force of traction for a large sized pair of Bullocks at 140 lbs.

22. I have ascertained from observation that Bullocks walk in a mill track at the rate of 150 to 270 feet per minute according to the lightness or laboriousness of the work to be performed. As a further datum let us therefore fix the measure of force for one pair of strong Bullocks at 140 lbs. moving at the velocity of 200 feet per

minute.

23. Then suppose a machine on the plan of the model to raise water 27 feet high. Its effect would be as follows.-The pin and swivel C. must be fixed at 13 feet 6 inches from the centre, and as this happens to be a convenient mean radius for the diameter of the mill track, the force of traction, and power of leverage will be equal. The velocity of the Bullocks being 200 feet

per minute it may be found by a simple process that they go round 2.37 times per minute and consequently raise each bucket an equal number of times, or 140 lbs. of water 4.74 times per minute, 27 feet high, which is equal to the performance of a Bhowrie. If the value be resolved, it will be found equivalent to 17.917 lbs. raised one foot high per minute: if 2 pairs of Bullocks be employed the effect will be doubled.

24: As I have made no allowance for friction, nor accidents, I know not but this estimate may be higher than what would result in practice. Some indeed may think that because the arrangement provides a double action and because it has somewhat of a mill-like form, it ought to do more work than the simple unartificial Bhowrie. It should be considered that the circumference of the mill-track occasions an additional space of ground to be passed over, and that the force of traction on a horizontal plane is far less than down a slope. If therefore the performance at all equals that of a Bhowrie, the arrangement ought to be considered good, and the machine unobjectionable.

25. The fact is that both the Bhowrie and Pickotta are constructed on principles of the soundest science. They exemplify the finest adaptation of means to the end; of the application of animal strength to the production of mechanical power. They are, it is true, in construction, simplicity itself; but with all our science they leave very far behind our common applications of animal power to the production of mechanical effect. Simplicity as contradistinguished from complexity, is the perfection of science. What can be simpler in principle than the expansion of mercury and water by heat, and what, as applied to practical and scientific purposes, is more beautiful, or more efficient than the barometer and Steam Engine?A bullock walks down an inclined plane and by a rope passing over a pulley raises up a bucket of water far heavier than he could raise by mere muscular effort. Multiply wheels and levers and complicated apparatus as much as you please, and you will never make the bullock perform more work than by his simple rope and bucket;-you may enable him by the intervention of machinery to raise a load a thousand times heavier, but he will be a thousand times longer in raising it, and you superadd the friction of the machine, which, in complicated engines, is not a trifle. The same principles applies, whether you have two wheels or five hundred. The ultimate effect, in the same space of time will and must be less than that wherein

the application of the first power is direct and unembarrassed with the friction of machinery, all other things being equal.

26. I know of one method only by which the common Bhowrie and Pickotta might be made to perform more work in an equal time, but as this paper is sufficiently long, I reserve for a future communication what I may have to say on that point.

MADRAS,

1st February, 1834.

III. Translation of an Extract from Tohfet al Akbar; or, a history of the Rulers, Rajahs and Jaghiredars of the Carnatic. By an Officer of the Madras Army.

SIR,

To The Secretary of

the Madras Literary Society.

I beg to forward you two literally translated extracts from a Persian work in manuscript, written about the year 1821, intitled the "Tohfet al Akbar," and which purports to be a history of the Rulers, Rajahs, and Jaghiredars of the Carnatic. These extracts profess to pourtray the characters of two eminent men, whose names will live in the history of India, Sir Thomas Munro and Sir John Malcolm--and, as genuine specimens of the persian literature of the present day, and not without intrinsic merit, they may probably be thought worthy of insertion in the Madras Literary Journal. They possess, however, much greater interest as exhibiting the unbiassed sentiments of a native of India on the qualities and virtues of those distinguished individuals, whose acts have hd such an influential effect on the destinies of India, and the establishment of the AngloIndian empire. These translations are from the pen of a young Madras Officer, a friend of mine, now serving abroad, whose talents and attainments as an orientalist are, I am happy to say, gradually becoming appreciated. In furnishing them to me he has forbidden my publishing them with his name, or I should have sent them to you under it, and without this preface from myself. I have the honor to be,

MADRAS,

7th Jan. 1834.

}

Sir,

Your very obedient Servant.
GEO. NORTON.

Mention of Colonel Thomas Munro, his habits and employments. "This humblest of mortals, at a remote period when Colonel

Thomas Munro was a Quarter Master of Brigade, was acquainted with his quickness of comprehension and sound judgment; and knew him to be well skilled in the languages of Persia and India; it is not likely at the present time that these languages are obliterated from the page of his memory."

"His disposition was bent on rectitude of conduct and seeking out justice."

"He took great pains in the acquirement of Persian and translated difficult and abstruse epistles without the assistance of a Moonshee and comprehended their purport with great celerity."

"In Lord Hobart's time he was appointed to the collectorship of Bellary."

"It has been heard, from persons worthy of credit, that Colonel Munro was indefatigable in the performance of his duties as collector of Bellary and transacted public business in so satisfactory a manner that not a murmur was ever heard to escape the lips of the Ryots."

"He was accustomed to hear and decide in person Zillah matters, and never suffered any negligence to occur in the investigation and administration of justice to the oppressed and finished all matters of business with dispatch."

To a knowledge of the duties of his office he added the qualities of bravery and courage."

"He was employed several years in the collectorship of Cuddapah. Although, four years ago Colonel Munro was appointed in Europe to a high station and returned to this country with Governor Elliot, and endeavoured, to the utmost of his power, to introduce a system, invented by himself, into the management of the affairs of the Carnatic and the Balaghat, yet, through want of unanimity and concurrence of several gentlemen of confined views, the wise designs of Colonel Munro made no further progress: and the system, he had set his heart upon, came not into practice.”

"On this account he became constantly thoughtful and amazed and eventually, a short time ago, departed to Europe in this state of grief."

The Colonel is a man of patience and penetration.

Thanks be to Allah! it has been heard from persons worthy of belief that he is coming out as Governor of Madras.

Sir John Malcolm.

"Sir John Malcolm is one of the exalted of Europe. It is necessary to premise that a description of the beauties of his noble vir