which a sick person is, the daily bulletin of the inval
man in attendance-a great saving of trouble to
the invalid. When there is a death in a family, to t
a man dressed in black robes and a cocked hat a
child is announced by means of a small placard
are celebrated by an unlimited consumption o
stoofjes, or foot-warmers, are in universal a
and no one ever thinks of going to chur
The sign-boards are amusing; one v
(Water and fire to sell), where poor p
for the preparation of their tea a...
observed, for it is the ordina, y
(Strong drinks are sold here). A.
sign for a druggist's shop; a l
beneath the Dutch flag, indic...

A book might be writ
institutions of Holland. I
almost every such inst
preparing to invade I
for Amsterdam. I l
consideration of he

in Amsterdam, that they are the a few, however.

The Socie

head-quarterin fact, ali providing

continua' culture

of lect

rally. Fina

gen

ers in Heal who have t says, when the organist plays 1st movements and most zephyr derstorms.

vaulted roof lined with cedar

i the church may still be seen a In the middle of the church is a the mighty sluice-gates at Katwijk,

inst the fury of the sea and the of Bilderdijk, the poet, and near the Say more by-and-by. Suspended from ships-of-war, commemorating the Fifth Holland.

2wn Hall, which was originally a palace Acellent collection of paintings, among them e greatest colourist of the Dutch painters seums in Haarlem of considerable value-an

ing a large collection of the products of ded by Peter Teyler van der Hulst, containing struments, and the most powerful electric batet, and a collection of pictures and drawings.

is about the end of April or the beginning of egories of hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, anemones, om the nursery-gardens here all the principal of the tulip mania is one of the most curious :he years 1636 and 1637 that bulbs were traded Enormous prices were given for rare bulbs, at or learned in floriculture, speculated in them. s" fetched 13,000 florins, a "Viceroy" 4,500 Sased ten millions of florins by the sale of tulip Amsterdam made 68,000 florins in four months in ewever, that this state of things could last, and 1 declaring that all such contracts were illegal. prices assumed their proper level.

tc there is to be seen an ugly bronze statue of His name was Lawrence Jansen, but he was Scan," the occupation he followed. Many legends is Cster and his claim to immortality. It is said century, when walking in a leafy grove, he pulled ...self and his children by cutting upon it with napping these in ink on his return home, conceived og is generally accredited. In the Town Hall sed sa German, in double column, and Gothic characters,

Haarlem.]

THE INVENTION OF PRINTING.

177

bearing the date 1440. It is the "Speculum Humanæ Salvationis." Now, if this book were printed in 1440 it would be the most remote date for printing with movable type, as this is partly printed, and would put Gutenberg's claim in the background. Unfortunately for the claim of the Dutchman, there is no proof whatever that the "Speculum" was the work of Coster. The only argument-if it may be so called-to support it, is that there is a legend attributing it to Coster, and that one Christmas night while he was in prayer "one of his workmen, who had sworn never to betray the secret of his invention, carried off his instruments, types, and books, which poor Coster discovering on his return home,

he died of grief. According to the legend, this sacrilegious thief was Faust of Maganza, or the elder brother of Gutenberg, and this is the explanation both of the glory of the invention and how it passed from Holland to Germany." For ages the controversy raged, but it is now almost universally admitted that no faith can be attached to the legend of Coster.

To the Dutch, however, remains the honour of holding the field in the matter of typography, "the incontestable glory of the Elzevirs and the enviable honour of having printed almost all the great writers of the age of Louis XIV., of having diffused throughout Europe the French philosophy of the eighteenth century, of having gathered up, defended, and propagated human thought when proscribed by despotism and denied by fear." Haarlem still possesses a type foundry celebrated especially for Hebrew and Greek types cast

in it.

Between Haarlem and Leyden is the cultivated land which only a few years ago was covered by the Great Lake or Sea of Haarlem. It was literally an inland sea; on it fleets of seventy ships had fought, over it great storms had raged and many vessels had been wrecked. As early as 1640, Leeghwater, a Dutch engineer, had conceived the idea of draining this vast lake, which threatened to destroy the country; but the war with Spain prevented his scheme from being commenced, and when the idea was revived after the peace of 1648, wars with France and England came to mar the project. In 1836, however, a fearful gale drove the waters of the Haarlem Lake over the dykes as far as to the very gates of Amsterdam. Then the Dutch bestirred themselves in earnest. In 1840 they commenced the construction of a water-tight double dyke round the whole lake, and a ring canal to carry off the water to the sea; in 1849 three enormous pumping engines were at work, and at the end of four years the great Haarlem Lake had ceased to be. Its average depth was thirteen feet, its area 45,230 acres, and the estimated weight of water to be pumped out, a thousand millions of tons. But the work was done, and now the bed of the lake is covered with crops and smiling homesteads, maintaining a population of about 8,000 inhabitants, besides 2,000 horses, 6,000 horned cattle, and 9,000 sheep and pigs.

MELBOURNE AND THE GREAT TOWNS OF VICTORIA.

The Oldest Inhabitant-Early Explorers and Settlers-"The Settlement"-Small Beginnings-Steady Progress-The Great Gold Rush - What came of it-Melbourne as it is-Its Main Streets and Thoroughfares-Monument to Burke and Wills-Story of their Expedition-The Government of Victoria-Government House-Education in Victoria-The University-Museum-Public Library-The First Public Religious Service in Melbourne-The Churches and Chapels of To-day-Benevolent Institutions-Markets-Cheap Mutton-Botanical Gardens-Suburbs of Melbourne-The Great Reservoir. GEELONG-The Wool Trade-The Harbour. BALLARAT Its Disfigurements -First Discovery of Gold-Stories of "Lucky Finds"-The Present Modes of Working for Gold-In the Quartz, Alluvial Loam, Surface Soil-The Ballarat Riots of '54. SANDHURST-Mining Operations-Gencral Appearance-"Advance, Australia!"

OHN PASCOE FAWKNER died at Melbourne on September 4th, 1869, the undisputed oldest inhabitant in a vast city that had no existence when he sailed up the Yarra-yarra in the schooner Enterprise, in the summer of 1835. Where in the midst of the wilderness he had ploughed his land and grown his first crop of wheat, a city had arisen which with its suburban townships numbered nearly 170,000 souls. Long lines of carriages followed the veteran pioneer to his grave, and the people in their thousands lined the spacious streets as the cortége passed on.

Cook, Flinders, and Grant did little more than name the prominent headlands along the southern shores of Australia. Lieutenant Murray, R.N., in 1802 discovered Port Philip Bay, and in the following year Colonel Collins, with soldiers and convicts to the number of 402, attempted to form a settlement on its shores. A bad site was chosen ; the expedition was a failure, and in 1804 the settlement was transferred to Van Diemen's Land. One man named Buckley ran away into the bush and lived for thirty years among the natives. In 1824 Messrs. Hume and Howell, two cattle-owners in New South Wales, came in search of new pasture-grounds along the Murray River and across the Australian Alps to the present site of Geelong, but returned without accomplishing any result beyond exploring the district. The first successful attempt to colonise the territory now known as Victoria was in 1834, when Mr. Thomas Henty, with a few free settlers, located themselves at Portland Bay, 234 miles from where Melbourne now stands. In the following year John Batman led a party to Port Philip Bay and made a remarkable treaty with the blacks, by which they ceded to him 600,000 acres for a quantity of blankets, and tomahawks, or, as one account states for, "three sacks of glass beads, ten pounds of nails, and five pounds of flour." The English Government subsequently annulled this contract, but the representatives of Batman received £7,000 in compensation. Three months after Batman and his helpers had got to work, John Fawkner's schooner sailed past their settlement and up the Yarra-yarra, and was made fast to a eucalyptus-tree on the bank, opposite to where the Melbourne Custom House now stands.

The news of the discovery of rich pastures in the neighbourhood of Port Philip Bay soon spread far and wide. In spite of some opposition from the British Government,

emigrants flocked thither from New South Wales and Tasmania, taking with them their sheep and cattle. At the end of a few months the settlement contained a population of 224, of whom 38 were women; the possessions of the colonists included 75 horses, 555 head of cattle, and 11,332 sheep. It was at this period that William Buckley the convict, who had esped from the disastrous expedition of Collins in 1803, returned to his compatriots. He had been thirty-three years among the blacks, and had quite forgotten his own language.