case of the reformed dinuches so the Catinent. The doctrine at length came into rogue that “where bushoge evtld not be had consecration by presbyters was suficient. This was an actance toward a more exclusive theory. The French Church the Death Church, and the Swiss Churches, however, were not cam on of fucvip fe not having bishops. The presence of Davement Hall and sher Engish drines, by the commission of James L. in the Synod of De Bay of merable proofs of the foregoing statement

Then came the therry of Land-the novel and extreme opinion—that fhere can be no church without bishops, which carmes with is the consequence that Presbyterian ordination is Did This the High Church theory. But is has had no authormative samom in the English Church. In the list of great divines who denied it in the seventeenth century stand the illustrious names of Bishop Stillingfeet and Archbishop Usher. As to our own times, it is only necessary to mention the names of Whately and Arnold.

It is easy to see how the Landean theory grew up and spread. The Episcopal prelates and divines as Whitgift, who resisted the Puritans, took the ground that they were schismatical Presbyterian ordination, in itself considered, was good enough; but separation from the national church whose system of organization was admissible and not contrary to the New Testament, was a sin. Hence, a kind of ordination, which was recognized as a part of the polity of the foreign reformed churches, became obnoxious and was deemed invalid when adopted by seceders and factious malcontents, for so the Puritan dissenters were regarded. This was the real ground taken by Whitgift in the case of Travers. As the controversy grew bitter, it was an easy step for the advocates of Episcopacy to take to assert the absolute necessity of episcopal ordination; and when this was done and as far as it was done there was, of course, a rupture of fellowship with the foreign Protestant churches. Considering how men are heated by disputation it is hardly a matter for surprise that many of the anti-Puritan combatants at length took this extreme position, so adverse to the doctrine and practice of the founders and fathers of the English Church.

Writers of the High Church party mistake and misrepresent the history of the English Reformation and the opinions of the great lights of the English Church in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries. They attribute to Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, Jewel, Parker, Grindal, Hooker, and other worthies an opinion about apostolic succession which these divines never held. They ignore or deny the fact of that intimate fellowship between the Reformed Church of England and the other Protestant churches of which no well-informed student of English history can be ignorant. The Nonconformists of England, down to the time of Laud, were oppressed, and often persecuted, not for preferences as to the method of ordination, but for the breaking off from the Church, which, it was claimed, was as legitimate an institution in the realm of England as was the Presbyterian system in Holland or in Geneva. GEORGE P. FISHER.

That is a Cardinal ?

THERE is scarcely a day passes in which we do not see Cardinal Manning's name in the newspapers. He keeps himself well before the public, and seems almost ubiquitous. He leaves nothing undone that will help to gain for him a place in the thoughts or inquiries of his fellow-countrymen; not, we believe, because he seeks mere notoriety for himself, but that he may promote the glory and power of the Romish Church, to which he belongs. Perhaps many of our readers have not a very intelligent idea of what a cardinal is let us try to enlighten them.

In the early days, when the Pope was simply Bishop of Rome, it became necessary, in consequence of the growth of the church, and the multiplication of his official duties, that he should have assistants. These, as was natural, were found in the suburban bishops of the vicinity, the parish priests of the city itself, and other persons, lay or clerical, having charge of hospitals, chapels for the poor, &c. In time this body of subordinate officials came to be recognized as the counsellors of the Bishop, to aid him in his duties, and to act by his appointment in his stead.

Subsequently, as the Bishop of Rome increased in power, and obtained supremacy over other bishops, his council acquired a dignity superior to that of other ecclesiastics, in consequence of which they were styled cardinati or cardinales, i.e., the first, or chief. Following the example of the capital, the priests and deacons of other important cities affected also the same title, to distinguish them from the humbler clergy about them, a practice which the metropolitan bishops, now grown to be popes, forbade, and ordered that the designation should be confined to those pertaining to the see of Rome. After the papacy became a temporal power, the office was not unfrequently conferred upon persons not residing at Rome, in reward for eminent service rendered, or in expectation of such service to come; but to each of these, whether Roman or foreigner, was attached a special title derived from some church in that city, in keeping with the original character of the office.

The cardinals, then, are not a distinct order of clergy, but a body of clergy in each of the three orders, designated to a distinct service and rank. Six of them are bishops, named as originally from dioceses in the suburbs of Rome (Ostia, Porto, Santa Rufina, Sabina, Palestrina, Albano, and Frascati), fifty are priests, and fourteen are deacons, making seventy in all, the number fixed by Sextus VI., in 1586, in imitation of the ancient Sanhedrim of the Jews; though that number has rarely been full. However high their previous rank, they are, as cardinals, of one of these three orders. Thus Cardinals Manning and McClosky, though both archbishops, are in their new dignity cardinal-priests only. At the present time, if we are rightly informed, there are but three cardinal-bishops, all Italians.

The creation of cardinals rests with the Pope alone. Neither by nomination, nor election, has the church at large anything to do with it. In the Consistory, or assembly of the cardinals, the Pope simply says, "Habetis, fratres"-you have as brothers-so and so, their names then being read by

his secretary. The beretta, or red cap, is sent to them, and the red hat, the distinctive insignia of the rank, presented by the hand of the Pope himself, to receive which they must go to Rome in person. The hat is adorned with two streamers of red ribbon, tied with a knot in the form of a figure eight (∞), and having depending from it on each side a group of fifteen tassels arranged in a triangular cluster. The red colour signifies that the cardinal must shed his blood, if necessary, in defence of the truth. The title by which he is to be addressed is "Your Eminence."

The powers of the cardinals, in addition to such as pertain to their clerical order of bishop, priest, or deacon, are chiefly honorary, except when designated for some special service, in which case, of course, they are clothed with authority corresponding. In general they are the Pope's privy council, charged, however, not so much with the duty of giving advice-for he is in his own right infallible—as with confirming and executing his commands. It is a fundamental idea of the office that they represent the Pope himself, not a local church or diocese, or ecclesiastical province, nor even the church as a whole. They are appointed by him alone; they are amenable only to him; they represent him always and everywhere. Under his character of a temporal sovereign or king the cardinals ranked as princes, and were often called such. They have precedence of all other ecclesiastics, being next in dignity to the Pope himself.

The highest function of the cardinals is the election from among themselves of a new Pope. For this purpose they meet in what is called a conclave, and vote by ballot once a day till the choice is made; the members meanwhile remaining locked up till that result is reached. A two-thirds vote in favour of any candidate is decisive.

From this brief sketch of the nature and functions of this office it will not be difficult to estimate what is its significance in this country, as now represented by Cardinal Manning. It is to add to the dignity of the Roman Church in Great Britain, and inspire both clergy and laity with new zeal and enlarged expectations. It serves especially to bring the church into more intimate and direct relations with the Pontifical Head-an object of some consequence at the present time, when the old Catholic nations of Europe, and even Italy itself, are disowning his temporal sway. The cardinal, as such, has no authority over any church or clergyman; strictly speaking, Dr. Manning has even less power as cardinal than in his high office of Archbishop of Westminster. Our Protestant institutions are not in any degree endangered by the presence of this dignitary among us. But his presence glorifies the Romish Church. British Protestants will be slow to see in him the true representative of Peter, the humble fisherman of Galilee, or in the splendours of his official rank and costume the indices of that kingdom which its Founder and Lord declared to be not of this world. Yet it is painful to see the interest which his presence or preaching excites among many Protestants, who forget that the system which he represents has only woe for England, if it should ever again gain the ascendency. J. P. W.

Mr. Moody's Work in London.

SINCE the departure of Mr. Moody and his co-evangelist from England, some discussion has arisen as to the permanent good which has resulted from the spring and summer campaign of last year. Some speak of the work in altogether depreciating tones, others are less hopeful than they could wish to appear'; but impartial judges, who have taken pains to arrive at the truth, entertain, no doubt, that in spite of unfavourable signs a very substantial blessing has descended upon London. It may be true that the churches have not received so large an accession of converts as the magnitude of the movement led us to expect would be the case; nevertheless, greater numbers have been brought into the fold than are accounted for by common report. The suburban churches have, in fact, been strengthened by the evangelists' instrumentality, are being strengthened still, and the seed so plentifully scattered will, it is believed, bear fruit in coming years. Messrs. Moody and Sankey's work, which they inaugurated under very damping circumstances at York, was a work of growth that reached its culminating point in Scotland. In consequence of the remarkable awakening in the North, great things were anticipated for London, and when the evangelists really arrived many thought that the time of singing of birds had come. Said one preacher, "The wings of angels rustle around us ; let the summer come with night." If some little disappointment has followed, may be the fault lies at our own door and has little to do either with the workers or their work.

When the work was begun in the Metropolis in the early part of March, some well-timed cautions had to be given and objections answered. While Mr. Moody was receiving messages from all parts of the country to say that Christians were praying both for him and the great city, he found it necessary to urge people not to trust in an arm of flesh, to put any confidence in mere great meetings, supposing that the message they would hear was in any wise different from the same good old Gospel that other ministers had preached from time immemorial. Then the task devolved on Mr. Sankey to shatter objections against the inquiry-room. Some good people in Scotland it appears did not like the practice of the evangelists in this respect. It was thought to be too inquisitorial, or it was openly ridiculed as a confessional. When, however, impartial objectors became acquainted with the unvarnished facts of the case their harsh judgments relaxed, and they said no more. One curious instance occurred of a Scotch minister who strongly objected to anything savouring of the confessional, and by way of reply the good man was asked to speak with an inquirer in the room who was anxious about his soul. This was done, the anxious man found peace, and while he went home rejoicing, his instructor returned with altered sentiments. We believe it was at the first meeting in the Agricultural Hall that a boy of fourteen appeared with his Bible in the inquiry-room; he said he had been a Christian since the preceding May, and he had come to speak to any little boy who might be anxious about his soul's salvation. One such was handed over to him, and presently the two were seen praying together. By such facts as these captious objections were answered, the fears of reasonable men were quelled, and the work

proceeded, Mr. Moody meanwhile declaring, "the cream of the work is in the inquiry-room."

The noon prayer-meetings at Exeter Hall were as eminently successful as any large-hearted expectant had hoped they would be; and to very many it is probable that the calm atmosphere by which they were pervaded was more enjoyable than the more excitable monster gatherings of the evening. They were times of thanksgiving as well as of supplication, and from them many a worker went forth in renewed strength to fight the Lord's battle. The narratives of conversion related from time to time were numerous, and were often striking. Now it was two ladies, "one of them almost an infidel,” who had been reclaimed; or a number of scholars in a ladies' school who had been specially benefited; or, more extraordinary still, “a backsliding clergyman" would request the prayers of the congregation. The requests for special prayer soon became too numerous to be separately mentioned, for nearly two hundred letters would be sent in during a single day. It was at one of these meetings that Mr. Sankey finely illustrated our Lord's making use of instruments in His work-" When they came to the grave there was a stone there which Jesus could have removed Himself; but He said to those who were about Him, 'Take ye away the stone.' After Jesus had raised him He said, 'Loose him and let him go.' He could have done it easily Himself, but He chose that His disciples should do something, thus inculcating the example that, while His followers were to work, it was the voice of Jesus alone that could bring life into the dead soul."

66

As regards the upper classes, the most popular meetings of all were the Bible-readings at the Haymarket Opera House, for there the Princess of Wales and her attendants were occasionally seen. The requests for special prayer at one service have exceeded three hundred. The good results from a work like this cannot be measured by accessions to roll-lists of church-members; for numbers of those who were benefited were already nominal Christians and even communicants. Such a wave of awakening could not pass over aristocratic London without leaving a rich blessing behind. At the outset Mr. Moody avowed his intention of carrying the Gospel to the miserably rich" as well as the poor; we believe that he succeeded, and that, while the poor were really blessed, no small part of the fruits of the revival consisted in the religious quickenings of many who occupy high stations in society. At the last of the noon meetings in the Haymarket, Mr. Moody gave some facts connected with the movement which may be allowed to pass into history. He and his colleague had then been labouring in Great Britain during twenty-three months and had known only some four or five wet nights. No accident had brought sadness to anyone's heart. Reports were rife of persons going mad, but none of these lunatics had been seen. There had been great displays of the Divine power; the unity of the various denominations of ministers had been wonderful, so that the evangelist reckoned that last week of May as the best week of his life.

We suppose that the Agricultural Hall must be allowed to occupy the place of honour among the many meeting-places, for situated midway between the extreme west and the extreme east it was there that the middle classes mustered in strongest force. The testimony of The Times in regard to these