entering the harbour of Toronto is the great Union Railway Station, with its handsome architecture and high towers, rising from the Esplanade. The Grand Trunk Railway, which connects the remote shores of Lake Huron with Montreal, Quebec, and the seaboard, passes through this station. The other lines terminating at Toronto are the Great Western, for Niagara, Hamilton, and Detroit; the Northern, for Lake Simcoe and the ports on the great Georgian Bay of Lake Huron; the Credit Valley lines, through the rich countries to the westward; the Toronto, Grey, and Bruce, running to the distant harbours on Georgian Bay and Lake Huron; the Nipissing line, now constructed for many miles to the north-east, and heading for the remote and unpeopled solitudes about Lake Nipissing, in the diocese of Algoma. To the westward of the meridian of Toronto extends a rich and populous country, devoted to the culture of grain, and worthy the name of Canada Felix. To the north-eastward, extending over four degrees of longitude, as far as Ottawa, is a line of wilder counties, covered with valuable forests and strewn with myriads of crystalline lakes, among which are many settlements of hardy Canadian and Scottish backwoodsmen. This is a lake-country indeed, covering many thousands of square miles, and destined, in spite of its severe climate, to be the seat of a large and prosperous agricultural population. Lord Dufferin very happily expressed the main need of Canada in his celebrated Toronto speech :-" The only thing still wanted is to man the ship with a more numerous crew. From the extraordinary number of babies which I have seen at every window and at every cottage door, native energy and talent appear to be rapidly supplying this defect; still, it is a branch of industry in which the home manufacturer has no occasion to dread foreign competition, and Canadians can well afford to share their fair inheritance with the straitened sons of toil at home." Canada, with the adjacent British dominions of which she is heir, covers an area greatly exceeding that of the United States, and including the latitudes between those of North Cape, in Norway, and Tuscany. It is commonly supposed in Great Britain that this is a land hidden far in the frigid north, with a perpetual inclemency brooding over its dark forests. It is interesting to notice that all the inhabited part of Canada, the home of five million hard-working, happy, and prosperous people, is south of the parallel of 50° N.; and that the whole of Great Britain (save about three miles of the Lizard Point, in Cornwall) is north of that parallel.

On all sides of the harbour appear the evidences of high culture, commercial activity, and ancient foundations; yet, less than a century has passed since the idle waters lapped against a lonely beach, whereon no signs of human life were visible. The name Toronto is of Indian origin, and appears frequently in the French-Canadian despatches of the seventeenth century, as applied to a locality of great importance north of Lake Ontario, where the trail to Lake Huron began. About the year 1749, the English trading-post at Oswego, on the southern shore of Ontario, enjoyed a thriving commerce with the natives; and the French Governor of Canada, M. de la Galissonière, resenting the prosperity of this remote bit of perfidious Albion, established a garrisoned post and trading-station at Toronto, on the opposite shore of the lake. For several years these two rival commercial ports, the Rome and Carthage of that midland sea, defied each other over the unsalted waves; and then the Marquis de Montcalm, with 3,000 Frenchmen and allied Indians, besieged and captured Oswego, with its garrison of 1,800 men, 134 cannon, and the supporting fleet. The handful of French

Kingston, or crossing to the American ports of New York State, where the descendants of the Puritans and of the Dutchmen dwell in peaceful and money-making union.

The long peninsula, or isthmus, which forms the harbour was in ancient times a favourite resort of the Mississaga Indians, especially for the sick and exhausted. One of the first-founded institutions of York was a long, straight, and level race-course on the isthmus, and here occurred the Upper Canada Derbys, the veritable isthmian games of the pioneers. The peninsula is about two leagues long, being but a mere sand-bank, overgrown with wild grass, and tufted here and there with small trees. Gibraltar Point, on

the west, nearly a mile wide, is partly occupied by fortifications for the defence of the entrance of the port, and by a lighthouse to guide mariners into the harbour.

On the eastern side of the city is the river Don, a slow and meandering stream, with rugged and picturesque banks and a marshy delta. On the other side is the Humber river, coming down out of the northern forests at a break-neck pace, affording eligible opportunities alike for the scenery-hunter and the miller. St. James's Cemetery and the Toronto Necropolis are on the banks of the Don; and the same locality also possesses a site already hallowed by history, which comes so slowly to crown these New-World colonies. Governor Simcoe, the founder of Toronto, built a log château, named Castle Frank, on a high bluff over the river Don, close to his nascent capital, and connected with it by a road, which the soldiers of the garrison constructed. The mansion was named in honour of its youthful heir, Francis Simcoe, whose mangled corpse, some years later, was left among the pile of British dead which closed up the breach at Badajoz. The governor received from the Iroquois Indians the name of Deyonynhokrawen, "One whose door is always open;" and on his monument in the ancient Cathedral of Exeter it is recorded that "he served his king and his country with a zeal exceeded only by his piety towards God." Castle Frank has long since disappeared, but its peaceful sylvan surroundings are a favourite rambling-ground for the young men and maidens of eastern Toronto.

The water-front of the city is formed by a broad strip of open ground, a simplified Thames Embankment, with some of the traits peculiar to the levées of the Mississippi river towns; and the huge and shapeless elevators suggest Chicago, which, by a courteous periphrasis, might be called the American Toronto.

It was a dream of the pioneers that a broad promenade should always be kept open before the town, looking out upon the lake; and in 1818 the erection of the Mall was decreed by royal patent. But this sentimental scheme of the founders has given way to the Esplanade, which is, from a practical and nineteenth-century point of view, the chief glory of Toronto. It is an embankment faced with masonry, nearly a league in length, giving a new frontage to the town, and greatly improving its sanitary security. This magnificent marginal way is occupied by several parallel lines of railway-the grand routes between Upper and Lower Canada-with a long series of warehouses, factories, and other commercial buildings on one side, and the deep waters of the harbour on the other.

The most conspicuous object in the approach to a European city is usually a castle, a cathedral, or a palace; but the genius of the New World seeks the embodiment of power in other forms, and allows its banners, mitres, and crowns to be obscured by the smoke of continent-crossing railway-trains. So it happens that the most conspicuous object seen on

entering the harbour of Toronto is the great Union Railway Station, with its handsome architecture and high towers, rising from the Esplanade. The Grand Trunk Railway, which connects the remote shores of Lake Huron with Montreal, Quebec, and the seaboard, passes through this station. The other lines terminating at Toronto are the Great Western, for Niagara, Hamilton, and Detroit; the Northern, for Lake Simcoe and the ports on the great Georgian Bay of Lake Huron; the Credit Valley lines, through the rich countries to the westward; the Toronto, Grey, and Bruce, running to the distant harbours on Georgian Bay and Lake Huron; the Nipissing line, now constructed for many miles to the north-east, and heading for the remote and unpeopled solitudes about Lake Nipissing, in the diocese of Algoma. To the westward of the meridian of Toronto extends a rich and populous country, devoted to the culture of grain, and worthy the name of Canada Felix. To the north-eastward, extending over four degrees of longitude, as far as Ottawa, is a line of wilder counties, covered with valuable forests and strewn with myriads of crystalline lakes, among which are many settlements of hardy Canadian and Scottish backwoodsmen. This is a lake-country indeed, covering many thousands of square miles, and destined, in spite of its severe climate, to be the seat of a large and prosperous agricultural population. Lord Dufferin very happily expressed the main need of Canada in his celebrated Toronto speech :-" The only thing still wanted is to man the ship with a more numerous crew. From the extraordinary number of babies which I have seen at every window and at every cottage door, native energy and talent appear to be rapidly supplying this defect; still, it is a branch of industry in which the home manufacturer has no occasion to dread foreign competition, and Canadians can well afford to share their fair inheritance with the straitened sons of toil at home." Canada, with the adjacent British dominions of which she is heir, covers an area greatly exceeding that of the United States, and including the latitudes between those of North Cape, in Norway, and Tuscany. It is commonly supposed in Great Britain that this is a land hidden far in the frigid north, with a perpetual inclemency brooding over its dark forests. It is interesting to notice that all the inhabited part of Canada, the home of five million hard-working, happy, and prosperous people, is south of the parallel of 50° N.; and that the whole of Great Britain (save about three miles of the Lizard Point, in Cornwall) is north of that parallel.

On all sides of the harbour appear the evidences of high culture, commercial activity, and ancient foundations; yet, less than a century has passed since the idle waters lapped against a lonely beach, whereon no signs of human life were visible. The name Toronto is of Indian origin, and appears frequently in the French-Canadian despatches of the seventeenth century, as applied to a locality of great importance north of Lake Ontario, where the trail to Lake Huron began. About the year 1749, the English trading-post at Oswego, on the southern shore of Ontario, enjoyed a thriving commerce with the natives; and the French Governor of Canada, M. de la Galissonière, resenting the prosperity of this remote bit of perfidious Albion, established a garrisoned post and trading-station at Toronto, on the opposite shore of the lake. For several years these two rival commercial ports, the Rome and Carthage of that midland sea, defied each other over the unsalted waves; and then the Marquis de Montcalm, with 3,000 Frenchmen and allied Indians, besieged and captured Oswego, with its garrison of 1,800 men, 134 cannon, and the supporting fleet. The handful of French

troops at Fort Rouille, on the site of Toronto, surrounded by the wigwams of the Mississag. Indians, held their lonely post for some years longer, but were removed when England conquered and occupied Canada, and the region was left desolate.

In 1793, ten years after the American colonies on the south had become independent States, the British authorities founded at this point the capital of the new Province of Upper Canada, occupying the ground with trogs drawn from Niagara and Queenstown, and causing royal salutes to be fired over the quiet and unvexed bay. When Governor Simcoe came to his new province, he found that there were but two villages, Newark (now Niagara) and Kingston, in the whole vast domain, besides a few straggling groups of log-cabins. He chose Newark as the capital, and assembled there the fist Provincial Parliament. It was only a year later, however, that the British Government codel to the United States a frontier fortress close to Newark; and the Governor, exclaiming that the clief town of a province must not be placed under the gans of an enemy's for,” set out to find a site for a new capital. He examined the Welland River and Burlington Bay, without satisfaction; and at last joyfully discovered the good harbour of Toronto, separatal from the dangerous American territory by a dozen leagues of 809, and surwunded by an eligible and fertile country,

The name of Toronto, which had previously attached to this locality, was supplanted by that of 2k, bestowed by Govormor Simone in honor of Frederick, Duke of York, the king's son, who had just won a Victory over the French Revolutionary troops in Holland. A royal sn'te of twenty one go was fool, and the wesses in the harbour made appropriate

Facier in the same yas: Carno, Roachette hail surveyed the bay, and thus described "Donse and troklos fora Indl the man of the lake, and reflected their inverted The wardo ung ang hal entrated his ephemeral habitation honan tho, havement foliage and the he sad nestberg marshes were the hitherto anur vædod, honra of premare arrers af wisdom), måsed, they were so abundant as in some

and registered his name in the hotel-book as The MacNab; a young kinsman, attending him, mischievously wrote beneath, The Other MacNab. This youth afterwards became Sir Allan MacNab, one of the most gallant defenders and most sagacious statesmen of Canada. Among the pioneers were Peter Russell, of the Bedford-Russells; James Baby, a French-Canadian patrician; Jordan Post, a tall Yankee clock-maker; Franco Rossi, the Italian confectioner and importer of classical statuary; the Jarvises, who had abandoned everything they owned in the American colonies, and came hither to be under royal and loyal rule; Columbus, the French armourer and

cutler; Quetton St. George, a French royalist émigré, of the ancient noblesse driven from their country in 1793; and many other soldiers of fortune, refugees for loyalty's sake, cosmopolitan wanderers, and members of the British squirearchy, by strange chances thrown together on the remotest shore of this savage mid-continental sea.

About thirty years ago, when the town had but 25,000 inhabitants, Mr. W. H. G. Kingston made bold to say that, "with regard to society, Toronto may vie with any of the larger country towns in England." Nearly ten years earlier, Charles Dickens reported the settlement as "full of life and motion, bustle, business, and improvement," and said that some of its shops "would do no discredit to the metropolis [London] itself." If such was the case so many years ago, how much more is Toronto to be praised now, when her population has trebled, and her luxury has grown at even a greater rate? In some degree she has united the