of our company cast down." This was the central principle of the life of early spirit which founded and nurtured Quebec, the one sweet and pure thing in this olony. The game was not worth the candle, doubtless, since a single Jean de alemant was worth a myriad of the red savages who slew these and scores of

→ England Puritans were destroying the Indians, root and branch, hip and the North gathered the people of the same race into Christian villages, he Cross. The results were not commensurate with the endeavour; of French Canada says, the Indian, though a savage still, was not so of all this heroic era of evangelism, covering 2,000 miles of territo the Mississippi, was the great Latin convent in the heart rts, high-arched portal, and yellow-stuccoed façades, suggestive of France or Italy. For over a century the Jesuits occupied y turned them out in 1759, when Quebec was surrendered , when the last survivor of the Jesuits was gathered to n, the entire property reverted to the Crown. Until e must walk alone, detachments of royal troops were A few years later the home of the Jesuits was that of the connected gardens, now forms one hich are found so often in the Upper Town, like the villas in Pisa. In 1881 new bands of overnment, reached Quebec, to carry on the ons of difficulty and discouragement to which allusion

corner of the great square, alongside the Cathedral, appear some of the dings of the Seminary of Quebec, a far-extending group of such ecclesiastical edifices as old Norman and Tuscan towns possess, straggling picturesquely over several acres, with snug courtyards and immaculately neat halls, and controlled by grave and urbane priests. The chapel contains highly venerated relics of St. Clement and St. Modestus, and more than a dozen ancient religious pictures, by Philippe de Champagne, Parrocel d'Avignon, and other famous French artists. In the first court is a great sun-dial, bearing the inscription Dies Nostri Quasi Umbra. There are two divisions to this great school-Le Grand Séminaire, where young men are educated for the priesthood, and Le Petit Séminaire, devoted to the instruction of boys. The peculiar scholastic uniforms of these lads form one of the many diversities of the streets of Quebec. There are 400 students. The pious zeal of M. de Laval endowed the Seminary with great estates, more than 200 years ago; and among its early leaders were many wise and noble European scholars, from the cloisters of Paris and Rome, who came hither to pass their lives in serene and valiant self-denial and ceaseless toils.

The consummate flower of culture in New France is Laval University, endowed by Pope Pius IX. with high privileges, and modelled on the processes of study at the University of Louvain, with Faculties of Law, Divinity, and Medicine. It occupies spacious buildings of cut stone, between the Seminary gardens and the ramparts which crown the edge of

The Amadaniy of the Tipper Town gars in a summer lag is mangered by bat Les tan muistatacie indram, ger of and nervous in movement, the toooms from the Laiset beats, enter upon the see, and the charm of drowsy repose a boat; a ne o vurdere gaines close around the intruder, the well-worn borses priek ng was sure, and such a dia aries as might be heard almost from Cap Booge to Cap Tomte. It was that nothing less than murder can be the aim of that vehement throng, yet when the chjeet of this wild rush emerges, he rides off in state, and the successful driver is pursued by a volley of inscrutable Franco-Celtic jokes. Up and down the steep and narrow streets dash the singular vehicles called calèches, the Canadian variety of the hansom, wonderfully shabby and rickety twowheeled carriages, with the driver sitting on a narrow ledge in front of the passengers, and urging forward his tough and homely little horse by frequent cries of "Marche done!"

Opposite the Basilica stood the extensive pile of buildings formerly occupied as the convent and college of the Jesuits. The disciples of Loyola founded their first schools in Quebec in 1637, and nine years later these buildings

were begun. The annals of religion have no brighter pages than those which record the achievements of the Jesuits of this station. Some of the choicest spirits of France

many of her whitest saints-came hither on the great errand of mercy, and found the religious atmosphere of the place well-nigh celestial. Among their letters home such passages as those are frequent:-"In the climate of New France one learns perfectly to seek only God, to have no desire but God, no purpose but God." "To live in New France is, in truth, to live in the bosom of God." "If any one of those who die in this country goes to perdition, I think he will be doubly guilty." The delicate and sensitive scholars of the Sorbonne and the Propaganda plunged into the unexplored depths of the Canadian wilderness, to seek out and convert the bands of savages who roamed through those trackless deserts of forest. They were slain, tortured, martyred on every side, and yet, allured by beatific visions of the Virgin and the saints, crowns of glory, and garlands of immortal bliss, they advanced still deeper into the horrible wilds, and drew fresh and eager recruits from the banks of the Seine. When the bloodthirsty Iroquois swept over Canada, in 1617, the Superior of the Jesuits wrote:-"Do not imagine that the rage of the Iroquois, and the loss of many Christians and many catechumens, can bring to naught the mystery of the Cross of Jesus Christ and the efficacy of His blood. We shall die; we shall be captured, burned, butchered: be it so. Those who die in their beds do not always die the best death.

I see none of our company cast down." This was the central principle of the life of early Canada, the spirit which founded and nurtured Quebec, the one sweet and pure thing in this misgoverned colony. The game was not worth the candle, doubtless, since a single Jean de Brébeuf or a Lalemant was worth a myriad of the red savages who slew these and scores of other missionaries.

While the New England Puritans were destroying the Indians, root and branch, hip and thigh, the apostles of the North gathered the people of the same race into Christian villages, under the shadow of the Cross. The results were not commensurate with the endeavour; but, as the chief historian of French Canada says, the Indian, though a savage still, was not so often a devil. The centre of all this heroic era of evangelism, covering 2,000 miles of territory, from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, was the great Latin convent in the heart of Quebec, with its broad courts, high-arched portal, and yellow-stuccoed façades, suggestive of the ancient religious houses of France or Italy. For over a century the Jesuits occupied it undisturbed; but General Murray turned them out in 1759, when Quebec was surrendered to the British; and fifty years later, when the last survivor of the Jesuits was gathered to the company of his martyred brethren, the entire property reverted to the Crown. Until 1871, when Britain told Canada that she must walk alone, detachments of royal troops were quartered in the sequestrated buildings. A few years later the home of the Jesuits was levelled to the ground, and the site, with that of the connected gardens, now forms one of those singular and desolate empty spaces which are found so often in the Upper Town, like the broad fields within the walls of Rome, or the villas in Pisa. In 1881 new bands of Jesuits, expelled from France by order of the Government, reached Quebec, to carry on the work begun so long ago under the conditions of difficulty and discouragement to which allusion has been already made.

At one corner of the great square, alongside the Cathedral, appear some of the buildings of the Seminary of Quebec, a far-extending group of such ecclesiastical edifices as old Norman and Tuscan towns possess, straggling picturesquely over several acres, with snug courtyards and immaculately neat halls, and controlled by grave and urbane priests. The chapel contains highly venerated relics of St. Clement and St. Modestus, and more than a dozen ancient religious pictures, by Philippe de Champagne, Parrocel d'Avignon, and other famous French artists. In the first court is a great sun-dial, bearing the inscription: Dies Nostri Quasi Umbra. There are two divisions to this great school-Le Grand Séminaire, where young men are educated for the priesthood, and Le Petit Séminaire, devoted to the instruction of boys. The peculiar scholastic uniforms of these lads form one of the many diversities of the streets of Quebec. There are 400 students. The pious zeal of M. de Laval endowed the Seminary with great estates, more than 200 years ago; and among its early leaders were many wise and noble European scholars, from the cloisters of Paris and Rome, who came hither to pass their lives in serene and valiant self-denial and ceaseless toils.

The consummate flower of culture in New France is Laval University, endowed by Pope Pius IX. with high privileges, and modelled on the processes of study at the University of Louvain, with Faculties of Law, Divinity, and Medicine. It occupies spacious buildings of cut stone, between the Seminary gardens and the ramparts which crown the edge of

the cliffs, con-picuous from the river for many leagues, while the views from its windowinclude a vast panorama of bold and picturesque scenery. The wealth of the University is in its costly apparatus, imported from Paris; the great mineral and erystal collections made by the Abbé Hauy; the cabinets of Haron antiquities and Canadian zoology; the library, with nearly 30,000 volumes; the picture gallery, containing many paintings by the old masters; and the great Hall of Convocation. It is but a few years since M. Rameau published, at Paris, his book entitled "La France aux Colonies," predicting that by the year 1920 Lower Canada would be the home of five million French people, "the general and essential principle of whose material and intellectual power is in their religious faith, and in the simplicity of their manners," ameliorating the Anglo-American "impoverishment of intelligence and corruption of manners," and enlightening the continent with Græco-Latin science and art from the high walls of Laval University. This chosen race, if M. Rameau is not too sanguine, will be for ever illustrious for its culture "de l'esprit, la modestie des mœurs, la liberté, et la religion."

Another of the strange old-world nooks of the Upper Town is the Ursuline Convent, founded in 1639 by Mother Marie de l'Incarnation, "the St. Teresa of her time," who landed at Quebec amid salutes from the castle batteries, and immediately began her great mission of evangelising and educating the maidens of the Indian tribes. She mastered the languages of the Hurons and the Algonquins, and in her letters to France prepared one of the most valuable records of the early days of Canada. The buildings and their enclosed gardens now cover an area of seven acres, and are occupied by forty nuns, who teach the girls of Quebec, and also produce choice works in embroidery and decorative painting, after the manner of nuns in general. The chapel of the convent contains a dozen or so of ancient religious paintings, from the studios of Restout, Philippe de Champagne, and other French masters; and a collection of relics of the Christian martyrs, brought from the Roman catacombs. When the British batteries were bombarding Quebec in 1759, a shell fell within the sacred enclosure of this chapel, and tore up the ground beneath; and in this martial grave were laid the remains of the French commanderin-chief, "The High and Mighty Lord, Louis Joseph, Marquis of Montcalm." There the bold soldier still rests, and over his tomb is the inscription: Honneur à Montcalm! Le destin en lui dérobant de la victoire l'a récompensé par une mort glorieuse.

Another great religious establishment of the Upper Town is the Hôtel Dieu, occupying a wide area between Palace Street and the Rampart, with its spacious hospital buildings and gardens, and the convent in which two-score Hôpitalière nuns are cloistered. The chapel contains paintings by Le Sueur, Zurbaran, and other well-known painters. Here also is a lifesize silver bust of Brébeuf, the Jesuit missionary and martyr, and in its pedestal his skull is preserved. It was in the year 1619 that the fierce Iroquois Indians stormed the village where Brébeuf had gathered his catechumens. He was bound to a stake, and scorched from head to foot; they cut away his lower lip, and thrust a red-hot iron down his throat; poured boiling water over his head and face, in demoniac mockery of baptism; cut strips of flesh from his limbs, and ate them before his eyes; tore the scalp from his head; cut open his breast, and drank the living blood; filled his eyes with live coals; and after four hours of such bitter torture, a chief tore out his heart and devoured it. "Thus died Jean de Brébeuf, the founder of the Huron mission, its truest hero, and its greatest martyr. He came of a noble race—the same,

it is said, from which sprang the English Earls of Arundel; but never had the mailed barons of his line confronted a fate so appalling with so prodigious a constancy. To the last he refused to flinch, and his death was the astonishment of his murderers." The bones of Lalemant, his colleague on the mission, who died after seventeen hours of unspeakable tortures, are also preserved in this convent. The Hôtel Dieu was founded by the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, the celebrated Duchess d'Aguillon, as early as the year 1639; and some of its buildings are of great antiquity.

The ancient site of the Recollets convent and gardens is now occupied by the great stone building of the Anglican Cathedral, erected by the British Government, and surmounted by a spire, from which the sweet music of a chime of bells floats over the Upper Town. Above the chancel hang the tattered old colours which the 69th Regiment carried in the Crimea; and beneath the altar repose the remains of the Duke of Richmond, sometime Governor-General of Canada, who died about sixty years ago. The communion-plate, altarcloth, and books pertaining to the Cathedral were presented by King George III., who appointed Dr. Mountain as first bishop of the new see of Quebec. The court-gossips say that this witty ecclesiastic once overheard the king expressing some doubts as to whom he had best appoint to the control of the diocese of Quebec. Up spake the reverend doctor, and said, "If your Majesty had faith, there would be no difficulty." "How so?" queried the king. And the clergyman rejoined, "If you had faith, you would say to this Mountain, Be thou removed into that see,' and it would be done." The story may be apocryphal, but at any rate Dr. Mountain was appointed Bishop of Quebec.

The Post Office stands near the Prescott Gate, on the site of the Grand Place of the early French town, where the unfortunate Huron Indians encamped, to seek protection from the pitiless Iroquois under the guns of the fort. Exactly a hundred years ago, the beautiful Miss Prentice lived in this square, and here Nelson saw her, and became so desperately enamoured that it was found necessary to take him on shipboard by main force. If he had married this Canadian beauty, and left the British naval service, the record of Trafalgar might have been very different, and Napoleon, lord of the sea, might have possessed himself of all Europe. Near this historic square, where the hero-heart was made to suffer, even royal blood has been shed. When King William IV. was a young man, bearing the title of Duke of Clarence and the rank of a subaltern of the fleet, his ship was sent out to Quebec; and the prince, rambling about on shore, became so bewitched with a fair Canadian girl that he followed her home. But her father was a man of spirit, and resented this insult so keenly that he gave the young officer a sound horse-whipping. The very stones commemorate the remarkable incidents of this locality. A certain M. Philibert, who had suffered wrong from Bigot, the French Intendant, had an effigy of a dog carved on a large block of stone (which is now in the façade of the Post Office), and under it a rhymed lampoon directed against the corrupt official. This block was inserted in the front of his house; but soon afterwards the daring citizen was slain by an officer of the garrison. The assassin exchanged into the French East-Indian service, but was followed to Pondicherry by Philibert's brother, who killed him there.

The Parliament Building is a large but plain structure, in an angle of the ramparts, and on the site of Champlain's fort and the ancient Episcopal Palace. Within are the halls of