the colony was held by his heirs until the secession of the United States from the British Empire, being usually administered by deputies.

Penn wrote in this wise, duly enthusiastic, about his new capital:-"Of all the many places I have seen in the world, I remember not one better seated; so that it seemed to me to have been appointed for a town-whether we regard the two rivers, or the conveniency of the coves, rocks, springs, and the loftiness and soundness of the land and air." Furthermore, he says:-"I wanted an asylum for the good and oppressed of every nation. I aimed to frame a government which might be an example."

The career of the infant city was not completed in ease and luxury, nor did the splendour of the present appear even in slight foregleams. Just as the New Englanders used to call Boston Lost-town, in commiseration of its poverty and little promise, the Pennsylvanians named their city Filthy-dirty, on account of the miry bogs which filled its dreary streets. Probably the British settlements in South Africa and New Zealand, which shall be the brilliant capitals of the Southern Hemisphere in the twenty-firstcentury, are now in similar conditions of humility and low estate.

The Indian name of the locality whereon the Quaker City arose was Quequenaku, which means "a grove of tall pines." The astrological signs were diligently computed by a colonist who had knowledge of the black art, and his report concluded thus:—

During the century of conflicts between the English and French colonies, the nonresistant principles of the Quakers made it difficult for the Governors to get men or money for the service of war. A few privateers were fitted out, after hostile frigates had entered the Delaware; but New York and New England fought the Canadian wars without other American aid. It was not until the port had been insulted by a French privateer that Benjamin Franklin published a stirring appeal to the non-Quaker population, as a result of which two regiments were organised, and a battery, mounted with fifty cannon, was built just below the settlement. A refined and cultured society slowly formed in the city, under the influence of Franklin, Logan, and John Penn; and the study of science found here its warmest welcome in the New World. Long since the groves of "chestnut, walnut, spruce, and pine" had been cleared away, leaving their arboreal names attached to the streets which crossed their sites; and the charter of 1701, including within the limits of the new-formed city all the land between South and Vine Streets, and the two rivers, was often enlarged in its reach of authority. It is a fact not generally known by Americans that Philadelphia was the most populous community in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century, and that it was not until 1820 that New York passed it in the race for civic supremacy. The Quaker sect, the most powerful and wealthy class of the community, held back the provincial government from actively engaging in the long and bitter wars against the French, the Spaniards, and the Indians, whose prosecution drained New York and New England of men and of treasure for many decades. Even when the United Colonies took up arms against Great Britain, the Quakers held back, and remained passive but ardent royalists.

About the middle of the last century, a large number of the unfortunate French colonists of maritime Canada, the Acadians, were deported to this region, where they dwelt in sorrow and poverty for many years. Longfellow's grand sad poem of "Evangeline" terminates its action here, where the heroine and her beloved are buried:

"In that delightful land which is washed by the Delaware's waters,
Guarding in sylvan shades the name of Penn the apostle,

Stands on the banks of its beautiful stream the city he founded.
There all the air is balm, and the peach is the emblem of beauty,
And the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest,

As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they molested."

When the British Parliament imposed its first taxes on America, in 1765, the bells of Philadelphia were muffled and tolled, the flags were hung at half-mast, and many thousands of mourning citizens assembled at the State House. This was in 1765; and in 1771 a party of patriots captured a royal revenue-vessel in the river. Three years later, delegates from eleven Provinces met in the city, and voted that there should be no further trade with Great Britain. Another congress declared the independence of the United States, and deliberated as to means of defence against the mother-country. In September, 1777, the British army of 17,000 men, from New York, landed from transports at the head of Chesapeake Bay, and marched upon Philadelphia, the capital and metropolis of the insurgent colonies. Washington, with his 11,000 Americans, was defeated at the battle of Brandywine, losing 1,300 men; Wayne's Pennsylvania troops were annihilated at Paoli; and the royal army marched into the city triumphantly. A few weeks of severe fighting on the part of the fleet reduced the American forts on the Delaware; Washington was repulsed in a determined attack made on the suburban camps, and led his dejected army into cantonments among the bleak hills of Valley Forge; and the British army settled into comfortable winter-quarters in the Quaker City. The officers enjoyed life in fêtes, balls, and tournaments, and their outposts easily repelled the frequent attacks of the insurgent partisans. But during this long period of inactivity, the virtue of the British army was destroyed by the relaxation of discipline and the dissoluteness of the officers. As the sagacious Franklin remarked : "Sir William Howe has not taken Philadelphia-Philadelphia has taken Sir William Howe.” The great military and chivalric festival of the Mischianza crowned the record of this Capuan camp with what an impartial historian has justly called "the most magnificent exhibition of extravagance and folly ever witnessed in America." The gallant army which had defeated Washington on Long Island and at the Brandywine was so far enervated that its morale was never again fully recovered. In the summer of 1778 the city was evacuated, and Benedict Arnold occupied it with a continental garrison. In 1783, Philadelphia ceased to be the capital of the United States, the mutiny of the Pennsylvania line having alarmed Congress so greatly that the members hastily adjourned to Princeton; although from 1790 to 1800 the National Government was located here, pending its removal to Washington. In three years, during this period, 12,000 persons died of the yellow fever; and the Schuylkill Water Works were constructed soon after, in order to remove one of the chief causes of disease. The decade between 1834 and 1844 was distinguished for great riots, first directed against the negroes and their friends, and then between the Native Americans and the Irish Catholics. In

the course of the latter politico-religious wars, several Romanist churches were destroyed, and countless Native-American heads were broken; and finally a battle-royal occurred between the iconoclastic mob and the militia stationed to protect the Church of St. Philip Neri, in which each side worked several pieces of artillery, raking the streets, and producing great carnage. During the Civil War, Philadelphia raised many regiments for the National armies, and was an important post on account of its vicinity to the borders of the Slave States. The rebel forces caused several comical alarms in the city, although their nearest approach was distant several days' march. During the last decade (1870 to 1880), the popula tion increased 21 per cent., and at present numbers 842,000 souls.

Philadelphia is now the metropolis of Pennsylvania and the second city in America, and occupies the territory on either side of the Schuylkill river, near its junction with the Delaware, 87 miles south-west of New York, and 136 miles north-east of Washington. The rolling hill-country to the west is included in the municipality, with its scores of suburbs and hamlets, covering an area of 130 square miles, than which no city of Europe can boast of greater domains. There are 800 miles of paved streets; with more than 700 miles of main gas-pipes, a million and a quarter of gas-burners, and over ten thousand street-lights. The gas-works are the property of the city, and make two billion cubic feet annually.

The free use of pure fresh water characterises the Philadelphian at home, and is one of the chief factors in the cleanliness and good health of the city, The famous Fairmount Water Works are located in Fairmount Park, and consist of a dam crossing the Schuylkill river; a vast system of turbine-wheels and machinery, by which the water is made to pump itself up; and the receiving reservoirs, on the summit of the hill, containing 27,000,000 gallons, and connected with the central districts of the city by countless mains. In the tranquil middle period of the Republic, before it was considered de rigueur for every cultivated American to visit Europe and import the splendours of the Latin and Gothic capitals, the tea-garden architecture of the Fairmount Water Works was held by the peaceful Quaker citizens to be one of the great wonders of the world. There are now independent water-works at the Northern Liberties, Kensington, Belmont, and Roxborough, run by steam-power, and pumping the waters of the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers into distributing reservoirs. The streets are underlaid by 800 miles of water-pipes, supplying almost all the dwellings, and entering more than 80,000 bath-rooms. Scores of drinking fountains, some of them highly ornamental in design and finish, have been erected at various points by philanthropic societies, and are constantly used.

Philadelphia is one of the healthiest cities in the world-thanks to its advantageous site between two rivers, the copious water-supply, and the home-life led by the people. The death-rate is about twenty-one in a thousand per annum; and life goes on more surely and to a greater length of years than in London and Paris, Berlin and Vienna, the Italian and Indian cities, and New York. It is well said that this is "The City of Homes," for it has a greater number of dwelling-houses, in proportion to the population, than any other American municipality. The average number of persons to each house is six, while in New York it is nearly fifteen. There are more dwelling-houses here than in New York and Brooklyn united, although their combined population is double that of Philadelphia.