h, and December 25, 1915. The present law rkers (salaried or wage-earners) earning less 9), must take out old age insurance. Stat t come under the regulations of civil and mi required to insure themselves. The law has large industrial groups who were already prot compulsory provisions. The insuring of a p he age of 12.

ns are of three kinds, depending upon the age o ed person. Adult males pay 9 francs ($1.34) les 6 francs ($1.16) per year; and minors und our and one-half francs ($0.87). The employer te this contribution and is also made responsibl t of the premiums. He is permitted to deduc om his wages, and receipts it by a system of sp affixed to the employer's card.

ne may be pensioned is 65. Pensions, however, with a proportionate deduction in both the am e state subsidy. The amount of a pension is b of contributions made and the age of the ins ain a regular pension, 30 payments are requ to 28 for all men who have performed at least

service; and in the case of women, one an birth of each child is deducted from the requ he State adds to each regular pension 100 fr still more increased by one-tenth to those pers

th.

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Dersons

total number of persons pensioned in 19

In addition to the compulsory insura also provides a system of voluntary in to private persons with small incomes. peasant proprietors, independent work with incomes of more than 3,000 francs francs ($965). The act of December 25 life annuity from 1,200 to 2,400 francs

An Autonomous Pension Fund for mi of February 25, 1914, which repealed the matter. For the purpose of forming a sions, the act provided that the mine own fund 4 per cent. of the wages of the wor tion is borne one-half by the employers = The right to a pension begins at 55 yea prove that they have worked for wages least 7,920 days, (absence on account of French mines, have the right, in additi 100 francs and a bonus from a special fur capacity a miner is entitled to a pension

The Act of June 5, 1915, introduced books" (livret d'assurances sociales) f time as they insure themselves for a pens Pension Fund, wish to arrange for their down upon their death.

GERMANY.

Old age insurance was first established 1911 the system of old age insurance co

31 old age pensions. The comparative growt o forms of pensions may be seen from the follo ere 31 invalidity pensions; this increased to 4 it rose to 863,086, and in 1914 it numbered 99 xpenditures for the old age and invalidity per wo in 1894; it reversed to two to one in 1900, 8 to one in 1912. The reduction of the pensio 35, doubtless, reduced this proportion conside s of this reduction for the first complete year, d forced, may be seen from the following figures her Reichsanzeiger, 6th, Feb. 1918), that the nu granted by the insurance offices of the various 1,276 in 1915, to 92,120 in 1916. Those grant special nature rose ten-fold in the same interva of insurance in Germany is borne jointly by yers and the employes. The state, besides be dministration and of the payment of pensionscontributes, in addition, a fixed sum each yea ion. The amount of the weekly premium is pai d employes in equal parts. The employer is e for the insurance of all of his employes and their premiums. He is permitted to deduct the as from their wages, and receipts it by affixing sp orker's receipt cards.

ions are not uniform but vary in accordance ngs of the workers. For this purpose, the ins ided into five classes ranging from those ear

March 1918, p. 98, London.

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the insured person is in. The govern of a uniform state subsidy of 50 sioners. The lowest annuity granted first wage class. This is increased by each succeeding class until it reaches 2

The German system, in addition to pa effort to prevent invalidity whenever p tute has the power to provide a course would reduce or prevent the loss of e pose, a chain of 65 or more sanitoria annually about 70,000 persons. It is the cases treated are discharged as cu authorized to invest part of their res promote the social welfare of the worl prove the health and well being of th tutes have erected model dwellings for lescent homes, people's baths, labor col stitutes claim that this has resulted in the death rate and sickness rate in Ge

The invalidity and old age insuran approximately 50 territorial and specia eral supervision of the central insuran is in the hands of highly trained expe are attached several boards of arbitrat dispute. These consist of a president a resentatives of both employers and emp of administration of the insurance s ($5,754,116).

аше

into operation. LUIS was priiшагну IUT e and survivors pensions. A waiting period of pectively, for the payment of such benefits, is eriod may be shortened by the payment of e this insurance institute, pensions are paid if of the insured has been lessened by 50 per ds, as required under the general insurance sys here are made by the employers and employes During the year 1916, the total amount of co he institute by the employers and employes, wa ,000,000 marks ($26,894,000). This insurance pular, as during the same year the obligatio ted by many people. While only few pensions year 1916, the insurance institute for salaried uch other benefits as provided by law. Firs anting of medical and curative treatments. ed to by many, as it is claimed, that its crea olitical reasons, in order to separate the sala ge-workers, as a special class.

GREECE.

nvalidity and old age insurance system for Gr ed in 1907. The cost is divided equally betw mployers and the state.*

uiry Relative to Aged and Dependent Persons in Massachusetts,