Boston.] SOUTH BOSTON. 295 later day the frigates employed in expeditions against the French Americans were constructed here; the Constitution, the Boston, and the Argus, famous in the naval wars with Great Britain, France, and Algiers, were launched toward the close of the last century; and in the days of the California trade the local shipwrights produced the finest and fleetest sailing ships that ever floated-the Dreadnought, the Great Republic, the Sovereign of the Seas, and other gallant conquerors of the Cape Horn passage. The peninsula of Mattapan, afterwards known as Dorchester Heights, and now as South Boston, was annexed to the city in 1804, when it had but ten resident families. It is now the seat of several large iron works and other manufactories, and has a population exceeding 60,000. There are far-viewing parks on the crest and the seaward slope of the Heights; and on the easterly point, near the mooring-ground of the yacht clubs, is a public esplanade, commanding a lovely view of the harbour and sea, and of the closely adjacent Fort Independence. East Boston is an island, the terminus of the Cunard and other steam-ship lines, and the single farmhouse which stood there in 1833 has been replaced by the homes of 40,000 people. It would take volumes to consider the traits and attractions of the landward suburbs of Boston, but we must dismiss them with a page. There are patrician Brookline, with scenery of rare beauty, and villas and churches whose architecture and surroundings are most attractive; Longwood, a little bijou of a hamlet, with two dainty stone churches; Savin Hill, a high, rocky promontory in the harbour, surrounded with villas; Dorchester, with its sea-viewing hills, venerable colonial mansions, and the summer gardens, where the people go in thousands to hear music and breathe the balmy air; Milton, under the Blue Hills, on whose slopes are country houses which would do honour to Warwickshire or the Isle of Wight; Quincy, an ancient village, the home for centuries of the Adamses and Quincys, and with a stone church, under which are the ashes of two Presidents of the United States; Chelsea, the seat of the national Marine Hospital, near the sea; Revere Beach, a half-hour's ride from town, where the surf rolls in along a sandy strand three miles in length, lined by a great variety of hotels and pavilions; Concord, a lovely old village, long time the home of Hawthorne and Thoreau, and the seat of a famous summer school of philosophy, whereof Ralph Waldo Emerson and A. B. Alcott were leaders; Lexington, the famous battle-ground of 1775, with its venerable memorials; Hingham, near the sea, with its noble statue of Governor Andrew, and the oldest church in Yankeedom (built in 1681); and many another interesting locality. Cambridge is a city of about 40,000 inhabitants, separated from Boston by the narrow reaches of the Charles River. Its chief interest lies in Harvard University, the oldest, most famous, and most richly endowed in America, founded in 1636, and materially aided in 1638 with a library and legacy from the Rev. John Harvard, of Charlestown. The hamlet around it was named Cambridge because several of the founders of Massachusetts had been educated in the ancient English town on the Cam. Many of the foremost scholars of New England, her poets and historians, her divines and philosophers, her statesmen and generals, have graduated at Harvard. There are now about 1,400 students in the several departments, The annual expenditure of each student varies from £100 to £300 a year, the average being about £150. The system of elective studies has been with 124 instructors. introduced, and 291 hours per week of instruction are available for the choice of the student. The main buildings of the University are disposed around the sides of a great quadrangle, with pleasant lawns and fine old trees. In the adjacent embowered streets are numerous other halls pertaining to Harvard and its departments. The oldest of the buildings are Massachusetts Hall, erected by the Province in 1718; the Wadsworth House, dating from 1726; the Holden Chapel, from 1744; and Hollis Hall, from 1763. Rooms in the latter were occupied by Edward Everett, Charles Sumner, Henry D. Thoreau, Wendell Phillips, Emerson, Adams, Prescott, and Curtis. Most of these ancient brick halls were erected with funds sent from the old country by wealthy English merchants, when New England was still very new. The later buildings, Matthews, Grays, Weld, Thayer, and other halls, imposing edifices in Gothic and Elizabethan architecture, have been constructed at the cost of the Massachusetts families whose names they bear. Some of them are of stone, others of brick. The library contains 180,000 volumes (besides which there are 75,000 volumes in the minor libraries outside), including rare collections of Italian classics, Orientalia, works on art, and ancient MSS.; and has immense funded resources. The building devoted to its use is a sober copy of King's College Chapel, in English Cambridge, fire-proof, with a capacity of 500,000 volumes; and is adorned with the gilt cross brought home by the Massachusetts troops from their victorious crusade 13 Boston.] HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 297 against the French fortress of Louisburg, in 1745. The finest college-building in the United States is the Memorial Hall, erected in 1870-7, "in commemoration of those sons of Harvard who perilled and laid down their lives to preserve us as a nation," whose names are engraved on mural marble slabs in the arcades of a lofty monumental vestibule, under a groined roof of timber-work. The main feature of the building is the great dining-hall, more spacious than any in England, and seating a thousand men. The high wainscotings are adorned with scores of ancient portraits and busts of the magnates of Massachusetts and benefactors of the University; and the west end is occupied by a stained-glass window covering 750 square feet. In this hall most of the students get their daily meals. At one end of the Di building is a fine classic theatre; Observatory are also admirably arranged, provided with exhaustive special libraries and the costliest instruments. Near the University is the exquisite little quadrangle of the Protestant Episcopal Theological School of Massachusetts, with its group of modern stone buildings, where the future rectors of the Bay State parishes are prepared for their labours. There are many ancient houses in Cambridge, which have a deep interest for all people. Among these are the Holmes house, built in 1730, and the birth-place of Oliver Wendell Holmes, the poet; the Bishop's Palace, dating from 1761, and afterwards the head-quarters of General Putman and the captive General Burgoyne; Elmwood, built in 1760, and the ancestral home of James Russell Lowell; the Lee house, a relic of 1680; the Riedese! house, where the captive Baron Riedesel, commander of the Brunswick troops in Burgoyne's army, was quartered; the Vassal mansion, built about the year 1700, and still a noble and stately home; and the fine old colonial manor house of 1769, long time used as Washington's head-quarters, afterwards entertaining Talleyrand and the Duke of Kent, and for forty years the home of Longfellow, America's late Poet Laureate. Near the western border of Cambridge is the famous Mount Auburn Cemetery, occupying picturesque and embowered hills and dales, with thirty miles of roads and paths, and a handsome Gothic chapel adorned with statues of Massachusetts patriots. In this city of the dead rest Hosea Ballon and John Murray, the fathers of Universalism; Dr. Bowditch, the mathematician; Hannah Adams, the historian of the Jews; Charles Sumner; Charlotte Cushman, and many other famous people. The climate of Boston is severe, especially in winter and spring; but the intense heats of summer are tempered by refreshing east winds, which fill the streets with the salty smell of the adjacent sea. The surrounding country is highly picturesque, with its green hills, glens, and lakes; but the soil is sterile, and affords scant profit to the farmers, so that the chief natural products of Massachusetts still consist of granite and ice. The men who constructed in such an unfavouring region one of the fairest cities of the Anglo-Saxon world were surely of the flower of the English race, rich in unwavering faith and energy, and born to a nobler work than that which won immortal fame for Æneas, or crowned the labours of the sea-kings of Venice with imperishable laurels. VIENNA. A Cosmopolitan Empire-Treaties-The House of Hapsburg-Early History of Vienna-The Modern City-Its Situation -Inundations-Climate-Streets and Houses-The Cathedral-Other Churches-The Imperial Palace-The famous Public and Private Libraries-The Belvedere-Picture Galleries-The University-Walks, Gardens, Theatres, and Public Resorts-The Suburbs-Wilden-Schönbrunn-The Villa of Haydn-A Sketch of his Life-Advance of the French, and Death of the Musician-Associations of Mozart and Beethoven with Vienna-Story of their LivesManufactories-The Wars of the City and the Empire- The Horrors of a Siege-Defeat of the Turks under Sobieski and Lorraine-Hero-Worship-Napoleon Attacks the City-Spares the Life of the Archduchess Maria Louisa. OR a long period Vienna occupied a position of pre-eminence among the cities of the European Continent, and, consequently, of the civilised world. In more recent times, however, the centres of political interest have gradually shifted westward and northward, so that now London, Paris, and Berlin are generally considered to be the centres of political movement and action, rather than the capital of that cosmopolitan Empire which includes among its subjects Germans, Hungarians, Sclavs, Czechs, Magyars, Bosnians, Herzegovinians, and members of various other races and peoples. Politically as well as historically, Vienna is still a place of very considerable importance, and is remembered by most people as giving a name to one of the most important of European treaties of modern times-that of 1814, when, after the defeat of the Great Napoleon, the map of Europe was re-arranged so much to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned that no great war convulsed Europe for nearly fifty years. During the Crimean War, when Russia was struggling against the united Powers of England, France, Turkey, and the then little Kingdom of Sardinia, the influence of Vienna was more than once brought to bear on the combatants with a view to peace, and most important conferences were at that time held in Vienna. Nor should the Treaty of Vienna made in 1730 be forgotten, for, although its provisions are now of little moment, it caused no small stir at the time, and was brought about as a result of what is known in history as the "Quadruple Alliance." The history of Vienna is to a very large extent identified with the history of the House of Hapsburg, a family presenting "every possible variety of character, and every species of merit or acquirement; cultivators or protectors of letters and science; the distinguished heroes and statesmen of almost every age; its ministers and warriors the patterns and admiration of their contemporaries. The period of its history comprises a space of six centuries, from the earliest dawn to the meridian of modern science; from the age of feudal barbarism to the full splendour of European civilisation." Vienna possesses an endless variety of objects of interest. Art is munificently endowed and largely cultivated; next to the Italians, the Viennese are the most musical people in Europe. Vienna possesses many fine buildings, and has large and numerous art |