Buyukderé is a city spread upon the slopes of a graceful hill, "vast and varied in colours like a bouquet of flowers." It has wide quays, handsome houses, palaces, churches, and temples, charming meadows, seven gigantic old plane-trees, a picturesque mosque, and a meadowy valley, in which it is said the Crusaders under Godfrey de Bouillon camped in 1096. Buyukderé not only stands high in the estimation of every traveller who visits it for the sake of its own exquisite beauty, but it is famous in modern history; for here are the embassies of almost all the Christian nations, and of late years many a plot and scheme hatched here, many a telegram of startling intelligence sent hence, many a visit of distinguished politicians has carried significance to every merchant and tax-payer in all civilised lands.

Continuing past Sarijari, or Saryer, surrounded by cemeteries, we have in front of us the promontory of Simas, where stood the statue of Venus Meretrix, to which Greek sailors offered sacrifices; and beyond is the point where the Bosphorus narrows for the last time, with the ruined Genoese fortresses on the hills, between which an iron chain was formerly thrown to guard the mouth of the strait and to levy the toll. There the waters widen to the sea, yet still we have objects of interest to gaze upon-the village of Buyuk-Liman; the great rocky mass of Gipopolis, where once stood the palace of Phineus, infested with Harpies; Fanarki, the village of the European Lighthouse; and opposite, the celebrated Cyanean Rocks, or Symplegades, so called because seen from one side they appear to be joined together.

Fables innumerable cluster around these celebrated rocks, standing as sentinels to guard the entrance of the Bosphorus. They start up from the sea to a considerable height, and on one of them is an altar of pure white Parian marble with sculptured bulls' heads-emblems among the Romans of Agriculture and Fertility. It is not known for certain who raised this strange altar on this strange island; it might have been "the votive offering of some rescued mariner in the time when Argo sailed these seas;" it might have been, as others suppose, the pedestal of a column raised in honour of Apollo; it might have been the base of Pompey's Column, although there is no record of Pompey erecting any trophy in these parts after his defeat of Mithridates; certain it is that there stands the antique monument still, and no one can gaze upon it without some feeling of emotion, whatever theory concerning it he may accept.

Taking a good look out to the Pontus Euxinus, that gloomy and turbulent sea so celebrated in the songs of the sunny Archipelago, and then to the immediate surroundings of lighthouses, rocks, and strong fortresses, we cross to the Asiatic side, taking care to avoid the Asian Cyanean islands, in the midst of which the Argo would have come to grief but for Minerva, who "pushed it off with her right hand while she strengthened herself with her left against the points of the rocks."

The promontory of Ancyræum, or Anchor-Cape, is the spot where the Argonauts, during their expedition to Colchis, took-according to the oracle-a stone anchor, and abandoned the one which they had taken from Cyzicus. The Tower of Medea is now a modern lighthouse, but the Genoese towers remain in a fair state of preservation. At Ieron Polichnion there was once the Temple of the Twelve Gods-Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Ceres, Mercury, Vulcan, Apollo, Diana, Vesta, Mars, Venus, and Minerva-all of whom the ancient mariners endeavoured to appease by purifications, so as to render them propitious

The Bosphorus.]

THE SHORES OF THE BOSPHORUS.

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to their voyages. There is still to be seen here the remains of an ancient temple, or fortress, probably from the celebrated Temple of Jupiter Urius. Some Englishmen found here an ancient marble bearing the following inscription, and with English prudence they bore it off as a trophy :

:

"The sailor who invokes Jupiter Urius for a propitious voyage across the sea (Ægean) and among the Cyanean rocks filled with a multitude of sandbanks will have his prayers answered if beforehand he sacrifices to the god (Neptune), whose statue has been erected here by Philo Antipater."

The Giant's Mountain is the highest on the shores of the Bosphorus. It was once called the Back of Hercules, but has long been known by the Turks as Yusha Dagh (Mount Joshua). In the garden behind the mosque on the summit is a grave, the "Tomb of the Giant," a tomb which the Greeks called the Bed of Hercules, but which the Turks call the Tomb of the Hebrew Prophet Joshua! An Arabic inscription in the mosque gives the legend thus: "This is the place where Joshua, one of the prophets, resided. Moses sent him into Roumelia. One day while waging war with the inhabitants of those parts the sun went down in the midst of the battle. Another time the sun after setting rose again, and the people of Roumelia were not able to escape. This miracle proved Joshua to have been a prophet." This would appear to be an absurd jumble of Joshua with the giant Amycus, whose arm is supposed to be buried in the tomb, which is twenty-six feet long! A laurel-tree (Laurus insana) was planted over this tomb, the leaves of which, thrown on board a ship, would, according to the legend, spread discord among the sailors.

At Hunkiar Skelessi, "The Landing-Place of the Great Lord," or Imperial Wharf, once stood the autumn palace of the Greek emperors; it was here that the treaty was signed between Turkey and Russia, by which for a little while they tried to pass for friends. We will not tarry at Beycos to discuss whether the "insensate laurel" grew there or on the Giant's Mountain; it will be enough for us to notice that Beycos is one of the prettiest towns on the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus.

Sailing now past two or three villages, all fertile and more or less interesting, we must stop at Anadoli Hissar to look at the Towers of Asia, built by Mohammed II. before the siege of Constantinople, at the same time that he caused the European Towers opposite to be erected, thus securing the passage of the straits. Not far from here are the Sweet Waters of Asia, a favourite resort of the Turkish ladies, and in fact of all the fashion of Constantinople every Friday in summer, as the Sweet Waters of Europe at the end of the Golden Horn are on Tuesdays.

A few minutes more and we arrive at Scutari, which we have already attempted to describe, and our tour of the Bosphorus and our rambles in Constantinople are over.

As Others see it-Manhattan Island-The Constituents of the City-A Hundred Religions-An Italian Sea-Rover-The Dutch Discoverers-New Amsterdam-The English Conquest-The Americans take their Own-The RebellionThe Harbour-The Narrows-Fortifications-The Inner Islands-Scenic Charms-The Piers and Wharves-Trade of the City-The Battery-Immigrant Hordes-Bowling-Green-Broadway-Trinity Church-Wall Street-The Treasury -Custom House-Commercial Rivalries-Post-Office-St. Paul's-City Hall-Court House-East-River Bridge-Broadway again-Five Points-The Bowery-A Dutch Captain-General-The Fire Brigade-The Literary Quarter-Union Square-Tammany-Madison Square-The Clubs-Restaurants and Theatres-The National Academy-Fifth Avenue -The Jeunesse Dorée-Merchant Princes-Fashionable Churches-The Cathedral-The Great Synagogue-Columbia College-Central Park-The Museums-Cleopatra's Needle-Lenox Library-Heavenly Charities-Normal CollegeThe Militia-Brooklyn-Prospect Park-Greenwood Cemetery-Blackwell's IslandHell Gate-Suburban Joys-Long Branch-Neversink and Elberon-Saratoga and Newport-Coney Island, Brighton and Manhattan Beaches.

EW YORK is the western terminus of the chief ocean-ferries between the two Christian continents, the greatest city in the Western Hemisphere, the commercial and financial centre of the United States, and one of the most cosmopolitan and heterogeneous communities in Christendom. Situated well up on the Atlantic border of the Union, near the centre of the coast-line of the wealthy and populous Northern States, and on the direct route between Europe and the vast granaries of the West, the commercial strategic position of New York and its unrivalled harbour have combined to establish here the metropolis of the New World. Some one has happily characterised the city as a new Paris, with a high flavour of the backwoods; and another has likened it to an Indian warrior, erect and valiant, covered with brilliant trappings, but reproachable for much in neglect of person and of manners.

New York.]

THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.

57

No description of New York can be perfect which omits the superlative adjectives; for one of the foremost ambitions of the builders of the city has been to secure superlative effects. Nor are the standards of comparison American only; for the harbour is more beautiful, the streets more unclean, Broadway more brilliant, the municipality more corrupt, the commercial buildings more pretentious, the tenement-houses more crowded, the parks more lovely, than the similar appurtenances of the cities of Europe and Asia, with but a few exceptions. Pope's celebrated characterisation of Lord Bacon, superlative in praise and in censure, wisest, brightest, meanest, might be paraphrased as an epigram on New York. It is popularly known as the Empire City; but Irving, its most honoured son, also called it Gotham, the "Home of Wiseacres," after the stupid old village of Nottinghamshire, and this title, too, is in common use. As Mr. G. J. Holyoake has expressed it: "New York itself is a miracle which a large book would not be sufficient to explain. When I stepped ashore there I thought I was in a larger Rotterdam; when I found my way to Broadway, it seemed to me as though I was in Paris, and that Paris had taken to business. There were quaintness, grace and gaiety, brightness and grimness, all about." Mr. Moncure D. Conway says: "There isn't a city so attractive elsewhere on earth. 'See Naples and die' was an adage before New York became so beautiful, but it should be changed to See New York and live.'" As Colley Grattan saw the town, it "looked half Dutch, half French, something between Paris and Rotterdam." In the quieter streets, M. Ampère fancied that he "found once more the ancient little Hollandish city, as calm, as phlegmatic, as the American city is active and ardent." The Marquis of Lorne saw it as " 'an odd mixture of all sorts of European towns, but unlike any one of them." Anthony Trollope wrote that "no other American city is so intensely American as New York."

The Island of Manhattan, upon which the city stands, is formed by the North (or Hudson) River, a deep and straight stream of noble breadth, which rises 300 miles to the northward, in the deer-haunted Adirondack Mountains; by the East River, a navigable strait nearly a mile wide and twelve miles long, joining Long-Island Sound to the harbour; and by Harlem River and Spuyten-Duyvil Creek, confluent tidal channels connecting the North and East Rivers and about seven miles long. The two chief streets, Broadway and Fifth Avenue-the one devoted to business, the other to residences-occupy positions nearly central on the island, running along its greatest length, and intersecting hundreds of shorter streets which diverge to the broad rivers on either side. In the lower part of the city these side-streets are irregular and devious; in the upper part they are equi-distant and rectangular, from sixty to one hundred feet wide, running from river to river, and crossed by thirteen avenues, each a hundred feet wide and from seven to ten miles in length. The island is thirteen and a half miles long, and from half a mile to two and a quarter miles wide, covering an area of 14,000 acres, the lower half densely crowded, and the remainder occupied by parks and villas, public and charitable institutions, and clusters of houses which form urban hamlets. In 1874 an area of 12,500 acres on the adjacent mainland, including twenty villages, was annexed to the city. The actual value of the property owned in the Island of Manhattan was more than £700,000,000 ten years ago. The census of 1875 showed that out of 1,021,000 inhabitants, 202,000 were 1rish, 151,222

Germans, 24,432 English, 13,073 negroes, 8,257 French, 7,554 Scots, 4,338 Canadians, 2,790 Italians, 2,392 Poles, 2,169 Swiss, 1,569 Swedes, 1,293 Cubans, 1,237 Dutch, 1,139 Russians, 682 Danes, 557 Welsh, 464 Spaniards, 373 Norwegians, 328 Belgians, 213 South Americans, 115 Chinese, 64 Mexicans, and 38 Turks. Within the past five years the numbers of Italians and of Chinese have greatly increased. There are now fully 10,000 of the former; and the yellow-skinned Mongolians own more than a hundred laundries within the urban limits. In round numbers, the bulk of the population appears to be composed of 56 per cent. of Americans, 25 per cent. of British-Islanders, and 16 per cent. of Germans. In the census of 1880, which rates the population at 1,206,590, the proportions have not greatly changed. The adjacent municipalities are as much a part of New York as Southwark is of London; and if the metropolitan district should be extended over them, the population would exceed 2,000,000. Without that just expansion, however, New York is the third city in Christendom; with it, it would be second only to London. There are more Germans in this district than in Munich or Dresden, Bremen or Hamburg, and it takes rank as the third German city in the world. There are more Irishmen in it than in Dublin, and it ranks as the first Irish city. There are more Roman Catholics than Rome herself can boast; more Jews than in any other city; and more Episcopalians than in any other city, save two. The churches of New York number nearly 400, giving accommodation to 300,000 auditors at one time, and valued at nearly £10,000,000. Many of the Roman Catholic parishes have each several distinct congregations, assembling at different hours, and composed of totally different members. The churches are divided as follows:-72 Protestant Episcopal, 56 Roman Catholic, 53 Presbyterian, 50 Methodist, 31 Baptist, 22 Reformed, 21 Lutheran, 6 Independent, 4 Universalist, and 3 Unitarian; besides Greeks, Moravians, Swedenborgians, Quakers, and many other sects. There are nine churches for negroes, a score or more for Germans, and others for Swedes, Norwegians, Spaniards, Italians, Welshmen, Frenchmen, Russians, and other nationalities. The Spiritualists enjoy their mysterious séances in various localities; and the Chinese have a joss-house, a very dingy idol-temple, in Mott Street. The Theosophic Society also celebrates its occult rites; and at one time there was an altar dedicated to Mercury, where libations were offered by a group of Swinburnian pagans. The vast voluntary contributions of the citizens for these various forms of religion, for the solace. of the local poor and sick, and for the extension of Christianity over the dark continents, go far to show that all their hopes and energies are not concentrated in the adoration of the Mighty Dollar, and that the noblest charity and self-denial still abide among the Goths of the West. More even than by lists of churches, the divine patience and tenderness which are given here so freely are borne witness to by the large and saintly ministrations of the Children's Aid Society, St. John's Guild, the Magdalen asylums, and the country and seaside summer homes for the sick and the destitute.

The elevated railways, which have solved the problem of rapid transit in this long and narrow city, are four in number, extending from one end of the island to the other, occupying as many of the great avenues running north and south, and placed on tracks lifted high above the street on iron girders and piers. Trains of luxurious cars run every few minutes, at a high rate of speed, and make frequent stops at ornamental and picturesque