Latin Church. In the course of time it was applied particularly to clergymen who resided in cities, and at a still later period it became obsolete except in the Church of Rome where the primitive usages of Christianity are adhered to with peculiar veneration. The Cardinals of Rome, from the office which they exercised of aiding the Sovereign Pontiff in the government of the Universal Church, soon became more elevated in dignity than bishops themselves. The Episcopal Order is, doubtless, far more eminent than that of the priesthood; but the distinguished rank of a Cardinal is estimated not from the grade of the sacred order with which he is invested, but from the extensive powers he enjoys, as member of the Apostolic See and counsellor and elector of the pope. Thus Eugenius IV. in his letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the year 1410, after mentioning the several prerogatives of the Cardinals, concludes that their dignity arising from the vast jurisdiction which they exercise, surpasses that of patriarchs and other bishops, whose authority is confined within the limits of their respective territories. They did not however, acquire this precedence until the commencement of the 12th century. At first, the cardinals of Rome consisted only of priests and deacons, but subsequently the bishops of the neighbouring cities were decorated with the title and ranked among the counsellors and assistants of the Pope. They were called Suburban bishops, and were formerly seven in number, viz. those of Ostia, Porto; Alba, Palestrina, Sabina, Frascati and St. Rufina, but this last See having been coupled with that of Porto, the number of Cardinal bishops was reduced to six. That of Cardinal priests and Cardinal deacons has often varied. Upon the death of Clement VI., in 1352, it was resolved by the Sacred College, that it should not exceed twenty; Paul IV. limited it to forty; afterwards Sixtus V. carried the number up to seventy, a regulation which has been uniformly adopted by his successors. Each Cardinal is required to be in the holy order which he represents; unless he be dispensed by the S. Pontiff from the observance of the law which obliges him to receive the holy order befitting his rank, within twelve months from the date of his appointment, under pain of rendering his nomination void. It generally happens, however, that most of the Cardinal Deacons, in the order of bishop or priest.

Cardinals are created only by the Pope, who convenes his Council for this purpose and confers the dignity with their advice and approbation. Their duties consists in aiding the Sovereign Pontiff in the management of ecclesiastical affairs, in governing the Church, when deprived of its Chief Pastor, and in electing another to fill the vacant See. Hence they are selected by his Holiness among those clergymen who are most conspicuous for their learning, piety and other estimable qualifications. "It is the peculiar honor of this illustrious body," says de Joux, in his Lettres sur l'Italie," to be formed of men, distinguished by their talents, genius and virtue, without any regard to national considerations or to circumstances of birth or fortune. We are not surprised, therefore, to find that even the first princes of Europe have aspired to the dignity of Cardinal." "Whatever might be the merits of the talents of any other body of

aFrom their own months, it will be seen that their pretensions, were not acceded to untill the dark ages drew on.~[Es.

men in the universe," says Dr. England "I could have no hesitation for an instant, to place this assembly by its side, and, whether upon the ground of capacity, of experience, of information, of industry, or of virtue, or of al: united, to claim a favourable award from every impartial and capable judge."

"Not one of its members has been raised to the Cardinalate, merely because of his family greatness; he has uniformly decorated that, at least by his virtues. In this body are found the protectors of science, the patrons of the arts, the promoters of piety, the founders of colleges, of hospitals, and of those other institutions which alleviate the distress and promote the happiness of man. The constitution of the body exhibits the sources from which is drawn the mass of excellence which it contains. If there be something of aristocracy in its composition, it is, perhaps, that species of which even a republic might to some extent approve. No one is admitted by descent or hereditary claim; if dignity is conferred, it is only upon the individual, and for his personal merits. It is open for the son of the peasant equally as for the son of the prince. If the Dorias, the Pamphillis, the Justinianis, the Matteis; and such like be found upon the list, the Micaras, the Salas and others, raised by their own merits from the humblest ranks, are also high upon it. If the antiquarian, the painter, the poet, or the sculptor, were asked who are their best protectors, they will tell you, Fesch, Galeffi and Weld: the philosopher will claim Zurla. The memoirs of the venerable Pacca, will exhibit the tact of the statesman, the erudition of the scholar, the sufferings of the martyr, and the fidelity of patriotic heroism, Lambruschini and Spinola stand deservedly respected for their correct diplomacy. Bernetti is looked upon as worthy of the mantle of Gonsalvi, which has fallen upon his shoulders. Pedicini and Odescalchi are the enlightened patrons and patterns of elevated piety and regularity of discipline."

"The USUAL DRESS of the CARDINALS in the red cassock with a cincture of the same colour,

Papal chapel, is a having tassels of

b. Bellarmine, and Baronius, with nearly all the inferior authorities in defence of the church of Rome, in hope of getting some proof for Peter's being at Rome, are strongly in favour of that text. 1. Peter v. 13, being interpreted Rome instead of Babylon. Much good, may it do them, as to all the proof they can bring out of it.Rome is seated on SEVEN HILLS, and in the Revelation of John, xvii. ch. Babylon the great is said to be seated on a beast, which has seven heads, which seven heads are seven mountains on which the woman sitteth.

We here print a few passages of scripture, describing as we think the seat of the Beast and the costume of the Cardinals, and we beseech of the reader. just to compare it, with those passages in this account, printed in Italics, where red-purple-and scarlet, occurs.

The Woman. Rev. xvII. ch. 3 v. "And I saw a woman, sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads, and ten horns."

The Beast's heads v. 9. "The seven heads, are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth."

Who is this woman? v. 18. “And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth."

Her name. V. 5. "And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS, AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH."

Her character. V. 6. And I saw the woman, drunken with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus."

HER DRESS. Ch. xvII. v. 4 "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, &c.

The cost of this dress-mourning at her overthrow by those from whom it was purchased, at her inability to buy; &o. Ch. xvi. 11, 12, 13 verses.

gold red stockings, a rochet over which they commonly wear a cappa or ample cloak, with a large tippet of white ermine, which hangs over the shoulders and chest. The ermine is laid aside in the summer season. On their heads they wear small red calottes, and sometimes square red caps. In times of penance and mourning, the red robes are changed for others of a violet colour, and on two or three particular days the rose colour is used. On solem occasions, when the Pope officiates, or when there is a grand pro cession, they all wear red shoes, and mitres of white damask silk; the Cardinal bishops wear copes; the Cardinal priests, chasubles, and the Cardinal deacons, dalmatics of the colour suited to the solemnity; but on days of penance, the deacons wear chasubles.Their dress of state, when not engaged in sacred functions, is the cassock, the rochet, over which is worn a manteletta or short cloak, through which they put their arms, and a mozetta or tippet with a small hood, over which the Cardinal bishops exhibit the chain of the pectoral cross, but not the cross itself. When in full jurisdiction, that is, in the churches of their titles (each Cardinal is titular of some church in Rome), or during the vacancy of the Holy See, the manteletta is always laid aside. Cardinals promoted from any of the religious orders, preserve in their robes the peculiarity of colour belonging to that association, and never use silk." But all wear the red hat and cap, the first of which was introduced by Innocent VI. in 1245, as emblematical of the obligation they were under of shedding their blood, if necessary, for the honour of God and the welfare of religion. The red cap was instituted by Paul II., to distinguish the Cardinals from other prelates on occasions when the hat was not used.

"If the splendor and richness of the Cardinals' appearance in public be great, numbers of them have inherited the means by which that exhibition is sustained, and refuse to accept from the public purse, the allowance which is appropriated for its support; others would, in any state of society, have by their merits obtained a similar rank; others in the midst of this external show follow in their private life, the poverty and mortification, which they vowed as members of the strictest orders of religion; and if they ridec in splendid carriages in Rome, for the purpose of conforming to the etiquette which is so essential, they have traversed Italy on foot, with

Their lamentation. V. 16. "Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls." Read on in this chapter her terrible overthrow and the rejoicing, over it, of the holy apostles and prophets. 20 v. (ED.

*A rochet is a surplice with narrow sleeves, such as is worn by bishops. +Dr. Eagland's Ceremonies of Holy Week, in the Papal Chapel.

e See Letter to Pope Paul III. in vol. 1 of Preservatives against popery.

"Nay, in this city Whores walk about as if they were Goodly Matrons; or they ride upon Mules, and are at noon-day followed up and down by men of the best account in the families of Cardinals and Clergymen. We see no such degeneracy in any other city, but in this, which is to be an example to all others. These Whores live in splendid houses: 'tis a filthy abuse, and ought to be remedied!" This extract from the address of four cardinals and five Bishops to Paul III, (who died 1555.) on the necessity for a Reformation, must strike any one as leaning very pointedly, on the practice of these Cardinals, as given by one who as report says, is looking forward to a seat among them. [ED

only their breviaries in their hands, making its churches resound with the eloquence which converted the sinner and encouraged the saints."*

In viewing this finished character and the numberless others that might be adduced, we are forced to acknowledged that the SCARLET ROBES OF A CARDINAL are something more than outward show.* We cannot but believe that they are the expression of great excellence as well as the insignia of eminent rank; and that minds so pure, so gifted, so cultivated as to have merited this high distinction, will honour it by the faithful discharge of the important obligations which it imposes.

CHAPTER II.

This chapter gives us the Names and Number of Cardinals, &c We shall omit the Names, giving only the Numbers, and the countries from which they have been called.

Canton Freybourg-Wolf the Missionary.--Guyeres.--Temperance.-Frutigen.-Pilgrims.-City of Freybourg, and its great suspension bridge. The Peasantry.-Goitres.-Roman Antiquities. Canton Vaud.-Persecution and Revival in it.-Momiers.-Dr. Malan of Geneva.-Felix Neff.-Political State of the Canton.Lake Lemon.-Beautiful Scenery.-Lausanne.-Gibbon's 'House.Change in Society.—The Cathedral.-Pope Felix V.-The Prince

*U. S. Miscel VOL. XIII. p. 164. See Note b. page. 56.

of Hesse.-The Manners of the Great.-Use of German Princes.— Revolution in Vaud.-The shore of Lake Lemon.-Vintage-Use of wine.-Lake Craft.-Coppet.-Madame De Stael.-Pistalozzi.The residence of Lord Byron.-Ferney —Voltaire, estimate of him.

THE Canton Freyburg (or Friburg as it is often spelt) is ranked amongst the large Cantons of Switzerland. It is situated towards the western side of the confederation; and contained in 1831, a population of 87,000 souls,-of whom, only seven or eight thousand residing in the district of Morat (or Murten)-are reformed. It is decidedly a Catholic Canton; and contains not only establishments of Jesuits, but several extensive ones of the austere and unsocial Carthusians,-who seem to place the chief good, in silence, naked feet, and dirty clothes. Since the late revolution in this Canton, a degree of religious liberty, not enjoyed in the Catholic Cantons generally has been allowed; though even here, it is rather a shy toleration, than any real freedom. In this Canton, the French language, in a miserable patais, is spoken, as extensively almost as the German: but this is the limit, to which that language has yet penetrated the country, in the use of the people at large.

There are several of these establishments of the professed that deserve particular notice on one account or other; and I regretted my inability to visit them. The hermitage of Sainte Madaliene, a league from Freybourg, is said to be cut entirely out of the rock; although the whole establishment is four hundred feet long, and its clock tower eighty feet high. It is the establishment of Trappists at Valsainte, nine leagues off, in the direction of Bulle and Cresny, which possess most interest. It is the chief place of this singular fraternity; and was for some time the residence of the missionary Wolf. This extraordinary man was born in Bavaria, of Jewish parents, his father being a man of consequence, amongst his people and a Rabbi. At the age of sixteen years he was baptized, by a priest at Prague, in Bohemia, and became a papist. After some time he went to Rome, and spent two years in the college of the Propaganda-pursuing his studies. He was dismissed from that institution, and found his way to Switzerland; and finally into the convent of Trappist Monks at Valsainte. Here he remained, until he became disgusted beyond farther endurance with the deceit and imposture of his companions; and at this critical juncture of his destiny met with an English traveller, at whose suggestion he visited England. He there found friends,-under whose advice he spent two years at Oxford University. His subsequent history is known, as well as his extraordinary efforts and sacrifices in the cause of Christ and his brethren: efforts and sacrifices, attended by some excentricities and errors, which however they are to be regretted, have perhaps too seriously weakened the sympathy of the Christian world in his behalf.

The road from Berne to Freyburg, and thence to Lausane in the Canton Vaud, -over a distance of eighteen Swiss leagues-passes through a beautiful and well cultivated region,-composed of a constant succession of hills and valleys,-across which the route generally lies. To the right the Java range of mountains which skirt France and Switzerland, gradually rise from a distantˇdim line,