A.D. sinia, and the Province of Dârfûr. The tribute paid by him to the Porte amounted to nearly £700,000. During his reign the national debt of Egypt became so great, that a European Commission was appointed to enquire what steps should be taken in the matter. In 1879, as a result of pressure put upon the Porte, Isma'îl was dethroned, and Tewfik, his eldest son, was appointed to succeed him. 1880. 1881. 1882. Massacre of Europeans in June; bombardment of Alexandria by the English fleet in July; occupation of Egypt by English troops; defeat of ‘Arabi Pasha. 1885. Murder of Gordon, and the abandonment of the Sudân. 1886-1892. English troops continue to occupy Egypt, but the number of soldiers is being gradually reduced. Great financial and administrative reforms effected under the advice of English officials. Corvée abolished, a system of irrigation works established and perfected under the direction of Sir Colin Scott Moncrieff, taxes and interest on the Debt reduced, railways extended, and army re-modelled, etc. 1892. Death of Tewfik Pasha; accession of Abbâs Pasha his son. Δ THE COUNTRY OF EGYPT. The Ancient Egyptians called Egypt Baq or R& Baget; Fool Elfo Ta-merà; and Kamt. Baq seems to refer to Egypt as the olive-producing country, and Ta-merȧ as the land of the inundation; the name by which it is most commonly called in the inscriptions is Kam, i.e., “Black,” from the darkness of its soil. It was also called the "land of the sycamore," and the "land of the eye of Horus" (i.e., the Sun). It was divided by the Egyptians into two parts: I. Upper Egypt II. Lower Egypt 玉 Ta-qemä, “the southern land ;" and Ta-meḥ, "the northern land.” The kings of Egypt styled themselves suten net, "king of the North and South," and neb taui, "lord of two earths."* The country was divided into nomes, the number of which is variously given; the list given by some of the classical authorities contains thirty-six, but judging by the monuments the number was nearer forty. The nome (hesp) was divided into four parts; 1, the capital town (nut); 2, the cultivated land; 3, the marshes, which could only at times be used for purposes of cultivation; and 4, the canals, which had to be kept clear and provided with sluices, etc., * As ruler of the two countries, each king wore the crown which was made up of, the teser, or red crown, representing the northern part of Egypt, and, the het, or white crown, representing the southern part of Egypt. for irrigation purposes. During the rule of the Greeks Egypt was divided into three parts: Upper, Central, and Lower Egypt; Central Egypt consisted of seven nomes, and was called Heptanomis. 2. Tes-Ḥeru. 3. Ten. times Nubt (Ombos). Teb (Apollinopolis magna, Heru - Beḥu Arab. Uṭfu or Edfû). Necheb (Eileithyia), in later Necheb. Esneh. Uast (Thebes), in later Åmen-Rā. times Hermonthis. tet. 4. Uast. 5. Ḥerui. Kebti (Coptos). 6. Ãa-ti. Taenterer (Denderah). 7. Sechem. Ḥa (Diospolis parva). Amsu. Hathor (Het Hert). Hathor. 15. Tehuti. 16. Char. Pa-Teḥuti (Hermopolis). Pabaneb-tet (Mendes). 17. Sam-beḥutet. Pa-chen-en-Amen (Dios chati. Isis. Anḥur. Rā. Horus. Thoth. Ba-neb-tet Bast. Uat'. Sept. Kesem (Phakussa). Egypt proper terminates at Aswân (Syene); the territory south of that town for a certain distance on each side of the river Nile is called Nubia. The races who lived there in very early times caused the Egyptians much trouble, and we know from the tomb-inscriptions at Aswân that expeditions were sent against these peoples by the |