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among our most valuable object-lessons, offering to ambitious, struggling teachers of the suburban districts practical suggestions in every branch of preparatory school-work.

I feel especial mention should be made of the collection of colonial and historical relics presented by the distinguished order of the Daughters of the Revolution and Colonial Dames from the various states, and especially of Georgia, well calculated, indeed, to rekindle the fires of their patriotism and awaken new interest in their illustrious ancestry. And, last, but not least, the building now under way and soon to be completed, and to contain ever-tobe-treasured relics of interest-a labor of love in its inception and erection-by the Daughters of the Confederacy, and who, not wanting in loyalty and devotion to this now happily reunited union, would thus perpetuate the heroism of those near and dear to them, and the story of whose valor and devotion, though to a lost cause, will never die, but, to the common glory of this now united country, will forever illuminate the page of its history.

MRS. JOSEPH THOMPSON, President of the Board of Woman Managers.

CHICKAMAUGA-
CHATTANOOGA PARK

NE of the most interesting and significant monumental enterprises ever undertaken was brought to completion on the 18th, 19th and 20th of September, at Chattanooga and the vicinity, in the dedication of the Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park, in connection with the reunion of the Army of the Cumberland. The field of Chickamauga, ten miles from the city of Chattanooga, where, on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, was fought the most desperate battle of the civil war in the West, is in itself a monumental field not less than that of Gettysburg or of Waterloo.

The plans for a monumental park have brought into one scheme a memorial not only of Chickamauga, but of the renewal of the contest at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, on the 24th and 25th of November, where Thomas, Hooker, and Sherman carried the Union lines to a great victory under the direct command of Grant; and with the remarkable opportunities afforded by the character of the ground, there has been made, under the

auspices of the United States, a park which will be to the whole nation, through many future generations, one of the most interesting resorts on the continent.

The extent of the park may be seen from the fact that visitors find one straight drive extending its whole length of twenty miles through famous fighting-grounds. It includes the crest of Missionary Ridge for seven miles, representing the entire front of General Bragg's (Confederate) last line of battle. Hooker's field, on Lookout Mountain, and the top of Lookout Mountain itself; Sherman's battleground at Tunnel Hill; and Orchard Knob, the headquarters of Grant and Sherman during the battle, are parts of the park scheme. There are in the park ten square miles of the Chickamauga field with 5,000 acres of forest and 1,000 acres of open field. Miles of lines marked by tablets and monuments show the lines on which the great battles were fought.

The celebration of the first day, the 18th, was that of the dedication of monuments erected on the field of Chickamauga by those states which had troops engaged in the battle there. The State of Illinois dedicated twenty-nine individual monuments and five more are to be erected, besides two on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain. Each of the Illinois monuments is a huge, rectangular granite block weighing ten tons, and placed on a heavy granite pedestal. The States of Ohio and Indiana had large part also in the heroism and the losses of that desperate field, and these now have a large place in the placing of monuments on the field. The States also of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Massachusetts were represented in the battle, and have now a part in the monumental occupation of the field.

It is worthy of special remark that the great body of the troops engaged in what was one of the most hard-fought battles of the war, belonged to that section of the country which was made the "Northwest Territory" under the ordinance of 1787. From that territory were made the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. The ordinance which established the territory contained a provision excluding slavery from it forever. But for that provision no one can say that the weight of the Northwest would have been so

overwhelmingly strong for the Union in the war of 1860-1865. That war, in fact, hung upon the act of the men of 1787, who put into the ordinance for the establishment of the Northwest Territory the provision requiring every state to be made from it to be wholly a free state.

And it should forever be remembered that among those men of 1787 who thus played a decisive part in the future destiny of this continent, representatives of Virginia were foremost. The ordinance was carried, not against the opposition of, but with cordial aid from the South. It is one of the instances which strikingly manifest that the unity of our history dates from those great days of the Fathers in which were laid the foundations of our Union and of our government. The men of "Confederate" name and faith, who fell back at Gettysburg and Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge from desperately brave efforts to rend asunder the country on the line of the Potomac and Ohio, failed far less than is commonly supposed because of the strength, for a 100 years of the history, of the North and of its faith in union. What their fathers had done south of the Potomac and south of the Ohio, under the auspices of Virginia and her sister Southern States, had set in motion, long before confederate secession was thought of, a determination of destiny on this continent against which no possible efforts could prevail. That determination of destiny had created those states of the Northwest, whose regiments and batteries and leaders stood invincible on the field of Chickamauga and advanced with irresistible sweep over the crest of Missionary Ridge.

One other state has conspicuous part with the states of the Northwest in the monuments of Chickamauga,—the State of Massachusetts. Nothing could have been more appropriate. When Washington's troops, gathered at Newburgh, in New York, turned back from the finished tasks of the Revolution, with a suggestion from Washington that they try to get from the Union that was to be some little return for their labors in the shape of an interest in lands of the Far West beyond the Ohio, it was from Massachusetts that the suggestion was acted on, and Massachusetts was in closest alliance with Virginia in the establishment of the Northwest under the ordinance which dedicated that vast region to the exclu

sion of slavery. The soldiers of Massachusetts, who were on the field of Chickamauga, only completed the work which their fathers had begun.

The reunion of the Army of the Cumberland took place in the evening of the 18th, in Chattanooga. General Rosecrans, who was in command of the Union army at Chickamauga, and who is still living, though unable to be present at the celebration, is the president of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland. On the 19th took place the formal dedicatory exercises of the grand park on the spot where Longstreet, who took part in the dedication, made his memorable nine successive efforts to break the unyielding stand of Thomas, "the Rock of Chickamauga." The 20th witnessed the final stage of the great celebration.

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"There is coming to be a pretty general feeling that the editors of our magazines are making altogether too much of the quality of what they are pleased to call "timeliness" in the articles with which they regale their readers. The ambition of most of them is to secure discussions of topics which are of present importance. If they can succeed in gratifying that ambition they are not overscrupulous about the merits otherwise of the article. . . The ambition of many of them seems to be to get an article upon the most important subject at the shortest notice. This is bad in many ways. No valuable result can be achieved in this snapshot fashion. For, though the magazine be up to date,' it is not helpful to its readers. And yet its tendency is more and more in this direction."

"We do not think this condition of things will be permanent. Certainly we hope it will not. In the nature of things the magazine cannot do the work of the newspaper. A newspaper must be timely, or it is no newspaper. It is read, first of all, for its news. But with the magazine it is different. People go to that for the reasoned and matured views of trained writers and thinkers upon almost any subject that they may care to discuss. They do not get such views very often in the pages of our American periodicals, nor do they get much literature

outside of fiction. There are welcome signs of a growing impatience on the part of the public at the present condition of things."

The case as thus stated is an extremely serious one. Our best magazines have ceased to have magazine value. A review, once a classical publication, has sunk to the level of the Sunday newspaper. In fact, there is hardly a good Sunday newspaper sold for five cents which is not worth more than a half-dollar copy of this review. Nearly all the emphasis of the editors of this publication is put upon names that are especially before the public, and next after that upon topics of sensational interest. It matters very little what there will be under the name, or what the importance of the topic is, provided it has first-class selling merit. It would be hard to find in the history of letters a degradation more remarkable than that which has thus overtaken a review which once truly represented learning and literature in North America.

In our best familiar magazines, still occupying a high level, there is yet, of late, a most lamentable absence of topics which belong to anything more than the talk of the day. To a certain extent, what may be called the higher news is dealt with, but it is dealt with as news, and rarely with any result of learning or literature. It would be a boon to magazine-readers if magazine-editors would equip themselves with encyclopædias and with those works of science, history and literature which are especially representative, and undertake to make their pages a reflection of the best that can be found in such works. There never has been a time when so much wealth could be drawn upon; matter not only of importance, but capable of the most interesting treatment; and if the scholar could take the place of the news-reporter at the elbow of the magazine-editor, there might readily be made many fascinating chapters of entertainment and instruction and

inspiration, such as are hardly ever given at the present time.

THE NEW COTTON COMPRESS

The invention of the cotton-gin created, as was related in our article on Eli Whitney, the value of the cotton crop to the South. But of late it has begun to appear as if a crop excessive in amount was

likely to cost too much to return a profit to the planter at the price which cotton would bring. This emergency, however, seems to have been met by a new invention which promises to do as much for the value of the cotton crop to the planter as Whitney's invention did. It consists of a compress which takes the cotton from the gin and rolls it up into bales more compact by at least fifty per cent. than has been possible heretofore. The saving to the cotton-producer is from $2.50 to $4 per bale. By the old method the cotton was about half compressed in the locality of its production, and again compressed for shipment at New Orleans or other seaports. This involved paying double for railway freight from the point of production to the seaport as well as paying for the second compress.

The old plan required the use of jute bagging and iron ties at a considerable expense. The new plan winds the cylindrical bale in a cheap grade of cotton duck, giving it greatly improved protection at small cost. Under the old plan it was easy for a dishonest packer to put inferior cotton into the center of the bale, and this obliged purchasers to have large samples pulled out, to the loss in weight of the bale. Under the new plan no such cheating could be attempted. Three samples are taken by the compress-machine from different parts of the bale, and by these the quality of the whole can with certainty be known. The density of the compression is such that these new cotton-bales are practically fire-proof, and if thrown into the water they will not soak.

To the mill-owner the form of the new bale is especially desirable, because it unwinds like a roll of paper. In the old ginning process the cotton leaves the gin in a whirlwind of lint and dust, making a stifling atmosphere and carrying every moment danger of explosion and fire from any chance spark. The new compress-machine takes the cotton directly from the gin, passes it between compression cylinders placed horizontally face to face, and receives it on a steel core as fast as it comes from the condenser, giving it at the same time compression to the density of thirty-five pounds per cubic foot. The capacity of the press is one bale in fifteen minutes where the product of four gins is available. A five-hundredpound bale is only twenty-four inches in

diameter by four feet four inches long. As the cotton crop of this country is now about 8,000,000 bales annually it will be seen that the saving to cotton-producers is from $20,000,000 to $32,000,000.

NEW ELECTRICAL FIELDS.-The power of electricity to do heating under every variety of conditions, to handle all varieties of the atoms of matter, and to operate as a chemical and physical agent directly in and through all parts of the living system, necessarily gives it an almost unlimited field. Not only can it supply light by heating to brilliant incandescence either carbon or platinum, but it can no less readily fill any demand for heating, or for cooking by means of heating. It, with great sureness and refinement of action, executes plating and electrotyping. Its immense and irresistible energy attacks with complete success the difficulties of smelting and of the reduction of refractory ores. And with more than the power of miracle it comes to the help of the surgeon and the physician, on lines of medical efficiency almost coincident with those of creative energy.

SUCCESS OF THE ELECTRIC MOTOR.Thousands of electric motors are in daily use, displacing steam and gas engines and other forms of power motors. The secret of the electric motor's success everwhere lies in the fact that, for reliability, simplicity and certainty of operation, it has no peer in the motor field. It is compact, easily cared for, unfailingly sure, and, with a continuous rotatory motion, it can be applied to its work with a minimum of expense and complication. The sole question of its preferential use by industrial power-consumers is that of its cost, including the cost of operating and maintaining the motor. The last five years have brought the answer to this question to an extent not generally realized. In New York it is estimated that not less than 8,000 horse-power in electric motors is at present in use, and about 400 horse-power in Brooklyn, with not less than 25,000 additional horsepower in motors for the electric traction system in Brooklyn.

Great industrial establishments have found it economical to generate electric power in a central power-station, and dis

tribute it to electric motors operating in the various shops the lines of shafting, heavy tools, cranes, rolling-mills, etc. The ease and economy with which the electric power can be transmitted, and the high efficiency and low cost of maintenance of the electric motor, are the reasons why change to electric power has come as it has, and cannot fail to continue to come. The additional conversions of energy involved are accomplished in such large units, and under such conditions of economy, that there is an actual saving to an establishment using electric power throughout, instead of steam, or compressed air, or rope transmission.

The full story of the victory of the electric motor is told in the remarkable volume from which we elsewhere draw our account of the new works at Niagara.

MEDICAL ELECTRICITY.—In its summary of the literature of medicine, given in the current number (Sept. 7, 1895), the London Lancet calls especial attention to the value of a work, the description of which is as follows: "Medical Electricity: A practical Handbook for Students and Practitioners; by H. Lewis Jones. Second edition; 10s. 6d." The editor says:

"This is the best work on the subject in a small compass with which we are acquainted. Of course, it does not pretend to go as fully into the subject as the treatises of Von Ziemssen and Beard and Rockwell; but as a thoroughly practical guide to electrical diagnosis, the choice, preservation, and use of electrical apparatus for medical purposes, and method of application, it is unequalled. The illustrations are

a most useful feature of the work."

MEDICAL STUDY. - Medical students and others interested in medical study and medical literature, will find particularly valuable what is called "The Student's Number" of the London Lancet. It is of particular interest for its elaborate critical enumeration of books under the following heads: Anatomy, Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, Histology and Embryology, Chemistry and Physics, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Medicine, Surgery, Midwifery, Gynæcology, Diseases of Children, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Bacteriology, Medical Electricity, and Miscellaneous. Complete statistics are given in regard to all the medical institutions and great hos

pitals of Great Britain, including tables of classes, lecturers and fees at the medical schools; also an elaborate table of scholarships given in aid of medical study. An important section is devoted to "Public Health; Instruction for Diplomas in State Medicine." Dental Surgery" is fully reported upon in another section.

The Lancet is published weekly at 7d. The best way to obtain it is to send an order through a newsdealer to one of the great news companies.

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BARCUS'S "SCIENCE OF SELLING." A book of unique character and of special value to a large class of men engaged in business is Mr. J. S. Barcus's Science of Selling." It is a volume of nearly 200 pages, the design of which is to instruct "canvassers, drummers and clerks" in the art of being successful; an art in which the author is a past master. It was originally intended as a manual of the philosophy of the book-agent. A third of the work has this special purpose; but the remainder is calculated to interest salesmen and clerks of every class.

A notable characteristic of the book throughout is the assumption that the salesman is a gentleman and a man of culture; that he is governed by principle and good taste; that he carefully eschews the low arts of small trade. Those who have a right to speak on the subject will unquestionably unite in recognizing the fact that efforts in the direction of a science of selling have developed notable accomplishments in a very large class of men to whom business has been their particular education. They strikingly They strikingly illustrate the possibility of self-culture, and that along lines of judgment, taste and refinement, as well as energy and good sense, which no one can see without admiration. Mr. Barcus is to be congratulated upon his modest handbook of a science which has a very large place in the culture of the modern world.

THE THIRD-TERM SUPERSTITION. The question of a third term for the present occupant of the presidency is giving great unnecessary trouble to sagacious politicians. It has long been a familiar contention that a divine voice out of our history forbids even the thought of hav

ing any one man elected president for more than the second time. The truth is that this voice is a survival from one of the shallowest and most senseless contentions in the history of political science. That contention was that public office should be passed round from man to man, and let as many as possible have a chance. No conception even of sound civil service had made its appearance when this howling cry of selfish greed started on its course among the politicians as one of the decrees of heaven, writ large in the book of American liberty.

The truth is that American liberty, in the days of the infancy of American patriotism, was intensely and unblushingly selfish. The great Samuel said to the mighty John, "You have had your turn; stand aside and let me have mine." It is true that another feeling also played its part. It was thought that if an ablebodied man had a chance for even eight years he might improve it to make himself autocrat, king, dictator, or whatever chief bugbear it suited the imagination of the politician to set up. As a matter of fact, alarm on this score was never anything but senseless to the last degree.

And turning wholly from the considerations of inexperience and of uninstructed imagination to considerations of political science, nothing can be more simple than the contention that a man who has obtained the confidence of the nation during two presidential terms, is of all men the man whom the nation might wisely trust for as many more terms as circumstances permit him to be called to and to serve in. The principle proves a sound one in the case of eminent members of the Senate of the United States. It is the same principle which has unquestioned force in the instance of the higher judiciary of the nation. Does anybody believe that six terms in the presidency of John Sherman would be any less a success than six terms of the same man in the United States Senate? The simplest rule of civil service is to continue a public servant of high qualifications and large success in any office which he has already occupied for two terms. There is no reason whatever why the country should not give Mr. Cleveland a third term, and a fourth, if the country wants that kind of man and that kind of president which Mr. Cleveland has been. will be a happy thing for the United

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