EURYALE-EUSEBIUS. winter will not grow in the north-and scarcely even in the centre of E.-but they advance along the western coast under the influence of the maritime climate. Thus the myrtle-although not indigenous-grows even in the south of England. Amongst plants, the date palm, and amongst animals a species of ape, are found in the south of E. (the ape only on the Rock of Gibraltar); whilst some strictly African birds are frequent visitants, and many birds-as the cuckoo, swallow, &c.-are common to E. and Africa, inhabitants in summer even of very northern regions, and returning in winter to the warm south. Of the plants now most commonly associated in our thoughts with the southern countries of E., many have probably been introduced from Africa, or from the East. This has probably been the case even with the myrtle, and certainly has been the case with the vine, the olive, the orange, lemon, &c., the fig, the peach, the almond, the apricot, &c. Some of the most extensively cultivated fruits are certainly indigenous to E., as the apple, pear, plum, and cherry, although even of these the first improved varieties may have been introduced from the earlier seats of civilisation in the East. Among the wild animals of E. at the present day, the aurochs or bison is still reckoned; and the ox existed at no very remote period in a truly wild state. The reindeer inhabits the extreme north of E.; the elk, the stag, the fallow-deer, and the roebuck, are found in more southern regions; the ibex or bouquetin exists on the high central mountains; two species of antelope-the chamois of the Alps, and the saiga of the Russian plains-connect the European fauna with the Asiatic and African. Of carnivorous animals, the most worthy of notice are the bear, the wolf, the fox, and the lynx. The abundance of lakes and streams in the northern parts of E. is accompanied with a corresponding abundance of water-fowl (Anatida) and of fish. Of the latter, the Salmonida are the most valuable, and the Cyprinide next to them. The European seas afford valuable fisheries, particularly of herring and of cod in the north, and of tunny, anchovy, &c., in the Mediterranean. The common hive bee and the Ligurian bee may probably be regarded as natives of Europe. The silk-worm was introduced from the East. Another valuable insect, the cochineal insect, was introduced from America; but the Cantharis, or Blistering Fly, is truly indigenous to the south of Europe. EURYALE, a genus of plants of the natural order Nymphaeacea, or Water-lilies, closely allied to VICTORIA (q. v.), although of very different appearance. E. ferox is a water-lily with small red or violet-coloured flowers, leaves about a foot in diameter, the leaf-stalks and calyces covered with stiff prickles; a native of India and China. The fruit is round, soft, pulpy, and of the size of a small orange, composed of a number of carpels, and containing round black seeds as large as peas, which are full of a nutritious agreeable farina, and are eaten roasted. The root-stock also contains starch, which may be separated and used for food; and the root itself is eaten. The plant is said to have been in cultivation in China for upwards of 3000 years. EUSEBIUS, of Cæsarea, the father of ecclesiastical history, was born in Palestine about 264 A. D. He took the surname of Pamphili from his friend Pamphilus, Bishop of Caesarea, whom he faithfully attended for the two years (307–309) in which he suffered imprisonment during the persecution of Diocletian. He then went to Tyre, and afterwards to Egypt, where he himself was thrown into prison on account of his religion. In 315, he succeeded Agapius as Bishop of Cæsarea, took a prominent part at the Council of Nice in 327, and died about 340.-E. was the head of the semi-Arian or moderate party in the Council of Nice. That party were averse to discussing the nature of the Trinity, and would have preferred the simplicity of Scripture language in speaking about the Godhead to the metaphysical distinctions of either side. They regarded Trinitarianism, on the one hand, as logically indefensible, but, on the other, they recognised the fact, that Scripture sometimes spoke of the Son in terms not compatible with the views of Arius, and therefore they wished each man to enjoy the utmost freedom in his interpretation of Scripture on this point. E. thought that the great thing was to lay to heart the truth, that God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth on him should not perish, but have everlasting life.' The promise is to him that believeth on him, not, he argues, to him that knows how he is generated from the Father. He was very reluctant to accept the term homoousios (of the same substance), devised by Athanasius to describe the equality of the Son with the Father, and retained the kindliest feelings towards Arius after the views of the latter were condemned. His moderation and other excellent qualities procured him the favour of Constantine, who declared that he was fit to be the bishop of almost the whole world. E. has the reputation of being the most learned Father of the church after Origen. His chief works are-1. The Chronicon, a history of the world down to the celebration of Constantine's Vicennalia at Nicomedeia and Rome, 327 and 328 A. D. It is valuable as containing extracts from such writers as Berosus, Sanchoniathon, Polyhistor, Cephalion, and Manetho. It was first published in a complete state by Mai and Zohrab, at Milan, in 1818,' from an Armenian MS. version discovered at Constantinople. 2. The Præparatio Evangelica, in 15 books, a collection of such statements in old heathen authors as were fitted to make the mind regard the evidences of Christianity in a favourable light. It was translated into Latin, and appeared at Treviso in 1480. The Greek text was first published at Paris in 1544. 3. Demonstratio Evangelica, in 20 books, a work intended to convince the Jews of the truth of Christianity from the evidence of their own Scriptures. A Latin version of this was printed as early as 1498; the Greek original did not appear till 1544, when it was published along with the Præparatio History, in ten books. This relates the principal 4. The Ecclesiastical at Paris, by R. Stephens. Church till the year 324, and contains the results of occurrences which took place in the Christian his studies in numerous libraries, and even in the ordered, at E.'s request, an examination of all docuimperial archives, the Emperor Constantine having ments relative to the history of martyrs. drawback of the work is, that E., on principle, withholds all account of the wickedness and dissensions of Christians, inasmuch as he did not consider such stories for the edification of the church. translation of the work by Rufinus was published at Rome in 1474; the Greek text at Paris in 1549, and at Geneva in 1612. Among the more recent editions are those of Heinichen (Leip. 1827) and The Ecclesiastical History Burton (Oxford, 1838). has been translated into English, German, French, &c. Besides the foregoing works, may be mentioned the De Martyribus Palestine, a book against Hierocles; another against Marcellus; and a Life of Constantine. The first edition of all E.'s works appeared at Basel in 1542. One A Latin 167 EUSEBIUS-EUTERPE. discoveries are recorded in his Opuscula Anatomica, published at Venice in 1563. He was the first anatomical writer who illustrated his works with good engravings on copper. The Tabule Anatomica, which he was probably unable to publish in consequence of the poverty of which he complains in the introduction to which we have already referred, did not appear until 1714, when they were edited, with explanatory remarks, by Lancisi. Their value is sufficiently evidenced by the fact, that Albinus published a new edition, with an excellent Latin commentary, in 1743, at Leyden; that Bonn published a Dutch edition in 1798 at Amsterdam; and that a German edition appeared in 1800. Lauth, in his History of Anatomical Discovery, remarks that if the Tabula had appeared in E.'s lifetime, anatomy would have attained the perfection of the 18th c., nearly 200 years earlier. E., Vesalius, and Fallopius may be regarded as the three great founders of modern anatomy. EUSE'BIUS, of Emisa, was born at Edessa, the teeth, and the structure of the kidney. These studied at Alexandria, and was the pupil of Eusebius Pamphili, and the friend of Eusebius of Nicomedia. Averse to all theological controversies, he declined the bishopric of Alexandria, vacant by the deposition of Athanasius. He was afterwards, however, appointed Bishop of Emisa, but during his ordination, a Christian mob, accusing him of mathematics' and magic, created a tumult, and obliged him to flee for his life. Subsequently, he returned to Emisa, where he was 'tolerated,' in spite of his dangerous knowledge! He died at Antioch in 360. The Emperor Constantius was much attached to E., and used to take him with him on his military expeditions. E. was accused of Sabellianism (q. v.), and Jerome calls him 'the ringleader of the Arian party.' Jerome, however, was rash in his epithets, and it is more probable that he belonged to the party of his namesake of Cæsarea, the Semi-Arians, or peaceparty, who wished the doctrine of the Godhead expressed in the language of Scripture, and not of theology. The homilies extant under his name have been published by Augusti (Elberf. 1829). The genuine ones display great eloquence. Other writings by him, as, for example, the Quæstiones XX. Evangelica, and part of the Commentarius in Lucam, were published by Mai, in the Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio (vol. i. Rome, 1825). See Thilo, Ueber die Schriften des E. von Emisa (Halle, 1832). EUSE BIUS, of Nicomedia, Patriarch of Constantinople, born towards the end of the 3d c., was first tutor to the Emperor Julian, to whom he was related by the mother's side; then Bishop of Beryta (Beyrout), in Syria, and afterwards of Nicomedia. In order to secure his position, he appeared as the defender of Arius at the Council of Nice, and afterwards placed himself at the head of the Arian party. Under the Emperor Constantine, whom he baptized in 337, he became Patriarch of Constantinople. He died in the year 342, after having, in the previous year, held an assembly of the church for the establishment of Arianism at Antioch. It is not easy to get at his real character. We have no ecclesiastical works by Arian writers, our only sources of information as regards the character and opinions of that party being their enemies-the orthodox party; yet, making the ordinary allowance for partisanship, there would seem to be sufficient reason for concluding that E. was cunning and double-tongued when occasion required, and imperious and violent when he had power in his hands. Athanasius considered him not the disciple, but rather the teacher of Arius. From him the Arians are sometimes styled Eusebians. See Neander, Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii. p. 773, &c. EUSTACHIAN TUBE. See EAR. anatomist, who was born in the early part of the 16th c., and died in 1574. Few particulars are known regarding his life, but we learn from the was professor of medicine in the Collegio della Sapienza at Rome. His name is indelibly associated with anatomical science, through his discoveries of the tube in the auditory apparatus, and the valvular structure in the heart, which have been called after him. He was the first to give an accurate description of the thoracic duct, and was probably the first to notice and describe the stapes (one of the chain of small bones crossing the tympanic cavity of the ear), a discovery which, however, Fallopius assigns to Ingrassias. He likewise contributed materially to the diffusion of more accurate knowledge regarding the development and evolution of introduction to one of his works, that in 1562 he EUSTA THIUS, the celebrated Greek commentator on Homer and the geographer Dionysius, was born at Constantinople. He was at first a monk, then a deacon and teacher of rhetoric in his native city, and, in the year 1155, was appointed Archbishop of Thessalonica, where he died in 1198. E was profoundly versed in the ancient classic authors, and a man of prodigious acquirements, as is proved by his commentaries. The number of authors whom he quotes is almost incredible, and the value of his quotations is heightened by the consideration, that most of the works from which he extracts are no longer extant. His most important work is his Commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer. The first edition appeared at Rome 1542-1550; the last at Leip. 1825-1829. The work is open to objection on the score of method, and is diffuse and digressive, but it is nevertheless a vast mine of knowledge for students of Homer. Of a similar character is E.'s Commentary on Dionysius, first printed by Stephens (Paris, 1547), and lastly in Bernhardy's edition of Dionysius (Leip. 1828). Of his commentary on the hymns of Pindar, only the Proxmium has come down to us. It was first published by Tafel in 1832, along with E.'s theological treatises and letters. EUSTATIUS, ST, one of the Dutch West India Islands, lies near the north-east bend of the great arch of the Antilles, about twelve miles to the north-west of St Christopher. Lat. 17° 31' N., and long. 63° 5' W. Area, 190 square miles. St E. is a pyramidal rock of volcanic formation, shewing two extinct craters, and being still subject to earthquakes. Hurricanes also of intense severity occur, more particularly in August and September. Along its entire circuit of 29 miles, St E. has only one landing-place, which, besides being difficult of access, is strongly fortified. The whole mountain is mercial crops, such as sugar, cotton, and tobacco, fertile, producing in abundance not merely com but also provisions of various kinds, such as maize, hogs, goats, and poultry. Pop. about 2000. EUTE'RPE (i. e., she who delights), one of the nine Muses, was the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne She was the muse of lyric poetry, and is represented in ancient works of art with a flute in her hand. See MUSES. EUTE'RPE, a genus of palms, having male and female flowers intermingled on the same spadix, the spadices springing from beneath the leaves; the spathe entire, membranaceous, and deciduous. They are very elegant palms; with lofty, slender, smooth, faintly ringed stems; and pinnate leaves, forming a graceful feathery plume; the bases of the leaf-stalks 5 EUTROPIUS-EVANGELICAL. sheathing far down the stem, and so forming a thick column of several feet in length at its summit. To this genus the cabbage palm of the West Indies, and the Assai palm of the banks of the Amazon, are often referred. See ARECA and ASSAI. EUTROPIUS, a Latin historian, concerning whom we only know that he filled the office of secretary to the Emperor Constantine, fought against the Persians under Julian, and was still alive in the reign of Valens. The period of his death is unknown. His Breviarum Historiæ Romanæ, giving a short narrative of Roman history from the foundation of the city to the time of the Emperor Valens, is written in an extremely simple and pure style, and appears to have been originally intended for the use of schools. It became very popular as the taste for original investigation declined, in that dark period between the death of the old world and the birth of the new; and is either copied or followed by the early monkish annalists. An edition with enlargements, however, was published by Paul, son of Warnefrid ud Theodolinda, generally known as Paulus Diaconus. Others continued it down to the year 813. The History existed in three distinct forms at the revival of letters: there was first the genuine work of E. in ten books; second, the expanded editions of Paul; and third, a very complete, but also largely interpolated copy contained in the Historia Miscella. The editio princeps, printed at Rome in 1471, was from the impure text of Paul. The best editions in modern times are those of Tzschucke (Leip. 1796, improved 1804), and of Grosse (Halle, 1813; Leip. 1825). EUTYCHES, a Byzantine ecclesiastic of the 5th c., and a zealous but unskilful representative of the dogmatic opinions of Cyril of Alexandria. In opposing the doctrines of Nestorius, he fell into the opposite extreme, and taught that after the union of the two natures in Jesus Christ, the human nature was absorbed in the divine; an opinion which spread extensively through the Álexandrian Church. E. was in consequence summoned before a synod at Constantinople in the year 448, and deposed by Flavianus, patriarch of that city; but his cause was warmly espoused by the eunuch Chrysaphius, chief minister of the Emperor Theodosius II, and Dioscurus, Bishop of Alexandria, who were both opposed to Flavianus. Chrysaphius induced the emperor to call a general council at Ephesus in the following year, under the presidency of Dioscurus. Measures were taken beforehand to secure a triumph over the anti-Eutychians. Soldiers were admitted to the deliberations of the council, to overawe the party of Flavianus; while a crowd of fierce Egyptian monks, devotedly attached to whatever was popular in Alexandria, or had been countenanced by their old pupil Cyril, drowned by their fanatical outcries the voices of those who ventured to speak against Eutyches. The result was that the judgment of the previous council was reversed; Flavianus and his adherents were deposed, and the doctrine of E. affirmed to be orthodox, and in accordance with the Nicene creed. His triumph, however, lasted only two years; in 451, Eutychianism was pronounced heresy at the Council of Chalcedon, attended by 650 bishops; and in opposition to his views, it was declared that in Christ the two natures were united without confusion or conversion of substance. Nothing further is known concerning E., except that Leo wrote to the Emperor Marcian to banish him from the capital. The sect of Eutychians, however, under the name of Monophysites, continued to exist quietly for a century after his death, in the Armenian, Ethiopian, and Coptic churches, when it awoke to new life under the auspices of Jacob Baradæus, who died Bishop of Edessa, 588 A. D. His followers were called Jacobites, and have perpetuated the Monophysite doctrine in the Armenian and Coptic churches to the present day. See Neander, Kirchengeschichte, vol. iii. p. 1079, &c. EU'XINE (Gr. Euxinos, hospitable) is the name applied by the ancients to the Black Sea (q. v.). Before receiving this name it was called Axenos Pontos, the inhospitable sea, because of the black and turbulent weather so frequently ascribed to it by the ancient poets, and the reported cannibalism of the Scythian tribes who lined its northern shores. It seems to have been called the Euxine, or hospitable sea, after the establishment of Greek colonies on its borders, and when its waters were thrown open to Greek commerce. EVA'NDER, a semi-mythical Grecian hero of antiquity, was, according to Roman traditions, the son of Hermes, by Carmenta or Tiburtis. About 60 years before the Trojan war, he is said to have led a Pelasgian colony from Pallantium, in Arcadia, to Italy, and to have landed on the banks of the Tiber, and near the foot of the Palatine Hill. Here he built a town, naming it Pallantium, after the one in Arcadia. At a later period, it was incorporated with Rome, and is affirmed to have originated the names Palatinus and Palatium. Tradition represented E. as having done much to introduce the habits of social life among his neighbours; he prescribed for them milder laws, and taught them, among other arts, those of music and writing. To him is also ascribed the introduction of the worship of the Lycæan Pan, with that of Demeter, Poseidon, and other deities. Virgil represents him as being still alive when Æneas arrived in Latium after the sack of Troy. E. was worshipped both. at Pallantium, in Arcadia, and at Rome. 6 EVANGELICAL is an adjective derived from the Gr. euangelion, good news,' or 'the Gospel,' and is applied in general to anything which is marked by the spirit of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Thus, we speak of an evangelical sermon, of evangelical piety, evangelical views, &c., though it is but right to mention that the term 'evangelical' in such a connection is used by a portion of the religious community to denote, not so much a spirit or sentiment resembling that of the Saviour, but certain peculiar theological opinions, which are held to constitute the only true and complete expression of Christian belief. In England and Scotland, dissenters have generally laid claim to be considered more 'evangelical' than the national churches-i. c., they conceive that they have borne, and still bear, more decided testimony than their brethren of the Establishment to the truth of such doctrines as the total depravity of human nature, the imputation of Adam's sin to his posterity, the expiatory character of Christ's sufferings, justification by faith in the atoning efficacy of these sufferings, &c. In the Anglican Church, however, the rise of the Puseyite or Tractarian party has brought into prominence an antagonistic party, resembling dissenters very much in their theological tenets. This party calls itself, par excellence, Evangelical.'-In Prussia, the term Evangelical has been employed by the government since 1817 to designate the national Protestant Church, formed by the union of the Reformed or Calvinistic and the Lutheran Churches, a union unhappily too much enforced by severe and even coercive measures, and which, partly on that account, and partly from the invincible repugnance of the more extreme or High Church Lutherans, has not been so perfectly accomplished as the government wished. See PRUSSIA. |