EYE-PIECE-EZRA.

and white or reddish flowers streaked with purple, of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, announces the appearing singly in the axils of the leaves. It is complete overthrow of the kingdom of Judah, on very abundant in many pastures, and even on high account of its increasing unfaithfulness to God; mountains, where-as in the second (chapters 25-32) threatens the surroundvery northern regions-it ing nations, which were exulting maliciously over is often to be seen of only the ruin of Judah, with divine punishment; and an inch in height, gemming the third (chapters 33-48) prophesies the future the ground abundantly deliverance of the Hebrew nation, and the rebuildwith its bright little ing of Jerusalem. This last portion is generally flowers. It is a very believed to contain several Messianic predictions, widely distributed plant, three of which are considered specially remarkable a native of most parts of (chaps. 36-37, 38-39, and 40-48); and it is Europe, the north of Asia, beyond all question that only under a world-wide the Himalaya, &c. It was dispensation like the Christian, can the glorious once in great repute as a visions of the prophet receive a historical realisation. cure for ophthalmia, and The book is full of magnificent but artificial symis still much used in rustic bolism, and of allegories difficult to understand; practice for diseases of the whence Jerome calls it 'a labyrinth of the mysteries eye. A spot on the corolla, of God;' but here and there, as in chapters 1st something like a pupil, and 2d, it contains visions that indicate the possesgave it much of its reputa- sion on the part of E. of a most vivid and sublime tion, whilst the fanciful imagination. E.'s authorship of the book has been doctrine of signatures pre- questioned. The Talmud says, it was written by vailed in medicine; but it the Great Synagogue, of which E was not a has been found really effica- member; and Ewald, believing that traces of later cious in catarrhal inflam- elaboration are quite obvious, suggests that the mations of the eye, and in collection and combination of the various prophecies other catarrhal affections. into a book may not have been the prophet's It is a weak astringent. It is the Euphrasy of own doing. The opinion of most critics, however, Milton, with which he represents the archangel is, that a prophet who was so much of a literary Michael as purging the visual nerve of Adam. artist as E., was more likely to have completed the book himself than to have left such a work to others. The text is far from being in a perfect condition. It is partly corrupted by glosses, has partly been retouched by later hands, and may often be amended by the Septuagint version. The best commentaries on the book of Ezekiel are those of Hävernick (Erlangen, 1843) and Hitzig (Leip. 1847).

Common Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis).

EYE-PIECE, the name given to the microscope by means of which the image of the object formed in the focus of a telescope is observed. See

TELESCOPE.

EYLAU, usually called Prussian Eylau, a town in the government of Königsberg, and 22 miles south of the town of that name, contains about 3000 inhabitants, and is celebrated for the battle fought there between Napoleon and the allies-Russians and Prussians-under Bennigsen, February 8, 1807; The French force amounted to about 80,000, and the allies numbered 58,000, but were superior in artillery. The battle was opened soon after day light by a furious attack made by the French left on the Russian right and centre, which, however, proved utterly unsuccessful, the attacking corps being all but completely destroyed. The murderous struggle was repeatedly renewed, and the promise of victory alternated now to the one side and now to the other. Night closed upon the whole allied line pressing onward and driving the French before them. Nevertheless, the victory is generally claimed by the latter, chiefly because the allied forces, unable to recruit their strength, were ordered to retreat from the field on the night of the battle, and to retire upon Königsberg. The loss of the allies is estimated at about 20,000, while that of the French must have been considerably greater.

EZEKIEL (meaning God will strengthen,' or 'strength of God'), one of the Hebrew prophets, was the son of the priest Buzi, and along with Jehoiachin, king of Judah, was carried captive, when still a young man, to Mesopotamia, by order of Nebuchadnezzar, about 598 B. C. He was a member of the Jewish community which settled on the banks of the river Chebar, and first appeared as a prophet about the year 594 B. C. His prophetic career extended over a period of 22 years. The date of his death is not recorded.-The book of Ezekiel consists of three great parts: the first (chapters 1-24), composed before the final conquest

210

Christ. He was descended from a distinguished EZRA, a Jewish lawgiver of the 5th c. before priestly family, and was resident in Babylon in the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus. With this monarch he seems to have been in considerable favour, and in the year 478 B. C. obtained permission to return to Jerusalem with a band of his countrymen amounting to 1754. His services to the new colony in regard to their civil and religious condition were very important. He endeavoured to re-impose more strictly the law of Moses, forbidding such ties where they had been formed. He also marriages with heathen women, and disannulling introduced into Jewish literature the square Chaldee character, instead of the old Hebrew or Samaritan one, which had been customary till then; but the tradition that he re-wrote from memory the sacred books burned at the destruction of the temple, deserves no regard; and it is likewise a mere tradition that as president of the so-called Great Synagogue (an assemblage of Jewish scholars) he arranged and completed the canon of the Old Testament. See BIBLE-The book called by his name, along with the book of Nehemiah, formed, among the Jews, the first and second books of Ezra. It records events which extended over a period of nearly 80 years, and divides itself naturally into two parts. The first six chapters embrace a period of 21 years, and relate the history of the first return from the Babylonish captivity; the rest of the book chronicles the second return under Ezra the priest, in the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus. The book is partly written in Chaldee, and is probably the work of various authors.

F

FAAM, or FAHAM (Angræcum fragrans), an orchid, native of India and the Mascarene Isles, of its leaves, which is owing to the presence of much prized in the East for the delightful fragrance Coumarin (q. v.), and resembles that of the Tonka Bean and of Vernal Grass. In the Isle of Bourbon, an infusion of F. leaves is in great repute as a cure for pulmonary consumption and as a stomachic. In France, it has been successfully employed, under the name of Isle of Bourbon Tea, as an expectorant, anti-spasmodic and stomachic.

THE sixth letter in the Latin and i F, in Music, is the fourth note of the natural English alphabets, corresponding to diatonic scale of C, and stands in proportion to C the Vau of the Hebrew, and the as 4 to 3, and is a perfect fourth above C as fundaDigamma (q. v.) of the old Greek mental note. F major, as a key, has one flat at its alphabet. See ALPHABET. F and v signature-viz., B flat. F minor has four flats the are called labio-dentals, from the same as A flat major, of which it is the relative organs employed in producing them; minor. they belong to the class of consonants called Aspirates (q. v.), and bear the same relation to each other that exists between the unaspirated labials p and b. In Latin, fhad a peculiar sound, different from that of Greek 4, as we learn from Cicero and other Latin writers. What the sound was, we do not exactly know, but it approached to the nature of a strongly breathed h, as is indicated by the fact, that in the Sabine dialect it sometimes takes the place of h, as Sab. fircus Lat. hircus (a he-goat); and the Latins made use both of faba and haba for a bean.' This affinity is also shewn in modern Spanish, where h takes the place of the Latin f; as Lat. femina, Sp. hembra; f becomes, in Spanish, l, as Lat. flamma Sp. llama. F, in English and other Teutonic tongues, corresponds to p in Greek and Latin; as Lat. and Gr. pater Eng. father; Gr. pod-, Lat. ped- Eng. foot; Lat. pisc- Eng. fish; Gr. pur Eng. fire; Lat. vulp-Eng. wolf. In some words, v takes the place in German of ƒ in English; as Ger. vater = Eng. father; Ger. vier Eng. four. In the Aberdeenshire dialect, f takes the place of wh, as fat for what; fup for whip. This seems to be a relic of the Teutonic pronunciation of w (v), still to be observed in the Cockney pronunciation of vill for will, ven for when; but why the sharpening of the labial into ƒ should be confined to one circumscribed district of Scotland, and to the case of w followed by h, it is hard to say.

=

=

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=

Fin Lat. and Greek becomes b in Eng.; as Gr. and Lat. ferEng. bear; Lat. frater Eng. brother. See Letter B. More remarkable are the interchanges between ƒ and the series d, th, t. Lat. foris Gr. thura, Eng. door; Lat. fera Gr. ther, Eng. deer; Eng. red, Sans. ruthira, Gr. eruthros, Lat. rutilus, rufus, ruber. In Russian, Feodor, Afanasja Theodor, Athanasia. In words originally common to both Greek and Latin, the Greek is represented in Lat. by f; as Gr. Onun Lat. fama. But in spelling Greek words with Latin letters, the Romans, after the time of Cicero, were careful to represent e, not by f, which had a somewhat different power, but by ph. This mode of spelling words derived from Greek is still adhered to in English, German, and French, although the distinction in sound has long been lost sight of. The distinction began to disappear in the Latin itself in the time of the later Roman emperors, when inscriptions shew such spelling as Afrodite for Aphrodite; and this simplification is followed in modern Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. Ph is sometimes erroneously used in words having no connection with Greek; as Adolphus, for the Teutonic Adolf or Adalolf-i. e., 'noble wolf.'

FABACEÆ. See LEGUMINOSÆ.

son.

FA'BER is the name of two artists, father and John F., the elder, was born in Holland, where he acquired a knowledge of the art of mezzotinto-engraving. Subsequently, he came to England, and died at Bristol, May 1721. His works do not exhibit much talent.-The younger F., also called John, obtained, however, a high reputation as an engraver in mezzotinto. His principal works are the portraits of the Kit-Cat Club, and the Beauties of Hampton Court, several of which are executed with great freedom, vigour, and beauty. F: lived in London, where he is believed to have died in 1756.

FABER, REV. GEORGE STANLEY, a learned and voluminous divine of the Anglican Church, was the eldest son of the Rev. Thomas Faber, and was born 25th October 1773. He entered University College, Oxford, in 1789, where he achieved a brilliant academical reputation. Before his 21st year, he was elected Fellow and Tutor of Lincoln College. In 1796, he took his degree of M.A.; was Bampton Lecturer for 1801, in which capacity he delivered the lectures subsequently published under the title of Hora Mosaica; and in 1805 became vicar of Stockton-on-Tees, in the county of Durham. After several changes, he received from Bishop Van Mildert, in 1832, the mastership of Sherburn Hospital, near the city of Durham, where he died 27th January 1854. F. wrote upwards of forty works, several of which, especially those upon prophecy, have enjoyed a very extensive popularity. All his writings are marked by strong masculine sense, extensive classical erudition, and a hearty love of hypothesis.' The principal are- -The Genius and Object of the Patriarchal, the Levitical, and the Christian Dispensations (1823, 2 vols.); The Diffi culties of Infidelity (1824); The Sacred Calendar of Prophecy (1828, 3 vols.); The Primitive Doctrine of Election (1836), reckoned by some critics the most valuable of all F.'s writings; The Primitive Doctrine of Justification (1837); and Eight Dissertations

FABIUS-FABLIAU.

upon the Prophetical Promises of a Mighty Deliverer going forth to anoint a king over them, he made use (1845, 2 vols.).

FA'BIUS, the name of one of the oldest and most illustrious patrician families of Rome. Three brothers of this name alternately held the office of consul for seven years (485-479 B. C.). In 479, the Fabii, under K. Fabius Vibulanus, migrated to the banks of the Cremera, a small stream that flows into the Tiber a few miles above Rome. Here, two years after, they were decoyed into an ambuscade by the Veientes, with whom they had been at war, and, with the exception of one member, who had remained at Rome, and through whom the race was perpetuated, the entire gens, consisting of 306 men, were put to the sword. The most eminent of the Fabii were Quintus Fabius Rullianus -supposed to have been the first who obtained for himself and his family the surname of Maximus --and his descendant, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, named Cunctator, the Delayer. The former was the most eminent of the Roman generals in the second Samnite war, and was twice dictator, and six times consul. The latter, who, in the course of his career, was five times consul, and twice censor, was elected dictator immediately after

the defeat of the Romans at Trasimenus. The

of a fable proper. The peculiarity, therefore, of

the structure of the fable consists in the transference to inanimate objects, or, more frequently, to the lower animals, of the qualities of rational beings. By the very novelty and utter impossibility of the representation, the interest of the hearer or reader is excited, and thus its symbolic meaning and moral become transparent to him, at least if the fable is well contrived. The ancient fabulists tions. They seem to have sprung up in the East. were simple, clear, and earnest in their representaAmong the more celebrated are Bidpai (q. v.), or Pilpai, and the Arabian Lokman, who is said to have lived in the time of King David. Among the Greeks, the greatest name is that of Esop (9. :), whose fables, at a much later period-the by a certain Babrius (q. v.). Among the Romans, precise time is not exactly known-were versified Phædrus cleverly imitated sop, but with considerable modifications, thus giving a certain amount of independent value to his work. It is perhaps worth mentioning here, that the well-known fable of the Town Mouse and Country Mouse, told by Horace, is of purely Roman origin, and is probably the only one in existence of which that can be peculiar line of tactics which he observed in the entering on the dark ages, we encounter the name affirmed. Leaving the classical period, and before second Punic war obtained for him the surname by of Aphthonius, who flourished in the early part of which he is best known in history. Hanging on the 4th century, and who wrote indifferent fables in the heights like a thundercloud, to which Hannibal Greek prose; and still later, the name of Flavius himself compared him, and avoiding a direct Avianus, who composed forty-two, no better, in engagement, he tantalised the enemy with his Latin elegiacs. During the dark ages, the fable in caution, harassed them by marches and counter- various forms appears to have been cultivated in marches, and cut off their stragglers and foragers, the monasteries, although nothing meritorious has i while at the same time his delay allowed Rome to survived; but in the middle ages, it acquired fresh assemble her forces in greater strength. This policy life and vigour. An edition of the fables current in -which has become proverbial as 'Fabian policy' Germany in the time of the Minnesingers has been -although the wisest in the circumstances, was neither appreciated in the camp nor at home; and fabulist is Stricker, who lived about the middle of published by Bodmer. The oldest known German shortly after, Marcus Minucius Rufus, Master of the the 13th c.; but the famous medieval fable of Horse, was raised to an equal share in the dictator-Reineke Fuchs, or the History of Reynard the Fox ship, a position, however, which he occupied but for a short time. During his fifth consulship, Fabius recovered Tarentum, which had long been one of Hannibal's important positions. He died in 203 C. Fabius, surnamed Pictor, executed upon the walls of the temple of Salus-dedicated by the dictator C. Junius Brutus Bubulus in 302-the earliest Roman paintings of which we have any record; and his grandson, Q. Fabius Pictor, was the first writer of a Roman history in prose.

B. C.

FA'BLE (Lat. fabula) is a word of twofold signification. First, it is employed by some writers in a general sense to denote any fictitious narrative, as, for example, the incidents in an epic or dramatic poem. At one time also, when the myths of the Greeks and Romans were thought to be satisfactorily accounted for by regarding them as conscious inventions of the ancient poets and priests, it was customary to speak of them as fables, but this application of the term is now abandoned by scholars. See MYTH. According to the second and more frequent signification of the word, it denotes a special kind of literary composition, either prose or verse, in which a story of some kind is made the vehicle for conveying a universal truth. It differs from a parable in this respect, that while the latter never transcends in conception the bounds of the probable or the possible, the former always and of necessity does. The story of the 'Good Samaritan' imagined by the Saviour, is a parable; if it was not true, it might have been, for it contains nothing either improbable or impossible; but when Jotham went up to the top of Mount Gerizim, and spoke to the men of Shechem about the trees

(IV.), stretches in some of its numerous primitive nations have cultivated the fable with more or less forms much further back. In later times, most success. We may mention among the English, Gay: among the Germans, Hagedorn and Gellert, ami Russians, Krylov; and above all, among the Lessing; among the Italians, Pignotti; among the French, Lafontaine, whose fables are remarkable for their arch and lively humour, their delicate sarcasm, their sagacity, and felicity of expression. Now, however, the fable has gone entirely out of fashion.

FABLIAU, plur. FABLIAUX (from the Latin fabulari, fabellare, to speak or to tell), was the name given in the old French literature to a class of short metrical narratives, intended merely for recitation, and which had for their subject-matter the talk and news of the day in the middle ages. The narrator of such news was called a fableor (plur. fablière), in opposition to the chanteor, or singer proper, who composed poems not only for recitation, but also for singing. Besides the fabliaux, the department of the fableor embraced the Romans d'aventure (in short unstrophied couplets), usually called contes, whence their author or reciter also bore the name of conteur; and the dits, or sayings, the special cultivator of which was termed a diseur. As the fabliaux were fundamentally distinguished from the more genuine forms of poetry by the everyday character of their subject-matter, so the mode of treatment which their authors adopted was also more anecdotical, epigrammatic, and witty-the wit being richly spiced with scandal. They appear to have maintained

FABRETTI-FABRICIUS.

a sort of ironical and parodistic antagonism to the idealism of the epics of chivalry. In these fabliaux, the essential character of the French people manifested itself, and that opposition of the real to the ideal, of the understanding to the imagination, which, after the time of Francis I., began to characterise French literature generally. Thus they lashed not only the priesthood and the nobility in their actual degeneracy, but from the very character of their satire, they engendered a contempt for the religious-chivalric spirit itself, and for all ecclesiastical and knightly notions and ceremonies. The oldest fabliaux are not of French origin; they are a fruit of the Crusades, and were brought to France from the East, but they received a national colouring, and soon took root in the West. From them sprung the drama of France. One of the most fecund fablière was Rutebeuf, who flourished in the reigns of Louis IX. and Philippe III., whose works were published by Jubinal (2 vols., Paris, 1837). He was a true Parisian, and the prototype of Villon, La Fontaine, and Voltaire. The best collections of fabliaux and contes are those of Barbazan (3 vols., Paris, 1756), of Méon (2 vols., Paris, 1823), and of Jubinal (2 vols., Paris, 1839– 1843).

of the most admirable belonging to the school of Giotto. To the same period belongs a Madonna with Saints (now in the Berlin Museum). F. afterwards went to Venice, where he greatly increased his reputation by a picture of the bloody engagement between the fleet of the Republic and that of the Emperor Barbarossa off the heights of Pirano. The Venetian senate was so delighted with the piece, that it conferred on the fortunate artist the dignity of a patrician, and a pension of a ducat per diem for life. Unhappily, this work has perished. Pope Martin V. now called F. to Rome, and employed him, along with Vittore Pisanello, in adorning the church of San Giovanni Laterano. As his share of the work, he painted various incidents in the life of John the Baptist, five prophets, and portraits of Pope Martin himself and ten cardinals. He died, while engaged on this building, some time after 1450. F.'s pictures indicate a cheerful and joyous nature. He had quite a childlike love of splendour and rich ornamentation, but is never extravagant or excessive in his colouring.

monly named from his birthplace F. AB ACQUAFABRICIUS, or FABRIZIO, GIROLAMO, com

PENDENTE, a celebrated anatomist and surgeon, was born in 1537, and died in 1619. He was the son of FABRETTI, RAFFAELE, a distinguished anti-humble parents, who, notwithstanding their poverty, quary and archæologist, was born at Urbino 1618, sent him to the university of Padua, where. in and was attracted at an early period to anti- addition to the usual instruction in the classics, he quarian studies by the great classical remains of studied anatomy and surgery under the celebrated Rome. Under Pope Alexander VII., he became papal Fallopius with such success, that on the death of the treasurer, and subsequently was appointed chan- latter in 1562, F. was appointed to fill the vacant cellor to the papal embassy at Madrid. A residence professorship. He continued to hold this office for of 13 years in Spain enabled him to explore all the nearly half a century, during which period his high antiquities of the kingdom, and to carry his studies character for eloquence, general erudition, and to a point which rendered indispensable his return professional knowledge, attracted students from to Rome, the great parent fount of ancient learning. all parts of the civilised world to the university of He was there made judge; and under Innocent XII., Padua. Amongst these students was our country. became keeper of the papal archives of the castle of man Harvey (q. v.), who attended his prelections in St Angelo, a post which afforded the widest scope 1598, and who, as will be seen in our notice of his to his favourite pursuits. About this time, he wrote life, derived from F.'s observations on the valves of his two important works: De Aquis et Aquaductibus the veins the first clue to his great discovery. He Veteris Roma (4 vols., 1680, reprinted with notes was a most laborious investigator of nature; and and additions in 1788), and Syntagma de Columna we find him comparing and contrasting the same Trajani (Rome, 1683). His treatise entitled Inscrip- organ in man, and in several of the lower animals, on tionum Antiquarum Explicatio (1699) throws invalu- a more methodical plan than had been attempted by able light on the discoveries made by himself in the any of his predecessors. In this way he treated of catacombs; and his erudite investigations concerning the eye, the larynx, the ear, the intestinal canal, the the reliefs known as the Iliac Tables, and the grand development of the fœtus, and many other subjects. subterranean canals of the Emperor Claudius, are The improvements which his knowledge of anatomy equally full of interest to science. His rare collec- enabled him to introduce into the practice of surgery tion of inscriptions, &c., is deposited in the ducal were very great; and his Opera Chirurgica, which palace of Urbino. F. died in 1700. embraced every complaint curable by manual operation, was so highly valued, that it passed through seventeen editions. He was greatly esteemed by his fellow-citizens, for we find that the Venetian republic not only erected for him a spacious anatomical amphitheatre, in which his name was inscribed, but at the same time conferred upon him an annual stipend of a thousand crowns, and created him a knight of the order of St Mark. A few years before his death, he retired, with an (some believe he was poisoned by his relatives) at ample fortune, from all professional duties, and died the age of 82, in his villa on the banks of the Brenta, which still bears the name of the Montagnuola We have not space for a list of his numerous anatomical and surgical works. d'Acquapendente. Upwards of a century after his death (in 1723), the celebrated anatomist Albinus collected and published a complete edition of all his anatomical and physiological works.

FABRIA'NO, a city of Italy, in the province of Macerata (formerly part of the Papal States), is situated at the eastern base of the Apennine range, 28 miles west of Macerata. It has a cathedral, and several convents, but is chiefly worthy of mention on account of its great paper manufactures, which were established in 1564. The churches and private houses contain many specimens of the school of painting which flourished here. Pop. 7500.

FABRIANO, GENTILE DA, an Italian painter, who flourished in the early part of the 15th century: He was born-it is not exactly known when at Fabriano, and received his first instructions from his father, who appears to have been a man of superior culture, as he taught his son the elements of physics and mathematics. F.'s first teacher in art was, it is supposed, Allegrette de Nuzio. Subsequently, he went to Florence, and studied under Fiesole. Among his earliest works of note is a fresco of the Madonna in the cathedral of Orvieto. In 1423, he painted an Adoration of the Kings' for the church of the Holy Trinity in Florence. This picture is one

FABRICIUS, JOH. CHRISTIAN, a Danish entomologist, born at Tondern, January 7, 1745, and died at Kiel in 1807. He studied at Copenhagen,

FABRONI-FACTOR.

FA'CET, a term employed to denote the plane surfaces of crystals, or those artificially cut upon precious stones.

FACIAL ANGLE. See ANGLE.

Edinburgh, Leyden, and Freyberg, and finally went Ciceronianus. F.'s Latin epistles and orations are to Upsala, to attend the classes of Linnæus. A remarkable for the Ciceronian elegance of their warm friendship was cemented between master and style, and his notices on several philosophical pupil, and throughout his life, F. was zealously writings of Cicero for their solidity, clearness, and employed in developing and applying the ideas taste. and method of the great Swede. In 1775, F. was appointed to the chair of Natural History at the university of Kiel, and from that time he devoted himself to the prosecution of his entomological studies, and to the fuller development of a system of classification of insects, based upon the structure of the mouth. Although his system has been found inapplicable to many families of insects, the observations on which it was based have tended materially to the extension of this branch of science. The Systema Entomologia (Copenh. 1775), in which F. expounded his views, constituted a new era in the history of entomology, while his Genera Insectorum (Kiel, 1776), Mantissa Insectorum (Copenh. 1787), and Entomologia Systematica (Copenh. 1792), opened hitherto unexplored fields of inquiry to the entomologist. F. was the author of several able treatises on the policy, statistics, and economy of Denmark, which were prepared by him in his capacity of councillor of state and Professor of Rural and Political Economy at Kiel. F.'s death was said to have been hastened by the grief which he experienced in consequence of the political misfortunes of his country.

FACILITY, in the legal terminology of Scotland, is a condition of mental weakness short of that which will justify Cognition (q. v.), but which calls for the protection of the law, which is exercised by means of a process called Interdiction (q.v.). The object of interdiction is to prevent the facile person from granting deeds to his own prejudice, and after it has taken place, he cannot contract without the consent of his interdictors. Even without interdiction, the deeds of a facile person, if to his prejudice, may be set aside, if there be proof of his having been circumvented or imposed on; and ! Erskine says that where lesion in the deed, and facility in the granter concur, the most slender circumstances of fraud or circumvention are sufficient to set a deed aside.'-B. iv. tit. 1, s. 27. See FRAUD, LESION, INSANITY. There is no corresponding term in English law, and the remedy of interdiction is unknown, but weakness of mind approaching to idiocy will of course form an important element in proving fraud.

FACTOR, in Mathematics. The numbers 6 and 4, multiplied together, make 24; hence 6 and 4 are called factors of the product 24. Most numbers 12 = 3 x 4, or 2 x 6, or 2 × 2 × 3. Every product are products of two or more factors; thus 10 = 2 x 5; remainder; a factor, therefore, is often called a can be divided by any of its factors without divisor, or measure. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, are all factors or divisors of 24. Numbers that have no factor or

FABRO'NI, ANGELO, an excellent biographical writer, was born at Marradi, in Tuscany, 7th February 1732, educated at Faenza and Rome, and in 1773, was appointed tutor to the sons of Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He died 22d September 1803. His Vita Italorum Doctrina Excellentium qui Sæculo XVII. et XVIII. floruerunt (20 vols., Pisa, 1778-1805), is one of the best Italian works of its kind, and contains quite a treasure of information; while his Laurentii Medicei Vita (2 vols., Pisa, 1784), and Vita Magni Cosmi Medicei (2 vols., Pisa, 1788-divisor above unity, such as 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, . . . 23, &c., 1789), are reckoned model biographies.

FAÇADE (Fr.), the exterior front or face of a building. This term, although frequently restricted to classic architecture, may be applied to the front elevation of a building in any style. It is, however, generally used with reference to buildings of some magnitude and pretensions; thus, we speak of the front of a house, and the façade of a palace. The back elevation of an important building is called the rear façade, in the same way as in England the back of a house is called the 'back front.'

An edifice may have any number of façades when it shews a face or front in each direction. An elevation of the side of a building is called the lateral façade. The sides of a court or cortile are also called façades, and are distinguished as north, south, &c. façades.

FACCIOLATI, JACOPO, an Italian philologist and critic, was born at Torreglia, not far from Padua, in 1682. He was educated in the religious seminary at Padua, where he became successively Professor of Theology, Professor of Philosophy, and Superintendent-general of the classes, or rector of the institution. F. directed his attention chiefly to the revival of the study of ancient literature, and with this object, brought out a new edition of the Lexicon Septem Linguarum, called, from its original author, the monk Ambrosius of Calepio, the Calepine Lexicon. He was assisted in this work by his pupil, Forcellini, to whom is mainly owing the conception of a totally new Latin dictionary; an arduous undertaking, which F. continued till his death in 1769, and which was afterwards completed by Forcellini in 1771. F. and Forcellini, assisted by several others, likewise published a new edition of Nizoli's Thesaurus

are called Prime Numbers. See NUMBERS, THEORY OF.

FACTOR, in its most general sense, is the term | applied to any one who is employed to do business for another. Factory differs from the mandate of the Roman law in not being gratuitous. In mer. | cantile transactions, the sale of goods is generally effected either by factors or brokers, both of whom are agents, remunerated generally by a commission. But the powers of factors are higher than those of brokers, inasmuch as the former are intrusted with the possession of the goods, and authorised to sell them as if they were their own; whereas the latter have no possession or apparent ownership, but act not only really but ostensibly as agents. Factors frequently act on the principle of the del credere commission (q. v.), receiving, that is to say, a higher remuneration in consideration of undertaking to guarantee the solvency of the purchasers. At com. mon law, a sale or other transaction by a factor was bad, if it was not fully warranted by the nature of the authority which he derived from his principal; but this doctrine has been modified by several statutes which have been passed for the protection of strangers dealing with persons intrusted with the possession of goods, the extent of whose authority they had no means of ascertaining. By 6 Geo. IV. c. 94, called the Factors' Act, it was provided that any person in possession of a bill of lading is to be deemed the true owner of the goods therein described, so far as to give validity to any contract or agree ment made with him regarding them. 7 and 8 Geo. IV. enacts that if any factor shall, for his own benefit, and in violation of good faith, deposit or pledge any goods, or order for their delivery, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanour. In 1842, the