FAUCHER-FAURIEL.

they are feeble, fugacious, and uninfluential. Under all these aspects, the essential element is privation of power; and this is met with as a specific mental disease, arising from obvious causes, unassociated with general alienation, acute in its nature, and rapid in its progress. It is most frequently the disease of youth, of the period of puberty, contemporaneous with growth, with debilitating and exhaustive processes, and depending, in all probability, as in the other forms, upon insufficient nutrition of the brain. At this age, the injury is reparable, and what may be designated juvenile dementia, has the rare distinction of being curable. More frequently, it is the sequel of mania, melancholia, and severe affections of the nervous system. The deterioration here arises from actual changes in the nervous structure, which render healthy nutrition impossible; so that, although mitigation, and sometimes to a marvellous extent, is within reach of treatment, recovery is believed to be impracticable. Again, it is an affection of old age; and although senile dementia may seem but an exaggerated state of dotage, it is accompanied by such marked physical changes, as to leave no doubt that it originates in circumstances differing widely from that gradual degeneration of the tissues which is evidenced by the 'second childishness and mere oblivion.' Lastly, this state may follow fever, when it is transitory, and generally of brief duration.

Fatuity is one of the few morbid mental conditions recognised in our legal code, even by name, as relieving from the consequences of criminal acts, and as disqualifying for the administration and disposal of property. Esquirol, Des Malad. Ment., tom. ii.

p. 219.

FAUCHER, LEON, a French publicist and statesman, was born at Limoges, 8th September 1803; studied at first philology and archæology, in which branches of knowledge he acquired some reputation; but about the period of the July revolution (1830), betook himself, with genuine enthusiasm, to journalism and political economy. He became successively editor of the Temps, the Constitutionnel, and the Courrier Français. These functions occupied him from 1830 to 1842, during which period he published many articles on questions of political In 1843, he began to write for the Revue economy. des Deux Mondes a series of articles on the industrial condition of England. The whole were collected into two volumes, which appeared in 1845, under the title of Etudes sur l'Angleterre, and constitute the most weighty and substantial of all his productions, though Englishmen reckon the author greatly in error in many points. At the general elections of 1846, he was elected for the manufacturing city of Pheims, where his opinions on tariffs were highly In the Chamber of Deputies, he voted appreciated. with the dynastic opposition. A ready but by no means brilliant speaker, he came forward as one of the leading advocates of free-trade, and published in the Siècle, and in the Revue des Deux Mondes, a number of essays on national economy, characterised by their vigorous and spirited argumentation. After the revolution of 1848, he sat both in the Constituent and Legislative Assemblies for the department of Maine. When Louis Napoleon was chosen president, F. became first Minister of Public Works, and subsequently Minister of the Interior; but when the President proposed to appeal to universal suffrage, F. gave in his resignation, and, after the coup d'état, he withdrew from political life. F. died 14th December 1854. A large number of his most valuable contributions to the science of politics will be found in the collection of the Economistes et Publicistes Contemporains, and in the Bibliothèque des Sciences Morales et Politiques.

FAULT, the term in Mining and Geology for any
interruption in the continuity of the strata coupled
with the displacement of the beds on either side of
the line of fracture. See DISLOCATION.

FAUN. Faunus was a mythical personage, an
ancient king of Italy, who instructed his subjects in
agriculture and the management of flocks, and was
afterwards worshipped as the god of fields and
of shepherds. The festival of the Faunalia, held on
the 5th December, referred to the protection he
exercised over agriculture and cattle. Fauna was
his female complement. He was also worshipped as
a prophetic divinity. As deity of the woods and of
flocks and herds, he corresponds to the Greek Pan:
the idea also arose of a plurality of Fauni or Fauns,
like the Greek Satyrs, who were represented as
monster deities with short horns, pointed ears, tails,
and goats' feet, and to whom all terrifying sounds
and appearances were ascribed.

FAUNA, a term employed to designate animals
collectively, or those of a particular country, or of a
particular geological period. Thus, we speak of the
fauna of Great Britain, the recent fauna, the fossil
fauna, the fauna of the Eocene period or formation,
&c. The term bears the same relation to the animal
kingdom that Flora does to the vegetable. Its
as the patrons of wild animals. In the fauna of any
derivation is from the mythological fauns, regarded
country are included only those animals which are
indigenous to it, and not those which have been
introduced.

FAURIEL, CLAUDE CHARLES, a French philoloin the department of Loire, 21st October 1772, gist, historian, and critic, was born at St Etienne, studied at the College des Oratoriens at Tournon, and afterwards at Lyon, and in 1799 was appointed to a situation under Fouché; but, destitute of all political ambition or predilections, and passionately He made himself familiar with fond of learned studies, F. resigned his office in 1802, and devoted himself to the calmer pursuits of literature. Sanscrit, Arabic, and the treasures of classical antiquity and of the middle ages; and although he M. Renan may exaggerate when did not write much, comparatively speaking, yet the value of what he did write cannot easily be over-estimated. he affirms that F. put in circulation the greatest number of ideas' of any contemporary writer; but even the Germans allow that in many points of literary history, criticism, and philology, F. was twenty years in advance of his age. After the July Revolution, he was appointed a professor at the Sorbonne; in 1836, he published his chief work, Histoire de la Gaule Méridionale sous la Domination des Conquérants Germains (4 vols., Paris), which is reckoned one of the best specimens of historical investigation and art produced in modern times. Worthy of notice, also, particularly on account of its remarkable historical introduction, is his edition of the Provençal rhymed chronicle, entitled Histoire de la Croisade contre les Hérétiques Albigeois (Paris, 1837). F. also contributed several important essays to the literary journals of France, of which, perhaps, the best known was that on the origin of the Epic of Chivalry in the middle ages. He died at Paris, 15th July 1844. Two years after his death appeared a collection of his professorial lectures, under the title of Histoire de la Poésie Provençale (3 vols., Paris, 1846), in which F. endeavours, with great erudition and originality of criticism, to shew that to the Provençals must be attributed the composition and primitive development of the greater portion of the romances of chivalry, including and Moors in Spain, and those which form the those which describe the contests of the Christians

265

FAUSSE-BRAYE-FAUSTINA.

Charlemagne cycle, thus finding the origin of the old Spanish and German poetry on the soil of France. F.'s views have, however, met with considerable opposition.

FAUSSE-BRAYE, in Fortification, a low rampart encircling the body of a place, and raised about three feet above the level ground. This work has mostly been discarded by modern engineers, except when used in front of curtains, under the name of Tenailles (q. v.). The French engineers gave this title to the work, as an adaptation from the Italian term Fossa Brea, which had its origin from the fausse-braye being commonly in the ditch, in front of the main wall. The fausse-braye had the advantage of giving an additional tier of guns for defensive purposes; but the still greater disadvan-known appeared at Frankfort in 1588. Then came tage of affording facilities for the scaling of the parapet.

FAUSSE RIVIERE (in English, False River) is a lake of Louisiana, United States, which deserves notice chiefly as an index of the physical character of the country. Till about a century and a half ago, it was a channel of the Mississippi-a_fact which probably is still expressed in its name. Here, as in other alluvial formations, the beds of the running waters are undergoing incessant changes.

FAUST, or FUST, JOHANN, the chief promoter of the invention of printing, a rich citizen of Mayence, died in the year 1460. See GUTENBERG.

FAUST, DR, according to tradition, a celebrated dealer in the black art, frequently confounded with the preceding, was born at Knittlingen, in Würtemberg, or, as some say, at Roda near Weimar. He flourished during the latter half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries, and is said to have studied magic at Cracow. After having spent a rich inheritance left him by his uncle, F. is alleged to have made use of his 'power' to raise or conjure up the devil, with whom he entered into a contract for twenty-four years, obtaining during that time his fill of earthly pleasure, but at its termination surrendering body and soul into the hands of the Great Enemy. The devil gave him an attendant spirit or demon, called Mephistopheles, though other names are given him by the later traditionists, with whom he travelled about, enjoying life in all its forms, and astonishing people by working wonders, till he was finally carried off by the Evil One, who appeared in terrible guise, between twelve and one o'clock at night, at the village of Rimlich, near Wittenberg, though several other places lay claim to that very questionable honour. Some have doubted, consider ing the monstrously mythical form in which his career has come down to us, whether such an individual as F. ever existed; but it is now generally believed that there was a basis of fact, on which tradition has built its grotesque superstructure. Gorres, indeed, asserts that one George Sabellicus, who disappeared about the year 1517, is the real F.; but Philip Melanchthon-the man of all the reformers whose word in regard to a matter of fact would most readily be trusted-says that he had himself conversed with Dr Faustus. Conrad Gesner (1561) is equally positive; and Luther, in his Table Talk, speaks of Dr F. as a man lost beyond all hope. The opinion that prevails, and which is reckoned to be intrinsically the more probable, is that some man of this name, possessed of varied knowledge, may possibly have practised jugglery (for the wandering savans of the middle ages had all a touch of the quack about them), and thus have been taken by the ignorant people for a dealer in the black art,

and one who maintained a secret and intimate relation with evil spirits. His widely diffused celebrity not only occasioned the wonders worked by other

so-called necromancers of an earlier age-Albertus Magnus, Simon Magus, and Paracelsus-to be attri buted to him, but likewise many ancient tales and legends of a marvellous character were gradually transferred to him, till he finally appears as the very hero of magicians. But while, on the one hand, the narrative of F.'s marvels afforded amusement to the people, on the other, they were made use of for instruction by the clergy, who pointed out, in the frightful fate of F., the danger of tampering with the black art; and the abominableness of a life sunk in sensuality and vice. The myth of F. has received a manifold literary treatment. First come the Volksbücher (or people's books), which record F.'s enterprises and feats. The oldest of these now an improved edition of the same, by Widmann, entitled Wahrhaftige Historien von denen graulichen Crimes of Dr John F., Hamb. 3 vols., 1599); and in Sünden Dr Joh. F.'s (True History of the Horrible ! 1695, a work was published at Nürnberg by Pfitzer, based upon that of Widmann. The oldest of these books was translated into all the civilised languages of Europe.

magic under the name of F., such as Faust's grosser Impostors also published books of und gewaltiger Höllenzwang (Faust's Great and Potent Book of Spells), Fausten's Miraculkung (Faust's Art of Performing Miracles), and Dreifache Höllenzwang (The Threefold Book of Spells). These wretched productions are filled throughout with meaningless scrawls and figures, interspersed with texts from the Bible scandalously misapplied; but in the belief of the vulgar, they were supposed capable, when properly understood, of accomplishing prodigies. That the poetical art should in due time have seized on a subject affording so much material for the fancy to work upon, was inevitable; and consequently, German literature abounds in elegies, pantomimes, tragedies, and comedies on Faust. Since the end of the 17th c., the Puppenspiel (Puppet-show) of Dr F. (first published at Leipsic in 1850) has been one of the most popular pieces in Germany. It forms the transition from the rude magic tales concerning F., to the later philosophic conception of the Faust-myth, which has become the most perfect poetical expression of the eternal strife between Good and Evil in the soul of man. The first writer who treated the story of F. dramatically was the English writer Christopher Marlowe, about the year 1600 (German translation by W. Müller, Berlin, 1818); but the grandest work on the subject is Goethe's Faust, the first part of which appeared under the title of Dr F., ein Trauerspies (Leip. 1790), and afterwards in a remodelled form, under the title of F., eine Tragödie (Tübingen, 1808. The second part was published after the author's death, at Stuttgart in 1833. Besides Goethe's drama, may be mentioned Lessing's masterly fragment, F. und die Sieben Geister (F. and the Seven Spirits, G. F. L. Müller's Dr F.'s Leben (Dr F.'s Life, Manh 1778), and Klinger's F.'s Leben, Thaten, und Höllen fahrt (F.'s Life, Doings, and Descent into Hell; Petersb. and Leip. 1791). The plastic art has also found a fit subject in Faust. In Auerbach's cellar at Leipsic, where F. is said to have performed many of his feats, are two rude daubs of the year 1525, representing F. and Mephistopheles riding out of the cellar on a wine-barrel. Rembrandt and Christoph von Sichem have also illustrated the story of F., and, in modern times, Cornelius and Retzsch have done the same. See Peter's Die Literatur der Faustsage (The Literature of the Faust Myth), 2d ed. Leip. 1857.

FAUSTINA, mother and daughter. The former, Annia Galeria, usually spoken of as Faustina Senior, was the wife of the Roman emperor, Antoninus

FAUSTINUS I.-FAVRE.

Pius, and died 141 A. D.; the latter, known as in Flanders, F. and his wife returned to Paris, where Faustina Junior, was married to his successor, the former continued to write operas. His wife died Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and died at a village in 1772, and he 12th May 1793. F.'s success as a near Mount Taurus in 175 A. D. Both, but particu-writer was very great: he may be reckoned the larly the younger, were notorious for the profligacy father of the comic opera, and the happy successor of their lives, which their exemplary husbands in of Le Sage, Piron, &c. The number of his pieces vain endeavoured to check. After their deaths, amounts to about 60, of which the most celebrated institutions for the relief of poor girls were founded are Comment l'Esprit vient aux Filles, Le Coq du both by Antoninus and Marcus Aurelius in honour Village, Bastien et Bastienne, Ninnette à la Cour, Les of them, and were called 'puellæ alimentaria Faus- Trois Sultanes, and L'Anglais à Bordeaux. tina. Marcus Aurelius, in his Meditations, speaks works have been published several times. highly of his wife, and an attempt has been made edition in ten volumes was published at Paris in by Wieland to defend her against the imputations 1810, under the title of Théâtre de Monsieur et of the historians of the emperors. Madame Favart. A very interesting book, entitled Les Mémoires et la Correspondance de Favart, giving delightful glimpses of the literary and theatrical world of the 18th c., was published at Paris in 1809 by his grandson.

FAUSTINUS I., emperor of Haiti, known, before his elevation to the throne, as Faustinus Soulouque, a negro originally of very humble circumstances, was born in St Domingo in 1789. In his earlier years, he acted as servant, and afterwards as adjutant, to General Lamarre. He subsequently served under Presidents Petion and Boyer, and by the latter was raised to the rank of captain. After the year 1844, when the Haitian Republic-of which General Boyer was then president-was dissolved, a struggle for the supreme power ensued, in which F. played an important part. In 1847 he was appointed by the senate President of the Republic. On the 16th April 1848, a dreadful massacre of the mulattoes in Port-au-Prince took place at his instigation. This, and similar measures, struck terror into the hearts of his opponents. In August 1849, he had himself proclaimed Emperor of Haiti, a title which he enjoyed for about ten years; but a revolution having broken out in 1858, and a republic having been declared, F. was forced to abdicate, 15th Jan. 1859. He died 6th Aug. 1867. FAUVETTE, a French name, partially adopted in the English language, for some of the little songbirds of the family Sylviada or Warblers, having straight slender bills slightly compressed in front, the ridge of the upper mandible curving a little towards the tip, and the legs not long. They mostly belong to the genus Curruca, as the Blackcap, the Pettychaps or Garden Warbler, the Whitethroat, &c.; and to the genus Salicaria, as the Sedge Warbler, the Reed Warbler, &c. The Dartford Warbler (Melizophilus Provincialis) is also called Fauvette. They are all very lively little birds, continually flitting about in pursuit of insects, mostly frequenting bushy places; and some of them, particularly those of the genus Salicaria, preferring watery situations where reeds abound.

FAVA'RA, a town of Sicily, in the south of the island, in the province of Girgenti, and four miles south-east of the town of that name. It has rich sulphur-mines, and a population of 11,400.

FAVART, CHARLES SIMON, a French dramatist, was born at Paris 13th November 1710, and first became known by his La Chercheuse d'Esprit, performed in 1741. In 1745, he married Mademoiselle Duronceray, herself a dramatic writer of some note, and a singer of remarkable talent, and in the same year became director of the Opéra Comique. The fine taste and judgment of F.

and his wife soon obtained for their theatre a great reputation. It was they who made the first attempt to harmonise the costume of the actors and actresses with their impersonations, and to put a stop to the ridiculous practice of decking out soubrettes and country-girls in the attire of court-ladies. So powerful, however, was the opposition excited against them by the jealousy of the other theatres, that the Opéra Comique was closed in the first year of its existence. After some time spent with Maréchal de Saxe during his campaign

His

An

FAVERSHAM, a municipal borough and seaport in the north of Kent, on a navigable creek, opposite Sheppey Isle, miles west-north-west of Canterbury. It chiefly consists of four streets in an irregular cross. It has a valuable oyster-fishery, employing 200 to 300 persons. It sends much agricultural produce to London by hoys. The creek admits vessels of 150 tons. In the vicinity are some of the most important gunpowder factories in the kingdom. Pop. (1871) 7198. Under the name of Favresfield, it was a seat of the Saxon kings, where Athelstan, in 930, held a Witenagemôte. It has the remains of an abbey founded by King Stephen, where he and his queen, Matilda, are buried. St Crispin is said to have been apprenticed to a shoemaker here. Near F. are some chalk caverns, with columns. In 1869, 2567 vessels, of 161,529 tons, entered and cleared the port.

FAVIGNA'NA, the chief of the gades, a group of islands in the Mediterranean, off the west coast of Sicily, lies at a distance of six miles from the Sicilian shore, and is about six miles long, with an average breadth of two miles. It has a town of the same name, with two castles, and a population of 3900. F. is fruitful, has good pasturage, and produces excellent wine.

FA'VOSITES, a genus of lamelliferous corals, found in Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous strata. They were social corals, closely packed together, no space being left between the walls of the different corallites. As in the other paleozoic corals, the lamellæ are developed in multiples of four, and the older portion of the stony base is partitioned off by horizontal tabulæ.

FAVOURS, or MARRIAGE FAVOURS, bows of white satin ribbons distributed at marriages in Great Britain, and usually pinned on the breast of all concerned, attendants and postilions included. The favours of those more immediately interested are sometimes enriched with orange blossom. This is an old usage, connected with the love-knot of ancient northern nations, which is not likely soon to disappear; it forms almost the only remaining token of merriment in the nuptial ceremonial. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, edited by Ellis, article Bride Favours.'

FAVRE, GABRIEL CLAUDE JULES, a French advocate and minister, was born at Lyon, 31st March 1809. He is the son of a merchant, studied for the bar, and passed at Lyon in 1830. His political opinions have always been intensely republican, and when pleading in the course of numerous political lawsuits, F. not unfrequently placed the state solicitors, and even the judges, in a very embarrassing position, by the boldness of his sentiments. As the defender of the Mutuellists at Lyon in 1831, he was in danger of losing his life; this, however, did

FAVUS-FAYETTEVILLE.

not prevent him from defending those who had been particularly in London, a grotesque figure, stuffed impeached in April, and commencing his speech with straw, is carried about the streets on the 5th with Je suis Républicain. Since 1834, F. has been a of November, and finally committed to the flames. member of the Paris bar. In the February revolu

tion of 1848, he was Home Secretary, in which
capacity he wrote the notorious circular for which
Ledru-Rollin's administration was so severely re-
proached, investing the commissioners of the republic
with dictatorial authority in the provinces. He was
active as a member of the Committee of Foreign
Affairs. After the election of the 10th December,
F. shewed himself a persistent antagonist of Louis
Napoleon, and after the flight of Ledru-Rollin,
became the orator of the Mountain.
The coup
d'état closed his political career at this time. He
refused to take the oath of fidelity to the imperial
government, and betook himself again to his pro-
fession. In 1858, he defended Orsini, on his trial
for a conspiracy to murder. In the same year, how-
ever, he became a member of the Legislature. In
September 1870, after the downfall of the empire,
he was appointed Minister of War, and carried on
negotiations with Count Bismarck. He resigned
office in July 1871, and resumed practice at the bar.
F. is greatest in political repartee, and though long
accustomed to public strife, his language is noted
for its Attic elegance.

FA'VUS (Lat. a honeycomb), a disease of the skin, chiefly of the hairy scalp, characterised by yellowish dry incrustations of more or less roundish form, and often cup-shaped, composed of the Sporules and Mycelia (q. v.) of a vegetable growth belonging to the order of Fungi (q. v.). The discs of favus are produced with great rapidity, and spread rapidly, if not attended to at the first, over the whole scalp, destroying the bulbs of the hair, which becomes very short and thin, and then falls out altogether. Favus is a disgusting and unsightly, but hardly a dangerous disorder; it is, beyond doubt, contagious, but only spreads where cleanliness is greatly neglected, and is therefore almost unknown among the better classes. It is far more common among children than among adults, and seems to be more frequent in Scotland than in England, and more frequent also on the continent than in either England or Scotland. The cure is sometimes attempted by a variety of medicated and simple ointments, and by pulling out the hair by the roots, or epilation, as it is called; but it seems hardly possible in inveterate cases to get rid of the disease without a very long persistence in habits of the most scrupulous cleanliness, and therefore the cure is seldom permanent, though easily attained for the time. Favus is almost always followed by permanent baldness of the parts affected; unlike Ringworm (q. v.), which is a minor disease of the same order.

The Favus fungus, Achorion Schoenleinii, is nearly allied to the fungus which has recently proved so destructive to vines, and has by some botanists been placed in the same genus, Oidium.

FAWKES, GUY (properly GUIDO), the head of the conspiracy known by the name of the Gunpowder Plot, was born of a Protestant family in Yorkshire, in the year 1570. He became a Roman Catholic at an early age, and served in the Spanish army in the Netherlands. Inspired with fanatical zeal for his new religion, on his return to England, he entered into a plot with several Catholic gentlemen for blowing up the king, his ministers, and the members of both houses at the opening of parliament, 5th November 1605. Guy F. was taken with the burning match in his hand, tried, and after having been put to the torture, was publicly executed January 31, 1606. In remembrance of this event, in most English towns, but

Gmdo faukes

Gisside

Guy Fawkes's Signature before and after torture.

A political and religious signification was again imparted to this custom by what was called the papal aggression' in the year 1850, when the figure of Cardinal Wiseman (q. v.) was substituted for that of Guy Fawkes.

FA'Y, ANDRÁS, a Hungarian author, was born in 1786, at Kohany, in the county of Zemplén. After having studied philosophy and law at the Protestant college of Sárospatak, F. was called to the bar. He held a situation for some time in the county of Pesth, which, however, he afterwards relinquished, in order to be able to devote himself altogether to literary pursuits. After two volumes of poetry, appeared the collection of Fables (Mesék, Vien. 1820), and with the issue of that work F. obtained a decided reputation. The fables are like those of Phædrus and La Fontaine, but in prose. Richness of invention, simplicity of design, and truth of character, are the chief qualities for which the Mesék have become a household word among Hungarians. Among F.'s dramatic works may be mentioned the tragedy, The Two Bathorys (A Két Báthory, Pesth. 1827); the comedies, Ancient Coins (Régi Pénzek, and Hunters in the Matra (Mátrai Vadászok). The novel, The House of the Béltekys (A' Béltéky-haz, Pesth, 1832), is rather of a didactic kind, but exhibits many features of Hungarian domestic life. Besides these, F. has been a constant contributor to literary and scientific periodicals, and had also his share in some of those pamphlets by which great social questions, as, for instance, female education, savings banks, &c., were brought to a successful issue in Hungary. In reading F.'s works, we are frequently reminded of Dean Swift. From 1825, which year may be said to have been the beginning of a new political life for Hungary, up to the year 1840, F. was foremost among the leaders of the liberal opposition in the county sittings of Pesth; but on the appear ance of Kossuth, the strides of public life growing more and more rapid, F. gradually retired from the region of political controversy, turning his inventive mind to social improvements. The first savings bank of Hungary (at Pesth) is entirely F.'s work. His literary works were published in eight volumes at Pesth, 1843-1844. He is a directing member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Azores (q. v.), contains about 37 square miles, and FAYA'L, one of the most important of the about 25,000 inhabitants. As one must infer from such density of population, the island is fertile. In its centre is a mountain 3000 feet in height; and on its south-east coast a convenient bay with good anchorage. Its principal town, Horta, stands on this bay in lat. 38° 30′ Ñ., and long. 28° 41′ W.

FAYETTEVILLE is the name of a flourishing city of North Carolina, United States of America. Standing on the left bank of the Cape Fear River, about 140 miles from its mouth, F. marks the head of its natural navigation; while, by means of locks

FAYUM-FEATHER GRASS.