hips reach Diamond Harbour, while vessels of coniderable burden ascend to Chandernagore. Between he Hoogly and the G., above the Delta, there are wo routes. When the water is high, the Bhagrutti nd the Jellinghi afford the requisite facilities; ut in the dry season, the intercourse is mainained by the Sunderbund or Sunderbans Passage, circuitous course to the north-east, which opens to the Chundni.

As a whole, however, the G. is incapable of being efinitely described. It varies not merely from ason to season, but also from year to year. 'rom year to year it exchanges old passages for ew ones, more particularly in the alluvial basin of s lower sections. Even as far up as Futtehpore, nmediately above Allahabad, this characteristic is markably exemplified. The river has in this part bed of the average width of four miles, within the mits of which it changes its course annually, in e lapse of four or five years shifting from the one nit to the other. Between season and season, rain, the fluctuations are still more conspicuous. o take Benares as an instance, the stream ranges, cording to the time of the year, from 1400 feet to 00 feet in breadth, and from 35 feet to 78 feet in pth. Lower down, the vicissitudes, without being ore striking in themselves, produce more striking sults. About the close of July, a considerable oportion of the Delta forms an inundation of more an 100 miles in diameter, presenting nothing to e eye but villages and trees, and craft of every rt. To prevent or mitigate this evil, expensive ms have been constructed, having collectively a gth of above 1000 miles. The influence of the les extends, at the dry season, a distance of 0 miles from the sea. The minimum quantity water delivered per second has been estimated 36,330 cubic feet, and the maximum at 494,208 bic feet. Like all rivers that overflow their nks, the G. holds in suspension a large admixe of mud and sand-foreign elements eminently favourable to steam-navigation, as causing quick ar and decay of the cocks and valves of the gines. It has been computed that it delivers, an average, annually into the sea 534,600,000 is of solid matter.

Amongst the rivers which at the classical and the uranic period of India were held in peculiar ctity by the nation, the G.-or, as it is called, Ganga (feminine)-undoubtedly occupied the emost rank. In the vedic poetry, it is but lom mentioned; and whenever its name occurs, ether in the hymns of the Rigveda or the al text of the Yajurveda, no legendary fact or thical narrative is connected with it. Nor does law-book of Manu justify the conclusion that author was acquainted with any of the myths ich connect this river in the epic poems and in Puranas with the Pantheon of India. The liest, and by far the most poetical legend of the occurs in that master-piece of Sanscrit poetry, Ramayana. We give its substance, because it lains the principal epithets by which this river spoken of, or invoked, in ancient and modern idu poetry, and because it may be looked upon the type of the many fables which refer to purifying and supernatural properties of its bers. There lived, says the Ramayana, in odhya (the modern Oude), a king, by the name Sagara, who had two wives, Kesinf and Sumati; they bore him no issue. He therefore repaired the Himalaya; and after a hundred years' severe terities, Bhrigu, the saint, became favourable his wishes, and granted him posterity. Kesin! e him a son, who was named Asamanjas, and

60,000 sons, who in time became as many heroes. Asamanjas, however, in growing up, was addicted to cruel practices, and was therefore banished by his father from the kingdom. His son was Ansumat, who thus became heir to the throne of Ayodhya. Now, it happened that Sagara resolved to perform a great horse-sacrifice; and in accordance with the sacred law, chose for this purpose a beautiful horse, which he confided to the care of Ansumat. But while the latter was engaged in the initiatory rites of the sacrifice, a huge serpent emerged from the soil, and carried off the horse to the infernal regions. Thereupon, Sagara, being informed of the obstruction which had befallen his pious undertaking, ordered his 60,000 sons to recover the horse from the subterranean robber. These then set to work, digging the earth, and striking terror into all creation. Having explored, for many years, the infernal regions, they at last found the sacred horse grazing, and watched by a fiery saint, in whom they recognised the serpent, the cause of their troubles. Enraged, they attacked him; but the saint, who was no other being than Vishnu, at once reduced them to ashes. Waiting in vain for the return of his sons, Sagara sent his grandson, Ansumat, in search of them and the sacred horse. Ansumat went, and soon ascertained the fate of his relatives; but when-mindful of his duties-he wished to sprinkle consecrated water on their ashes, so as to enable their souls to rise to heaven, Garuda, the bird of Vishnu, and brother of Sumati, came in sight, and told Ansumat that it was improper for him to use terrestrial water for such a libation, and that he ought to provide the water of the Ganga, the heavenly daughter of Himavat (the Himalaya). Ansumat, bowing to the behest of the king of birds, went home with the horse to Sagara; and the sacrifice being achieved, Sagara strove to cause the descent of the Ganga, but all his devices remained fruitless; and after 30,000 years, he went to heaven. Nor was Ansumat more successful in his attempt with the austerities he performed for the same purpose, nor his son Dwilipa, who, obeying the law of time, after 30,000 years, went to the heaven of Indra. Dwilipa had obtained a son, named Bhagiratha. He, too, was eager to obtain the descent of the Ganga; and having completed a course of severe austerities, he obtained the favour of Brahman, who told him he would yield to his prayers, provided that Siva consented to receive the sacred river on his head, as the earth would be too feeble to bear its fall when coming from heaven. And now Bhagiratha recommenced his penance, until Siva consented, and told the Ganga to descend from heaven. The river obeyed; but, enraged at his command, she assumed a form of immense size, and increased her celerity, thinking thus to carry him off to the infernal regions. Yet the god becoming aware of her intentions, caught and entangled her in his matted hair, out of which she could find no means of extricating herself though erring there for many years. Nor would she have been released, had not Bhagiratha, by his renewed penance, appeased the god, who then allowed her to descend from his head in seven streams-Hladinf, Pâvint, and Nalini, which went eastwards; and Sita, Suchakshus, and Sindhu, which went westwards, whilst the seventh stream followed Bhagiratha wherever he proceeded. But it so happened that the king on his journey passed by the hermitage of an irascible saint whose name was Jahnu. The latter seeing the Ganga overflooding in her arrogance the precincts of his sacrificial spot, and destroying his sacred vessels, became impatient, and drank up all her waters; thereupon all the gods became terrified, and promised him that, in

accessible spot on the Ganges (q. v.), about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, stands on the right bank of the river, here called the Bhagirathi, about ten miles from its source. Immediately in front, the stream expands into a small bay, which is subdivided into pools, taking their names respectively from Brahma, Vishnu, and other gods of the native mythology. Though the water is specially sacred, and ablution peculiarly efficacious, yet, from various causes, the pilgrims are by no means numeBesides the length and ruggedness of the journey, and the difficulty of procuring subsistence by the way, there is no accommodation for visitors, the only dwelling-house in the locality being occupied by the officiating Brahmans. Superstition, however, has found a remedy in the exportation of flasks of the holy element, sealed by the attendant priests.

rous.

GA'NGRENE, the loss of vitality in a part of the living body, whether external or internal, the part becoming often, in the first instance, more or less red, hot, and painful, then livid, and finally dark and discoloured, black or olive-green, according to circumstances, and putrescent; after which a separation takes place gradually between the living and dead parts, and if the patient survive, the disorganised and lifeless texture is thrown off, and the part heals by the formation of a Cicatrix (q. v.) or scar, indicating the loss of substance. Gangrene is an occasional consequence of Inflammation (q. v.), but is often also determined by more specific causes, such as Typhus Fever or Erysipelas (q. v.); sometimes, also, by the action of poisons on the system, and not unfrequently by disease or obstruction of the arteries of a part. This last is especially the case in the form called senile gangrene. Gangrene admits only to a slight extent of medical treatment; but there is sometimes a necessity for surgical interference, to preserve a useful stump, or to arrest bleeding. Generally speaking, the strength must be maintained by a nourishing but not too stimulating diet, and the part carefully preserved from external injury, and from changes of temperature.

GANGWAY (Saxon, gangweg), the entrance to a ship. There is a gangway on each side, consisting of steps or cleats nailed to the planks of the side, up which, by aid of a rope, it is necessary to elimb. When, however, a vessel is in harbour, a portable flight of steps, called an accommodationladder, is usually hoisted out, by which the ascent is sufficiently easy.

GAN-HWUY, or NGAN-HWEI, one of the five eastern provinces of China Proper. It is intersected by the Yang-tze-kiang, on the left bank of which river its capital, Ngan-king-foo, is situated. In the south-eastern parts of the province are some extensive tea-plantations, and it also produces rice, grain, and a limited quantity of silk. Pop. according to the census of 1812, 34,168,059; area, 48,461 sq. m. GANJA'M, a town in the presidency of Madras, stands on the left bank of the Rosikoila, immediately above its entrance into the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 19° 23′ N., and long. 85° 7' E. It was once the capital of the district of its own name, and was remarkable for its fine buildings. But in 1815, when the town was visited by deadly fevers and agues, all the public establishments were removed to Chicacole (q. v.); the fort and cantonments gradually fell into ruin, and the place sank into decay.

GANJAM, the district mentioned in the preceding article, lies on the north-west coast of the Bay of Bengal, immediately to the south of Cuttack, stretching in N. lat. from 18° 13 to 19° 52, and in E long, from 83° 50′ to 85° 15', and containing 4457

square miles. Pop. (1871) 1,487,227. The chief products are rice, maize, sugar-canes, millet, pulse, oil-seeds, wax, gums, dye-stuffs, and arrowroot. On the northern boundary is the salt-lake Chilka, 42 miles long, 15 broad, and only 6 feet deep. The country does not offer a single haven to ships of any burden. Small vessels, however, may enter the Rosikoila. GANJEH. See ELIZABETOPOL.

GANNAT, a town of France, in the department of Allier, is pleasantly situated on the Andelot, a tributary of the Allier, amid hills covered with vines and timber trees, 34 miles south-south-west of Moulins. In former times, it was fortified by walls and ditches, the latter being supplied with water by the stream on which the town stands. G. has tanneries and breweries, and a trade in corn, wine, and cattle. Pop. (1872) 5202.

of the family Pelecanida, having a long, strong, GANNET (Sula), a genus of web-footed birds, conical bill, the face and throat naked, the feet with four toes, three before and one behind, all united by the web. To this genus the Booby (q. v.) belongs. Another species is the COMMON G., or SOLAN GOOSE (S. Bassana), a bird which breeds on

Common Gannet, or Solan Goose (Sula Bassana).

insular rocks in the northern seas, and migrates in winter to warmer and even tropical regions. The name Solan or Soland Goose is from Solent, an old name of the English Channel. The entire length of the G. is about three feet; its general colour milkwhite, the crown and back of the head pale yellow, the quill-feathers of the wings black. The G. lays usually a single egg, of a chalky white colour; the young bird, when newly hatched, has a naked bluishblack skin, but soon becomes covered with a thick white down, so that it resembles a powder-puff, or a mass of cotton; and when the true feathers appear, they are black, with lines and spots of dull white, so that the plumage of the young is very unlike that of the mature bird. The G. is long-lived, and takes about four years to come to maturity. Its motions on land are very awkward: but it is a bird of very powerful wing and graceful flight. It extends its flight to great distances from the rocks which it inhabits, pursuing shoals chiefly of such fish as swim near the surface, particularly herring, pilchards, and others of the same family. The presence of a shoal of pilchards often becomes known to the Cornwall fishermen from the attendant gannets. The G. may often be seen sailing in

the air, when suddenly, seeing a fish, it falls, with unerring precision, perpendicularly upon it. Gannets are sometimes taken by means of a board with a fish fastened to its upper surface, made to float a little beneath the surface of the water, the force with which the bird falls being sufficient to drive its sharp bill through the board, from which it cannot draw it back. Lundy Isle, the Bass Rock, Ailsa, St Kilda, and Suliskerry, are the most celebrated British breeding-places of gannets. The number of gannets that annually visit the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth is estimated at nearly twenty thousand. The young are killed chiefly for the sake of their feathers, which bring a good profit to the person who rents the rock. There, and in similar localities, they are to be seen in prodigious numbers, the air around the rock being filled with them, like bees around a hive, and the rock itself whitened by them and their accumulated excrements. Their nests are formed of sea-weeds and marine grasses. On Great Gannet Rock, near the coast of Labrador, they are described as placed in regular rows. From this rock, great numbers of gannets are taken to be cut into bait for the codfisheries. The G., during incubation, will often allow itself to be touched with a stick without rising from the nest. Its flesh is rank and oily, but edible; but that of the young baked, is eaten to a considerable extent in many places, and is even reckoned as a delicacy. The eggs are considered by many connoisseurs to be a decided delicacy. They are boiled for twenty minutes, and eaten cold, with vinegar, salt, and pepper. The voice of the G. is harsh, and the cries of the multitudinous birds, when disturbed at their breeding-places, are deafening.-A species of G. (S. variegata), extremely abundant in some parts of the southern hemisphere, is said to be the chief producer of guano.

GA'NOID FISHES, one of the four orders of fishes in the classification of Agassiz, characterised by ganoid scales-shining scales (Gr. ganos, splendour), covered with enamel, angular, either rhomboidal or polygonal. Ganoid scales are often

Various forms of Ganoid Scales.

large, thick, and bony; they are usually placed in oblique rows, and united to each other by a kind of hook at the anterior angle. Recent ganoid fishes do not form a natural group, but differ in very important parts of their organisation. Some of them have an osseous, some a cartilaginous skeleton. Recent ganoid fishes are, however, comparatively few; whereas, among fossil fishes, the ganoid type is extremely prevalent. The sturgeon is an example of a ganoid fish.

GA'NTLET, or GAUNTLET (Fr. gant, a glove), an iron glove, which formed part of the armour of knights and men-at-arms. The back of the hand was covered with plates jointed together, so as to permit the hand to close. Gantlets were introduced about the 13th century. They were frequently thrown down by way of challenge, like

gloves. They are frequently used in heraldry, the fact of their being for the right or left hand being expressed by the words 'dexter' or 'sinister.' In the phrase 'to run the gantlet,' the word is probably a corruption for ganglope (from gang, a passage, and the root occurring in e-lope-D. loopen, Ger. laufen, to run). The German has gassenlaufen (lane-run), meaning a military punishment, which consists in making the culprit, naked to the waist, pass repeatedly through a lane formed of two rows of soldiers, each of whom gives him a stroke as he passes with a short stick or other similar weapon.

GANTUNG PASS, in lat. 31° 38′ N., and long 78° 47' E., leads eastward from Kunawar, a district of Bussahir in Hindustan, into Chinese Tartary. Its height is 18,295 feet above the sea, and it is overhung by a peak of its own name, about 3000 feet loftier. The place is unspeakably desolate and rugged. It is, of course, beset with perpetual snow, and being devoid of fuel, it is but little frequented. Gerard, one of the few travellers that have visited it, crossed it-and that in July-amid snow and sleet. One peculiarity in the scene, according to the traveller just mentioned, is that the whitened surface presents here and there dangerous pools of still water.

GANYME'DES, the cup-bearer of Zeus, was, according to Homer, the son of Tros, or, according to others, of Laomedon, Ilus, or Erichthonius. The most beautiful of mortals, he attracted the notice of the king of the gods, who despatched his eagle to carry him off to heaven, where he succeeded Hebe in the office above referred to. The Greeks believed that Zeus gave Tros a pair of divine horses as a compensation for kidnapping his boy, and comforted him at the same time by informing him that G. had become immortal and free from all earthly ills. At a later period, G. was identified with the divinity who presided over the sources of the Nile. The Greek astronomers likewise placed him among the stars, under the name of Aquarius (the water-bearer), in allusion to his celestial function. He was also a favourite subject of ancient art.

GAOL. See PRISON.

GAOL DELIVERY, COMMISSION OF, is one of the four commissions issued to judges of assize in England, under which they discharge their duties on circuit. See ASSIZE Commission of gaol delivery empowers the judges to try and deliver every prisoner who shall be in the gaol when they arrive at the circuit town. It is directed to the judges, with whom are coupled the serjeants-at-law and Queen's counsel on the circuit, the clerk of assize, and the associate. It constitutes the persons to whom it is directed the Queen's justices, and orders four, three, or two of them, of whom one must be a judge or serjeant, to proceed to try prisoners. It was anciently the course to issue special writs of gaol delivery for each particular prisoner, which were called the writs de bono et malo; but these being found inconvenient and oppressive, a general established in their stead (Stephen, Comm. iv. 371 commission for all the prisoners has long been It is not incumbent on the commissioners to deliver all the prisoners in the gaol, but they cannot try any one who was not in custody or on bail at the opening of the commission. A commission of gaol delivery has power to order that the proceedings at any trial shall not be published till all the trials are finished. Violation of this order is contempt of court, and is punishable by fine and imprisonment. At common law, a commission of gaol delivery is suspended by the Court of Queen's Bench sitting in the same county; but by 25 Geo. III. c. 18, the session at Newgate of oyer and terminer and gaol delivery is not to be interrupted by the commencement

of term and sitting of the King's Bench at Westminster. By 4 and 5 Will. IV. c. 36, a special court has been created for London and the suburbs, called the Central Criminal Court (q. v.), for which a special commission of gaol delivery is issued.

GAP, a small town of France, capital of the department of Hautes Alpes, is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Luie, about 50 miles southeast of Grenoble. It is approached through walnut avenues, and surrounded by slopes on which the vine flourishes at the height of 2558 feet above sea-level. When seen from a certain distance, the town has a picturesque appearance; but on a closer inspection, it is found to be merely a labyrinth of dirty, narrow, and ill-paved streets. The chief public building is the cathedral, with a mausoleum in marble of the Constable de Lesdiguières. The town has manufactures of coarse woollens, linens, agricultural implements, and leather. Pop. (1872) 5566. G., the ancient Vapincum, was formerly capital of the district of Dauphiné, to which it gave the name of Gapençois. At the commencement of the 17th c., it is said to have had about 16,000 inhabitants. Since that period, however, it has steadily declined in size and importance. It was sacked, and almost wholly reduced to ashes, by

Victor Amadeus of Savoy in 1692.

GAPES, a disease of gallinaceous birds, owing to the presence of a trematode worm (Fasciola trachealis) in the windpipe. This entozoon, allied to the Fluke (q. v.), is, however, a creature of very different general form, being a red, wavy, cylindrical worm, tapering at the tail, and forking near the upper extremity, the branch which is

B

Fasciola Trachealis:

A

sent off terminating in a sucker for adhesion, whilst the mouth ter minates the principal trunk. The whole length seldom exceeds an inch. Twenty of these worms, of various sizes, have been A, the whole worm; B, the upper found in the windpipe sucker at the end of its branch; of a single chicken. Pheasants, partridges, &c., are to be infested by them. They produce inflammation, and sometimes suffocation and death. A common remedy is to introduce into the bird's throat the end of a feather, well oiled, and to turn it round, so as to dislodge the worms, which are then either brought out by the feather, or coughed out by the bird. Another cure is to give a little Epsom salts mixed with the food. Urine is often used in the same way. See SCLEROSTOMA.

extremity, magnified: a, the

b, the head, with mouth.

also liable

GARANCEUX is a term now applied to the rough preparation which was formerly called garaneine-namely, the spent madder acted on by sulphuric acid, as mentioned under GARANCINE.

GARANCINE, a manufactured product of madder; hence its name, derived from the French garance. The discovery of the process for making this material is due to the French, and it has proved one of the most valuable additions to our dyeing materials that has been made during the present century.

It was first practically used in the dyeing establishment of Messrs Lagier and Thomas at Avignon, where it was introduced with the hope of turning the spent madder to account; but the rude manner in which it was prepared prevented it from becoming

generally used for a long time, and our ignorance of the organic chemistry of madder at first hindered its improvement. It was first prepared by drying and pulverising or grinding the spent madder which had been used in the ordinary processes of dyeing madder styles; this was then saturated with sulphuric acid, which was supposed to char the woody tissue, and destroy the alizurine and some other organic products of the madder, but to have no effect upon the purpurine, which was consequently available for fresh dyeing processes. Subsequent experience shewed these views to be wrong, and garancine is now prepared from pure ground madder-root which has not previously been used. For this purpose, the ground madder is mixed with water, and left for a day, and then fresh water is added, and the whole drawn off. By this means, the sugar, and probably the whole of the rubian, another principle of the madder, are dissolved and removed. Sulphuric acid is then added, and the temperature raised to about 90° F. for some hours, after which it is well washed with cold water, strained, pressed, and dried, and afterwards ground. In this state, it has a fine chocolate-brown colour, and looks somewhat like ground coffee. it is more easily used, and the colours it gives The advantages of garancine over madder are, that are brighter and more intense, although not so permanent.

GARAY, JÁNOS, a distinguished Hungarian poet, G.'s poetical was born at Szegszárd in 1812. genius manifested itself from early boyhood; for it was noticed by his teachers, that whenever he had to make a school pensum of Latin verses, he would usually bring at the same time an elaborate Magyar version. His Csatár (the Warrior) was published in 1834, and from that moment till his death, G. was one of the most assiduous workmen in the field of Hungarian literature, being attached in succession to the editorial staffs of the Regelöi, Rajzolatok, Hirnök, and Jelenkor. G.'s dramatic works areCsáb, a tragedy in five acts (1835); Arbocz, a tragedy in five acts (1837); Országh Ilona, an historical drama in three acts (1837); Utolsó Magyar Khan, a tragedy in five acts; Báthory Erzsebet, an historical drama in five acts. The first complete edition of G.'s poetical works was published at Pesth in 1843. A collection of tales appeared under the title of Tollrajzok in 1845; and the historical legends of Hungary, under the title of Arpádok, in 1847. A new series of poetry, under the title Balatoni Kagylók, was published in 1848. He died at Pesth, November 5, 1853. His last work was Szent László, a long historical poem in 12 cantos (2 vols., Erlau, 1850). A complete edition of his poems was published after his death by Franz Ney (Pesth, 1853); and a select number of them have been translated into German by Kertbeny (Pesth, 1854; 2d edit., Vienna, 1857).

GARB, or GARBE (Fr. gerbe, Ger. garbe), a sheaf of any kind of grain. A garb is frequently used in heraldry. If it is blazoned a garb simply, then wheat is understood; if any other kind of grain is intended, it must be mentioned-e. g., 'a garb of oats.'

GARBLERS, GARBLE (Fr. garber, to make clean). To garble signifies to sever and divide the good and sufficient from the bad and insufficient. Garbles signify the dust or soil that is severed. By 1 Rich. III. it was provided that no bow-staves should be sold ungarbled; and by 12 Ed. IV. c. 2, it is enacted that bow-staves be searched and surveyed, and that such as be not good and sufficient be marked. 1 James I. c. 19 was passed to preserve the purity of drugs. By this statute, thirty-two kinds of drugs are specified as garbleable;