GOLDSINNY-GOLDSMITH. receive lessons from Garcia. Her voice was now thought wanting in volume, and when she appeared at the Grand Opera two years later, her failure was so mortifying, that she is said to have resolved never again to sing in France. Returning to Stockholm, she was heard with enthusiasm in Robert le Diable, and at the instance of Meyerbeer was engaged at Berlin in 1845. After singing two years in Prussia, she visited Vienna, and other German cities, and made her debut in London in 1847, with a very marked success. Her return to Stockholm was greeted with an ovation, and the tickets to the opera in which she appeared were sold at auction. She returned to London in 1849, and won an immense triumph. The royal family and court were present at nearly every representation, and the receipts were often over £2000. The London season was followed by a concert tour in the provinces, with a similar success, and her great popularity was increased by the distribution of a large part of her receipts in charities. In 1850 she made an engagement with Mr P. T. Barnum of New York, for a concert tour in America, extending through the United States, British provinces, Mexico, and the West Indies. The receipts of this well-managed tour were 610,000 dollars, of which Mademoiselle Lind received 302,000 dollars. While in America, she was married to M. Otto Goldschmidt, the pianist who accompanied her, born at Hamburg 1828. They returned to Europe in 1852, and resided at Dresden after she had visited Stockholm, and expended £40,000 in endowing schools in her native country. Since then Madame G. has rarely sung at concerts. In 1874, M. and Madame G. became leading professors at the Rhenish Academy of Music in Wiesbaden. Her voice is a contralto of moderate range, but much power and expression. Her kind manners and abundant charities contributed to her popularity and success. GOʻLDSINNY, or GOLDFINNY, a name given to certain small species of Crenilabrus, a genus of fishes of the Wrasse family (Labridae). They are rare on the British coasts, but are more plentiful on those of the north of Europe. They frequent rocky coasts, and are sometimes taken by anglers from the rocks. They receive their name from their prevalent yellow colour. Like the wrasses, they have a very elongated dorsal fin. risked his entire capital, and of course lost it. Another sum was then raised, and he proceeded to Edinburgh to study medicine, where he remained 18 months, but did not take a degree. He then proceeded to the continent, hovered about Leyden for some time, haunting the gaming-tables with but indifferent success; and in February 1755, he left that city to travel on foot through Europe, scantily provided as to purse and wardrobe, but rich in his kindly nature and his wonder-working flute. After taking his degree of B.M. at Padua or Louvain, G. returned to England in February 1756, when, by the assistance of Dr Sleigh, a fellow. student, he set up as a physician among the poor. He did not succeed in his profession, and he is represented as having become usher in the academy of Dr Milner at Peckham. During this period he supported himself by contributions to the Monthly Review. He became candidate for a medical appointment at Coromandel, but was rejected by the College of Surgeons. The clothes in which he appeared for examination had been procured on the security of Mr Griffiths, editor of the Monthly Review; and as G., urged by sharp distress, had pawned them, his publisher threatened him with the terrors of a jail. He had now reached the lowest depths of misery; but the dawn was about to break. His first publication of note was an Inquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe, and was published in April 1759. In January 1760, Mr Newbery commenced the Public Ledger, to which G. contributed the celebrated Chinese Letters, afterwards republished under the title of The Citizen of the World. He also wrote a Life of Beau Na, and a History of England, in a series of letters. On the 31st May 1761 he was introduced by Dr Percy to Dr Johnson, who, in his turn, introduced 1764, The Traveller appeared, and at once placed his new friend to the Literary Club. In December him in the front rank of English authors. Two years after this he published the Vicar of Wake rapid succession he produced his other works. The field, which has now charmed four generations. It comedy of the Good Natured Man, in 1767; the the sweetest of all his poems-in 1770. In 1773, Roman History, in 1768; and The Deserted Village his comedy of She Stoops to Conquer was produced at Covent Garden with great applause. His other works are-Grecian History, 1774; Retaliation, a poem, 1777; and History of Animated Nature, which he did not live to complete. Although now in receipt of large sums for his works, G. had not escaped from pecuniary embarrassment. He was extravagant, loved fine living and rich clothes, his charities were only bounded by his purse, and he haunted the gaming-table quite as frequently, and with as constant ill success, as of old. In March 1774, he came up to London, ill in body and harassed in mind, and took to bed on the 25th. With charac teristic wilfulness and imprudence, he, contrary to the advice of his medical advisers, persisted in the use of James's Powders. He became rapidly worse, and Dr Turton said: Your pulse is in greater disorder than it should be from the degree of fever you have. Is your mind at ease?' 'No, it is not,' was the poet's reply, and the last words he uttered He died on the 4th April, £2000 in debt, and more sincerely lamented than any literary man of his time. Old and infirm people sobbed on the stairs of his apartments, Johnson and Burke grieved, and Reynolds, when he heard the news, laid down his pencil, and left his studio. He was buried in Temple Church, and a monument was erected to him in Westminster Abbey, bearing an epitaph by GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, was born in the village of Pallas, in the county of Longford, Ireland, 10th November 1728. His father, the Rev. Charles Goldsmith, a clergyman of the Established Church, held the living of Kilkenny West. At the age of six, G. was placed under the care of the village schoolmaster, when an attack of small-pox interrupted his studies. On his recovery, he attended school at various places. On the 11th June 1745, he entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar; the expense of his education being defrayed by his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Contarine. At the university-where Burke was his contemporary-G. gave no evidence of the possession of talent, and becoming involved in some irregularity, quitted his studies in disgust. He lingered in Dublin till his funds were exhausted, then wandered on to Cork, where, he being in great distress, a handful of peas was given him by a girl at a wake, the flavour of which remained for ever sweet in his memory. By his brother Henry, he was brought back to college, where, on the 27th February 1749, he received the degree of B.A. His uncle was now anxious that his nephew should enter the church; but when he appeared before the bishop, he was rejected. His kind-hearted relative then gave him £50, and sent him to Dublin to study law; but G., being attracted to a gaming-table, | Dr Johnson. GOLDSMITHS' NOTES-GOLF. G. was the most natural genius of his time. He weighted with lead behind, and faced with horn) of did not possess Johnson's mass of intellect, nor well-seasoned apple-tree or thorn. Every player Burke's passion and general force, but he wrote has a set of clubs, differing in length and shape to the finest poem, the most exquisite novel, and-with suit the distance to be, driven, and the position of the exception perhaps of the School for Scandal- the ball; for (except in striking off from a hole, the most delightful comedy of the period. Blun- when the ball may be teed-i. e., placed advan dering, impulsive, vain, and extravagant, clumsy tageously on a little heap of sand, called a tee) it is in manner and undignified in presence, he was a rule that the ball must be struck as it happens to laughed at and ridiculed by his contemporaries; lie. Some positions of the ball require a club with but with pen in hand, and in the solitude of his chamber, he was a match for any of them, and took the finest and kindliest revenges. Than his style-in which, after all, lay his strengthnothing could be more natural, simple, and graceful. It is full of the most exquisite expressions, and the most cunning turns. Whatever he said, he said in the most graceful way. When he wrote nonsense, he wrote it so exquisitely that it is better often than other people's sense. Johnson, who, although he laughed at, yet loved and understood him, criticised him admirably in the remark: 'He is now writing a Natural History, and will make it as agreeable as a Persian tale.' The best life of Goldsmith is that by Forster, entitled The Life and Times of Oliver Goldsmith (Lond. 1854). GOLDSMITHS' NOTES; the earliest form of bank-notes; so called because goldsmiths were the first bankers. See BANK-NOTES. GOLF, or GOFF, a pastime almost peculiar to Scotland, derives its name from the club (Ger. Kolbe; Dutch, Kolf) with which it is played. It is uncertain when it was introduced into Scotland, but it appears to have been practised by all classes to a considerable extent in the reign of King James I. Charles I. was much attached to the game, and on his visit to Scotland in 1641, was engaged in it on Leith Links when intimation was given him of the rebellion in Ireland, whereupon he threw down his club, and returned in great agitation to Holyroodhouse. The Duke of York, afterwards James II., also delighted in the game; and in our own day, the Prince of Wales occasionally practises it. Club Heads: 1, play-club; 2, putter; 3, spoon; 4, sand-iron; 5, cleek; 6, niblick or track-iron. is usually provided with an attendant, called a caddy, who carries his clubs and tees' his balls. an iron head. The usual complement of clubs is six; but those who refine on the gradation of implements use as many as ten, which are technically distinguished as the play-club, long-spoon, mid-spoon, shortUntil late years, golf was entirely confined to spoon, baffing-spoon, driving-putter, putter, sand-iron, Scotland, where it still maintains its celebrity as a cleek, and niblick or track-iron-the last three have national recreation; but latterly it has been estab-iron heads, the others are of wood. Every player lished south of the Tweed, as well as in many of the British colonies. It is played on what are called in Scotland links (Eng. downs), that is, tracts of sandy soil covered with short grass, which occur frequently along the east coast of Scotland. St Andrews and Leven in Fife, Prestwick in Ayrshire, Musselburgh in Mid Lothian, North Berwick and Gullane in East Lothian, Carnoustie and Montrose in Forfarshire, and Aberdeen, are examples of admirably suited links, as the ground is diversified by knolls, sand-pits, and other hazards (as they are termed in golfing phraseology), the avoiding of which is one of the most important points of the game. The object of the game is, starting from the first hole, to drive the ball into the next hole with as few strokes as possible; and so on round the course. The player (or pair of players) whose ball is holed in the fewest strokes has gained that hole; and the match is usually decided by the greatest number of holes gained in one or more rounds; sometimes it is made to depend on the aggregate number of strokes taken to 'hole' one or more rounds. To play the game of golf well requires long practice, and very few attain to great excellence A series of small round holes, about four inches who have not played from their youth. But any in diameter, and several inches in depth, are cut one may in a year or two learn to play tolerably, in the turf, at distances of from one to four or so as to take great pleasure in the game; and five hundred yards from each other, according to for all who have once entered upon it, it possesses the nature of the ground, so as to form a circuit no ordinary fascination. It has this advantage over or round. The rival players are either two in many other outdoor games, that it is suited both number, which is the simplest arrangement, or four for old and young. The strong and energetic find (two against two), in which case the two partners scope for their energy in driving long balls (crackstrike the ball on their side alternately. The balls, players will drive a ball above 200 yards); but weighing about two ounces, are made of gutta- the more important points of the game-an exact percha, and painted white so as to be readily seen. eye, a steady and measured stroke for the short An ordinary golf-club consists of two parts spliced distances, and skill in avoiding hazards are called together-namely, the shaft and head: the shaft forth in all cases. Along with the muscular exeris usually made of hickory, or lance-wood; the cise required by the actual play, there is a mixture handle covered with leather; the head (heavily of walking which particularly suits those whose Putting. In the accompanying illustration, the method of holding the club, when putting the ball into the hole, is shewn. Golf Associations are numerous in Scotland, and in many instances the members wear a uniform when playing. Many professional players make their livelihood by golf, and are always ready to instruct beginners in the art, or to play matches with amateurs. The rules laid down by the St Andrews Royal and Ancient Union Club are those that govern nearly all the other associations, and may be found in Chambers's Information for the People, No. 96. GOLFO DULCE, in English, Sweet or Fresh Gulf, lies in the state of Guatemala, in Central America, measuring 26 miles by 11, and having an average depth of 6 or 8 fathoms. It communicates with the outer sea, here known as the Gulf of Honduras, by a narrow strait or stream called the Rio Dulce. GO'LGOTHA, a Hebrew word signifying a 'skull,' and so it is interpreted by Luke; but by the other three evangelists, the place of a skull.' The Latin equivalent is Calvaria, a bare skull.' This place, the scene of the crucifixion of Christ, was situated without the gates of Jerusalem, on the eastern side of the city, although the common opinion handed down from the middle ages fixes it in the northwest (see CALVARY). It was probably the ordinary spot of execution, though this is to be inferred rather from the fact that, in the eyes of the Roman officers of justice, Christ was simply a common criminal, than from any supposed connection between the word 'skull' and a place of execution; G. receiving its name in all likelihood from its round skull-like form. A church was built over the spot in the 4th c. by Constantine. What is now called the Church of the Holy Sepulchre' to the north-west of Jerusalem, but within the walls of the city, has manifestly no claim whatever to be considered the building erected by Constantine; but while recent biblical scholars and travellers generally have assumed that the scene of our Saviour's crucifixion Goliath Beetle (Goliathus magnus). and remarkable for the large size of some of the species, particularly the African ones. They are also, in respect of their colours, splendid insects. Little is known of their habits. GÖLLNITZ, a small town in the north of Hunbank of a river of the same name, a feeder of the gary, in the county of Zips, is situated on the left Hernad, 17 miles south-west of Eperies. It has important iron and copper mines, and manufactures of wire and cutlery. Pop. 5205. GO'LLNOW, a small manufacturing town of Prussia, in the province of Pomerania, is situated on the right bank of the Ihna, 15 miles north-east of Stettin. It was formerly a Hanse-town, and is surrounded by walls, and defended by two forts. The manufactures are woollen cloth, ribbons, paper, and tobacco; there are also copper-works. Pop (1871) 7273. GOLOMY'NKA (Comephorus Baikalensis), a remarkable fish, found only in Lake Baikal, the only known species of its genus, which belongs to the goby family. It is about a foot long, is destitute of scales, and is very soft, its whole substance abounding in oil, which is obtained from it by pressure. It is never eaten. GOLO'SHES (formerly called galoshes), from Galoche, a word through the French, from Galocha, the Spanish for a patten, clog, or wooden shoe. The French applied the term at first to shoes partly of leather and wood, the soles being wood, and the uppers of leather. The term was introduced to this country as a cordwainer's technicality, to signify a method of repairing old boots and shoes by putting a narrow strip of leather above the sole so as to surround the lower part of the upper leather. It was also adopted by the patten and clog makers to distinguish what were also called French clogs from ordinary clogs and pattens. Clogs were mere soles of wood with straps across the instep to keep them on; pattens were the same, with iron rings to raise them from the ground; but the galoshes were wooden soles, usually with a joint at the part where the tread of the foot came, and with upper leathers like very low shoes. By the term goloshes is now generally meant the GOLPE-GOMBROON. the separate parts of a shoe-i. e., the rubber parts. The calico or other linings are coated round the edges with some strongly adhesive cement, probably dissolved rubber, and then all the pieces are ready to be put together. India-rubber over-shoes which were introduced into Great Britain from America about the year 1847; but it was some little time after this before the trade in them had reached much importance, as at first they were clumsily made, and of inferior quality. However, mainly by the exertions of the Up to this stage, all the work has been done by Hayward Rubber Company in America, their men, but women actually make the shoes, a kind quality and appearance were soon much improved, of work for which their nimble fingers are well and the demand for them increased rapidly. Many suited. The lasts are of hollow cast-iron, and the mills for their production were then started in company has no less than 170,000 pairs of them. America, and several were also set agoing in Great Working with a number of lasts exactly the same, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia; but there the girl first covers them with the various pieces of are signs that the trade in these shoes is some- lining and insole, all of which are held together by what on the decline. In the populous districts of the cement. Returning again to the first one, she Great Britain, at all events, the demand for them now puts on the various outer pieces of the shoe, now (1874) is not a fifth part of what it was 12 sticking them together quickly with a little turpenor 15 years ago. Their comparative cheapness, tine at the junctions; and then by way of ornahowever, still facilitates the sale of them in the ment, still more quickly runs a small notched outlying districts, and in poor countries generally. wheel along where the seams in a leather shoe are, As these shoes are at present made, they keep to finish her work. A clever girl will make fifty the stockings constantly damp, and the feet un-pairs a day; a very clever one, seventy. That is comfortable, by preventing the escape or the absorp- to make a pair of shoes in ten or twelve minutes. tion of the perspiration. It is a little strange, too, The next process is to coat the shoes with a varnish that even when the uppers are almost entirely of which gives them a beautiful gloss, and it is one of some woven texture, and nothing but the sole of the great aims of the manufacturers to excel in vulcanised rubber, they are not wholly free from this. Finally, they are put on light iron frames, this fault. Most kinds of rubber shoes have their and exposed to the heat of the vulcanising chamber. separate pieces held together entirely by the In the India-rubber works at Edinburgh, more adhesiveness of the rubber when treated by some than twenty distinct kinds of boots and shoes solvent, such as turpentine. There are therefore are made, and their average production is 4000 no seams like those in a leather shoe, and this, pairs a day. Besides those worn in Great Britain, taken along with the close texture of the rubber large numbers are exported to other countries, espeitself, is the cause of the discomfort we have men- cially Germany, where, however, an inferior kind tioned. Still, when well made, they have several is largely made. For Norway and Sweden, a kind good qualities, such as their imperviousness to with warm felt lining has lately been much in damp, as well as their softness, durability, and demand. neatness. Leather shoes have become so costly, that one cannot but hope something will be done so to improve those made from this remarkable material, that they will at least retain their place as a partial substitute for leather ones. GOLPE, in Heraldry, a Roundel purpure. It is sometimes called a Wound. See ROUNDEL. GOMARISTS, or CONTRA-REMONSTRANTS, In the the name by which the opponents of the doctrines of The largest and best-conducted manufactory for Arminius (q. v.), the founder of the Dutch Remonthe production of vulcanised rubber goloshes and strants, were designated. The party received this other shoes in Great Britain, is that of the North appellation from its leader, Francis Gomar. This British Rubber Company at Edinburgh. Here the theologian was born at Bruges, 30th January 1563, studied at the universities of Strasburg, Heidelberg, material is prepared by processes which are to some Oxford, and Cambridge, in the last-mentioned of extent described under the head CAOUTCHOUC. which he took his degree of B.D. in 1584. In 1594, That is, the rubber is (1) torn up into small pieces, he was appointed professor of divinity at Leyden, washed, and rolled together in granulated sheets. and signalised himself by his vehement antipathy (2.) It is then mixed, by the aid of heated rollers, to the views of his colleague, Arminius. with the vulcanising materials, consisting of sulphur, disputation between the Armenians and Calvinists, litharge, lamp-black, pitch, rosin, and sometimes held at the Hague in 1608, his zeal was very conother materials. (3.) The final stage in the preparation of the material is done after the shoes spicuous; and at the synod of Dort in 1618, he was are made, and consists in subjecting them for nine Arminians from the Reformed Church. He died at mainly instrumental in securing the expulsion of the hours to a temperature of between 200 and 300° F. Rubber so treated is said to be vulcanised, for Gröningen in 1641. An edition of his works was published at Amsterdam in 1645. G., though stiff the properties of which see CAOUTCHOUC. After the and bigoted in the last degree, and more Calvinrubber is thoroughly mixed with the materials we istic than Calvin himself, was a man of various and have mentioned, of which sulphur is the most essenextensive learning. tial, the so far prepared sheets of material are again rolled out between the heated rollers, till they are of the required thickness for the shoe uppers. For this purpose, the rollers, which are fitted into machines called calenders, are very carefully adjusted. The sheets for the soles are made in the same way; only, in their case, the rollers are so constructed as to produce a certain breadth for the heels of an extra thickness, and to indent the surface with grooves, to prevent slipping. Both soles and uppers for each shoe are cut out separately with a knife, since the material will not admit of a number of these being cut at a time by dies, which, however, is done in the case of the linings, as they are of cotton or wool, and will not stick together by pressure. Thin metal moulds are used by the workmen for shaping GOMBROO'N, called also BENDER or BUNDER ABBAS, a town and seaport of Persia, stands at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, in the Strait of Ormuz, Bender and opposite the island of that name. Abbas owed its name and importance to Shah Abbás, who, assisted by the English, drove the Portuguese in 1622 from Ormuz, or Hormuz, then a flourishing commercial town on the island of the same name, ruined the seaport, and transferred its commerce to Gombroon. For some time G. prospered abundantly, French, Dutch, and English factories were erected here, and the population rose to about 30,000. A dispute among the natives, however, resulted in the destruction of the European factories and houses, and only the remains of these now exist. Trade then 825 GOMERA-GONGORA. almost entirely forsook G.; it is now inhabited by only about 4000 Arabs under a sheikh, who is subject to the sultan of Muscat, in Arabia. The town is surrounded by a mud wall; its streets are narrow and dirty. GOME'RA, one of the Canary Islands (q. v.). GOMO'RRAH. See SODOM AND GOMORRAH. GOMU'TO, ARENG, or EJOO PALM (Arenga saccharifera, or Saguerus Rumphii), an important palm which grows in Cochin China and in the islands of the Indian Archipelago, particularly in moist and shady ravines. The stem is 20-30 feet high; the leaves 15-25 feet long, pinnated. The flowers are in bunches 6-10 feet long; the fruit is a yellowishbrown, three-seeded berry, of the size of a small apple, and extremely acrid. The stem, when young, is entirely covered with sheaths of fallen leaves, and black horse-hairlike fibres, which issue in great abundance from their margins; but as the tree increases in age, these drop off, leaving an elegant naked columnar stem. The strongest of the fibres, resembling porcupine quills in thickness, are used in Sumatra as styles for writing on the leaves of other palms. But the finer fibres are by far the most valuable; they are well known in eastern commerce as Gomuto or Ejoo fibre, and are much used for making strong cordage, particularly, for the cables and standing-rigging of ships, European as well as native. Want of pliancy renders them less fit for running-rigging, and for many other purposes. They need no preparation but spinning or twisting. No ropes of vegetable fibre are so imperishable, when often wet, as those made of Gomuto fibre. At the base of the leaves of the Gomuto palm there is a fine woolly material, called bara, which is much employed in caulking ships and stuffing cushions. The stem contains a large quantity, 150-200 lbs., of a kind of sago. The saccharine sap, obtained in great abundance by cutting the spadices of the flowers, is a delicious beverage, and by fermentation yields an intoxicating palm wine (neroo), from which a spirituous liquor called brum is made. GONAI'VES, a seaport of Hayti, with an excellent harbour, stands on a bay of its own name, which deeply indents the west coast of the island. It is 65 miles to the north-west of Port Republicain, formerly Port au Prince, the capital. GO'NDAR, a city of Abyssinia, capital of the kingdom of Gondar or Amhara, is situated in lat. 12° 36′ N., and long. 37° 29′ E., on an insulated hill at an elevation of 7420 feet above sea level, and is 30 miles distant from the northern shore of Lake Dembea or Izana (see ABYSSINIA). G. is the residence of the emperor or Negus, whose authority is now merely nominal, and at one time had from 50 to 100 churches and about 50,000 inhabitants; its population numbers at present about 7000 only, but the latest returns shew 44 churches, with nearly 1200 priests, besides numerous monks and nuns. It is poorly and irregularly built, and resembles a wood rather than a city, on account of the number of trees surrounding the houses. The palace of the emperor, a square stone structure flanked with towers, is the most important building. There are no shops or bazaars, all the articles for sale being exposed on mats in the market-place. G. has manufactures of fire-arms, sword-blades, knives, scissors, razors, shields, pottery, &c.; and a considerable transit trade between Massuah on the Red Sea and the south of Abyssinia, in slaves, musk, wax, ivory, coffee, honey, &c. The mean temperature of G., as observed by Rüppell during the seven months from October to April inclusive, was 69°, and the lowest temperature during that time was 53-09°. A great quantity of rain falls here. In the centre there is a curtained chamber for the occupants: the boat is propelled by means of oars or poles by one, two, or occasionally four men. The rowers stand as they row, and wear the livery of the family to which the gondola belongs. The term gondola is also applied to passage-boats having six or eight oars, used in other parts of Italy. tract of Hindustan, lying between 19° 50′ and 24° GONDWANA, the land of the Gonds, is a hilly 30', and in E. long. between 77° 38′ and 87° 20. It occupies a somewhat central position, sending its drainage at once northward into the Jumna, eastward through the Mahanadi into the Bay of Bengal, and westward through the Tapti and the Nerbudda into the Arabian Sea-the water-shed in some places attaining an elevation of 5000 feet. So isolated a locality, besides being in itself unfavourable to civilisation, is rendered still more so by the extreme barbarism of the inhabitants, who are regarded, with some appearance of probability, as the genuine aborigines of India. Certain it is, that the country has never really formed a part of any of the great empires in the east. GO'NFALON (Ital. gonfalone), an ensign or standard; in virtue of bearing which, the chief magistrates in many of the Italian cities were known as gonfaloniers. GONG, an Indian instrument of percussion, made of a mixture of metals (78 to 80 parts of copper, and 22 to 20 parts of tin), and shaped into a basinlike form, flat and large, with a rim of a few inches deep. The sound of the G. is produced by striking it, while hung by the rim, with a wooden mallet, which puts the metal into an extraordinary state of vibration, and produces a very loud piercing sound. GONGORA, LUIS Y. ARGOTE, a Spanish poet, was born at Cordova, 11th July 1561; studied law at the university of Salamanca, where he composed the greater part of his erotic poems, romances, and satires. At the age of 45, he took orders, and obtained a small prebend in the cathedral of Cordova. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to Philip III., and died in his native city 24th May 1627. G.'s poetic career divides itself into two periods. In his first or youthful period, he yielded himself up entirely to the natural tendencies of his genius, and to the spirit of the nation. lyrics and romances of this period are in the old His |