revision for the press; but they reveal his superior mind,-careful in expounding the text of Scripture, and quick to seize its minuter beauties, as well as to unfold its great theme. They abound in fine and touching sentiment. Instructive Sketches of Character. By Richard Tabraham. J. Mason; Heylin.-A very good book of its class, fitted to rivet the popular attention by a lively style of narrative, and to impress on all readers lessons of the highest value. Cortes: or, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. By George Cubitt. Second Edition. J. Mason. The Servant of his Generation. A Tribute to the Memory of the Rev. Jabez Bunting, D.D.: being a Sermon preached on the Occasion of his A striking narrative, condensed Death, in Eastbrook Chapel, Brad- from the pages of Mr. Prescott; ford, Yks., July 18th, 1858: with a with the reflections of one who was Sketch of his Character and Services. no mean proficient in the philosophy By Frederick J. Jobson, D.D. Lon- of history. Small as the book is, don: Hamilton, Adams, and Co.; and wanting such embellishments as J. Mason. The sermon, which is attract at a glance, it will yet be founded on Acts xiii. 36, is serious, valued by those who wisely prefer appropriate, and full of practical the gem to the casket. truth. The sketch is comprehensive, and breathes in every part the warmest affection. Altogether, this is a graceful monument to one of the masters in the modern Israel. By Memoir of Elizabeth George. the Rev. Henry J. Piggott, B.A. John Mason.-Our stock of biography is large, and each addition ought to be of more than common value. Such, truly, is the present one, which deserves to be in the hands of allespecially of all the young-who are "following hard after" God. The chapters are written with care, and with superior judgment. It is not a little in their favour, that the biographer really discusses the points which arise; and some of these belong to a class which perfunctory authorship finds it convenient to pass by. "These records of a brief but well-spent life have been preserved," Mr. Piggott aptly remarks, "not merely for the sake of the eminent piety which they exhibit; but rather for the sake of the peculiar manifestations of that piety, the zeal for truth, the tenderness and catholicity of affection, and the self-denying activities, in which it displayed itself." Twenty select Sermons of Mr. Wesley, translated into the vernacular of the Friendly Islands, and edited by the Rev. Thomas West, possess far more than literary interest. The version is said (by competent judges) to follow closely the style and force of the original. The Christian Advocate in the University of Cambridge (the Rev. Charles Hardwick, M.A.) continues his learned and instructive work, Christ and other Masters, (Macmillan and Co.,) by examining, in Part IV., the Religions of Egypt and Medo-Persia. To this subject we hope to return. Mr. J. S. Virtue (London and New-York) has just brought out & very beautiful engraving of "The Last Supper," after Leonardo da Vinci. The juvenile library receives some very pleasing additions, suitable as gifts for the season. Such are the following: The Christmas Tree: a Book of Instruction and Amusement for all Young People. With numerous Illustrations. James Blackwood. A Home Book for Children of all Ages. By J. Gage Pigg, B.A. Ward and Co. THE WESLEYAN THEOLOGICAL INSTITUTION. MORE than twenty years have passed since candidates for the Wesleyan-Methodist ministry first assembled at Hoxton, for instruction in theology and general literature. Hundreds have had the benefit of that course; and of these the names will be found in the Annual Report, just issued. An examination of the list is fitted to awaken lively gratitude to God. A number of Students have, indeed, finished their course with joy. Of the comparatively few who have withdrawn from the work to which they were designated, it is but fair to observe, that several are engaged in other fields of sacred labour, and several are disabled by affliction for our toilsome but happy service. The Methodists do not affect the reputation of being a learned people. Yet, in reply to those who cast on them a needless and unmerited reproach, from the Prelate down to the most obscure of detractors,-be it distinctly said, that they have never descended to the vulgarity of decrying learning, and that they have never lacked able and accomplished champions. They are most desirous that their rising Ministers should be "throughly furnished unto all good works." As from the beginning, so now, it is their first aim to ascertain, so far as searching and prayerful inquiry may guide to a decision, who are the men whom the Head of the church has chosen. A literary standing they are quite prepared to value; but their Theological Institution is sacred first to RELIGION, and next to APPROPRIATE SCHOLARSHIP. If the founders of this establishment were right, (and of this the proof is already ample, but constantly accumulating,) then it is plainly the duty and privilege of the Christian public, for whom they acted, to sustain it in vigour and efficiency. The present times call for a godly, powerful, and richly informed ministry; for a general diffusion of sanctified knowledge, as well as for a few men, at least, who shall take the highest range of thought, so as to be ready to meet the enemies in the gate, to bear a worthy part in defending the outworks of Christianity, and illustrating its manifold internal evidence, as well as its glorious scheme of doctrine. It is enough to refer, even in the briefest manner, to the exigencies of the work at home, and to the opening of fair and all-butimmeasurable fields of labour abroad, especially in the East,-where the Christian Preacher will encounter the opposition of minds subtile and acute, though perverted, and find the need of a logical and thoroughly intellectual discipline. The spring of this year witnessed an unusually abundant supply of candidates for the ministry; and the happy result is, that the number of Students resident at Richmond and Didsbury is considerably increased, amounting, at this time, to SEVENTY-FIVE. Reflection and observation show how desirable it is to admit all accepted candidates, even if but for a short season; or, at most, to allow none but rare and special exceptions. Every arrangement is now made for the effective prosecution of studies during the terms of residence; the Conference having unanimously agreed to the appointment of an Assistant-Tutor for each Branch. It is hardly needful to add, that by these means the expenditure is greatly augmented. An appeal for new contributions to the Fund will be successfully urged, the Committee trust, in every Circuit. Happily, the public mind is too well enlightened on the subject to require argument. The advocates for an ignorant ministry are now few and far between. Scarcely a voice is heard in opposition; and to trace the last lingering murmur to its source is to confute it. But an increase of annual subscriptions, to the amount of ONE THOUSAND POUNDS, is the desired fruit of this general unanimity. In these circumstances, fitted alike to sustain good hope and to stimulate exertion, the Committee beg, first, that much private and public prayer be offered in behalf of all colleges and schools devoted to sacred learning; of those who are charged with the high responsibility of conducting them; and of all who are preparing for the holy ministry :-secondly, that a liberality be put forth proportionate to the need. The more educated and affluent of our families, to whom this appeal lies in all its force, will assuredly be found ready to respond, in the language of David the King: "Thine, O LORD, is the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty: for all that is in the heaven and in the earth is Thine; Thine is the kingdom, O LORD, and Thon art exalted as Head above all. Both riches and honour come of Thee, and Thou reignest over all; and in Thine hand is power and might; and in Thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all. Now therefore, our God, we thank Thee, and praise Thy glorious name. But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort? for all things come of Thee, and of Thine own have we given Thee. For we are strangers before Thee, and sojourners, as were all our fathers: our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is none abiding." (1 Chron. xxix. 11–15.) VARIETIES. MILITARY TACTICS OF THE GREAT DUKE. In respect to the influence produced by Wellington on the progress of the art of war, although his campaigns tend to confirm the great truths of the science, it cannot be said that he created er brought into practice any important principles in the higher branches of the science which had not been previously illustrated in the operations of Napoleon, the Archduke Charles, and other celebrated Generals. At the same time, it may be claimed for Wellington that he had a system of his own, which forms an important and interesting subject for reflection and discussion. The combination of the defensive with the offensive, generally used by Wellington, has been described by various military writers. In the Peninsula, and more particularly in Portugal, he had under his command a mass of native troops, better adapted to act as light troops, and harass the enemy in his operations, than for a pitched or regular battle. Having experienced the fiery ardour of the French attack, the impetuosity of columns led by Massena and Ney, he devised very skilfully the means of first blunting the force of that impetuosity, and then overcoming it. His plan was to choose positions very difficult of access; the approaches he covered with clouds of Spanish and Portuguese tirailleurs, thoroughly conversant with the art of taking advantage of inequalities of ground; his artillery he placed partly on the tactical crest of the position, partly a little in rear of it. By these means he shattered the columns on the march by a murderous fire of artillery and musketry, whilst his excellent British infantry, one hundred paces behind the crest of the hill, was kept in reserve without being exposed. When the columns reached the summit, fatigued, out of breath, and already decimated, a general discharge from the infantry and artillery of the second line burst upon them, followed up immediately by a charge upon their halfdisordered masses. This description has reference to the campaigns of Wellington in Spain and Portugal; rugged countries, to which, as well as to the peculiar characteristics of the troops composing his army, such a system was perfectly suited. In the campaign in Belgium a modification of this system was necessarily adopted. The position at Waterloo was on a plateau, with a gentle slope in front of it, forming a glacis, over which the infantry had a magnificent range of fire, and its effects were territic. The flanks of the British were well protected; and Wellington could observe the movements of the enemy from the summit of the plateau, while his own were in a great measure concealed. With all these advantages, it still remains a question whether his system would have been successful on that day, if a multitude of other circumstances had not lent their aid. We admire the sagacity with which the various materials, or nationalities, placed in Wellington's hands, were used to the best advantage; but one of the most striking characteristics of his operations, as far as respects the art of war, is his almost constant use of deployed lines two deep. His successes in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo, gained with the troops so formed, and generally attributed to the deadly tire of his lines of infantry, have given rise to controversial discussions on the relative advantages of the formation of troops in columns and in lines. In these discussions, highly useful in some respects, the tendency in too many instances has unfortunately been to reduce the system of war to absolute rules, as if it were possible to decide absolutely that troops should on all occasions be formed either in column or in line. The locality in which they are to act, national character, and other circumstances must be considered by the General; and it is for his genius to decide when and where the one formation or the other may be the most advantageous. The description of fire-arms lately introduced for infantry is a subject for consideration also, in regard to the influence which it may be destined to exercise on the result of future wars. During the late campaigns at Alma and Inkermann, the allies had an advantage in being armed with the minie. But this advantage, through superiority of weapon, is not likely to occur in any future war between European powers; as it is to be supposed that these improved arms will be brought into general use. There still remains the question, Will this weapon have any influence on tactics? Will whole armies be disposed in skirmishing order? or will it still be necessary to keep up lines deployed, either of battalions in columns or in line? Will battles become duels with the musket; in which the two sides, without manoeuvring, will continue firing at each other until one party or the other is either put to flight or destroyed? The opinion of Jomini is, that notwithstanding the perfection to which arms have been brought, and the murderous effects of the minie at Alma and Inkermann, two armies encountering, and wishing to engage in battle, cannot thus fire at each other from a distance throughout the day. One or other must advance and make an attack; and, therefore, ultimate success will depend, as heretofore, on the most skilful manoeuvring, according to the great tactical principle of bringing the preponderating mass on the decisive point at the decisive moment.-Lieutenant-Colonel J. J. Graham. ANTIQUITIES IN CNIDUS. The following letter describes the progress made in excavating the ruins of Cnidus: This noble animal (a lion) is ten feet long from stem to stern. He is of Parian marble, and in very fine condition. He is in a couchant attitude, his head turned round to the right. From the base to the top of his head he measures six feet. His weight I should imagine to be eight tons. Ile is lying on his side. The upper side is of course somewhat weather-beaten, though the great essentials of form are there; but the lower side, as far as I can tell by looking under it, is nearly as fresh as when it left the hand of the artist. The injuries which he has sustained are few. The fore-paws and part of the lower jaw are wanting; but it is very probable that we may find them. The left hind-leg has been a good deal crushed by his fall in other respects he is perfect. He has no eyes, but very deep sockets, which may have been filled with vitreous paste, unless the shadows produced by these hollows were considered in colossal sculpture as the equivalent of eyes. As his nose is at present half buried in the ground, it is difficult to judge of the effect of these hollow sockets: they seem, however, to give an idea of the general scale of the animal. I can just squeeze my clenched fist into the sockets ex oculo leonem! The style of the sculpture, and the quality and treatment of the marble, are so like those of the Mausoleum lions as to leave little or no doubt in my mind that the Cnidian colossus is by one of the four sculptors employed by Artemisia. Now, as to the position of the lion. He is lying on the slope of a wild, rocky promontory, on the top of which, a few feet above him, are the remains of a large tomb, which appears to be lying as it was thrown down by an earthquake. This tomb has a square basement, about forty feet each way. It has been faced externally with Doric columns, partially engaged in a wall, and surmounted by triglyphs. These remains of Doric architecture are executed in a coarse marble, and lie strewn round the tomb on every side. Within this architectural facing was a solid mass of work. The upper courses of this mass of masonry are circular, and form concentric rows of steps, which, when the building was entire, must have taken the form of a pyramid. These circular courses are, I should imagine, the outside of a dome formed by stones laid horizontally, so as to project inwards, one beyond the other. An attempt has evidently been made to break into the tomb at the top and at the base on one side. Whether this attempt was successful remains to be ascertained. It would appear that, in driving an entrance into one of the sides of the basement, the structure of the vault has been so dislocated that its crown has fallen in and filled up the interior of the tomb with rubbish. I suppose that the original chamber was constructed like that of the treasury of Atreus-that the sides and vault were externally faced with the marble now scattered round the tomb, and that the lion stood on the top. The stones of this tomb are so large that it is supposed that gentle blasting will be necessary to remove them. SURNAMES.-The names which were at first given to men seem to have had a relation either to some remarkable quality by which an individual might be distinguished, or to some particular circumstance in his history. Although there are many names, of the meaning of which all trace has been lost, yet it is by no means probable that any senseless sound was ever applied as a designation to man. Examples, taken both from sacred and profane history, justify this conclusion. Thus the word Adam in the Hebrew language signifies "earth," and was given to our first parent because he was formed Among the Romans, surnames began early to be used as hereditary distinctions; being derived from some qualification of the bearer, or some event in his history. One family had the surname of Corvus, a crow," because one of the ancestors supposed himself to have received assistance from a crow in battle. A Roman Consul was called Publicola, from his friendship to the people. The ancestor of the renowned Cicero received his name from cicer, "a vetch," which he had cultivated successfully. It was in the eleventh century that surnames began to be adopted universally throughout Europe as hereditary marks of distinction. They were introduced into this country by the Norman invaders. At first, it would seem, they were confined to the gentry or nobility; who, to their Christian names, commonly added the names of those towns or villages of which they were severally lords, whether in Normandy or England: as Roger de Montgomery, William de Courtney, Joceline de Percy, William de Copeland, Thomas de Stanley, &c. Camden observes, that the greatest number of surnames, and those the most ancient and of best account, were taken from places in Normandy, or from the native places of those who served the Conqueror; as, Mortimer, Warren, Albigny, Gournay, Devereux, Tankerville, &c. Moreover, several surnames were formed by adding Fitz (or "son") to the name of the |