which, it might equally be fuppofed, would ftimulate him to convince them of the reasonablenefs, and likewife perfuade them to the obfervance, of that holy ordinance. Thefe men' conftitute the great mafs of the community; on the uprightnefs of their principles, and the regularity of their behaviour, the comforts of focietyin no fmall degree depend; and it will incontrovertibly be allowed, that Religion is the only foundation on which we can erect a permanent fuperftruéture of civil obedience and moral duty. I muft farther affume, that pure and undefiled Religion, that Religion that will affuage the horrors of Death, and exempt us from the doom of Judgment, is derived from a devout participation of the Body and Blood of Chrift. Our Church reprefents the commemoration of our Lord's death in the Sacramental Feaft, as generally necefjury to falvation: the Redeemer of the World, comprehending every defcription of people to whom the Gofpe! fhould be preach ed, fays, Except ye eat of the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you: whofs eateth my flesh and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life, and I will raife him up at the left day!" The peroration is fill more affecting; it is an impreffive and an awakening call to the Clergy to lead their people into the paths of duty and falvation. The Son of Man could not, we think, be heard with indifference, and it will not, we hope, be read by any clergy man without producing a powerful and laiting effect. 20. Effays on the Population of Ireland, and the Character of the Irish. By a Member of the laji Irish Parliament. THE population of Ireland is here flated at upwards of five millions, and likely to increafe to feven before the Japle of 20 years. The importation of coals is brought as a collateral proof of the rapid increase of people in Ireland. The extremely fertile foil of Ireland is capable of great improvement by fkilful culture. Nearly one million acres of bog and mountain may yet be converted, with confiderable profit, into good meadow and tillage land. I abounds with nateral manures. Its fisheries would furaith fifty times more than at prefent. It annually exports provifions to the amount of bout three millions fierling. Its exportation of provifions, and increase of people, infiead of proceeding inverfely, have been, we may fay, commenfurate with each other; the former being to the amount of 1,111,3881. on an average of feven years to 1778, when the number of people was about five millions. Befides which, there has been, for feveral years paft, a confider able and annually-increafing exportation of that article of food (potices), on which the lower orders almoft wholly fabfift. This probable increase of population is not fufliciently refer red to in the reprefentation of Ireland by the Act of Union. Ireland has almoft uniformly exhibited, throughout the courfe of the last century, a combination of all thofe circumfiances which are acknowledged to be pre-eminently aufpicious to a rapid increate of peo ple; and the ordinary effects of fuch circumstances have, in that country, been but partially fruftrated by wars and emigrations. The climate is in a high degree falubrious; there is plenty of food; marriages increafe among the lower orders. Emigrations, in the latt century, either by connivance at levying men for French fervice, or by emigration to America, or by continual efflux to England and other countries, have decreafed fince 1783, or fince the commerce of Ireland began to affume a refpectable appearance, its manufactures began to be multiplied and extended, and its agriculture porfaed with foirit and fuccels. "Ireland toes. actually prefent to our view, in a flate of unfrufirated agercy, every phyfical, moral, and political caufe that can contribute to a speedy reduplication of people" (p.36.) The lowest clafs of people in Ire land, including all perfons below the condition of the fubftantial yeoman, will, if considered in every point of view, ppear to merit a greater fhare of attention, on the part of Government, then the central clafs. The true character of the Irifh is unknown to the English. Their fubtlery and penetration, inquifitive and communicative difpofiton, retentive memories, fondnefs for wit and learning, their allow ed courage, their exceffive hofpitality, native good humour, boundless charity, uniform readiness to obige and afff, generul benevolence, fingular focrability, uncommon propenfity to commiferation, which flen, at the risk of their lives, and frequently, it must be owned, to the detriment of fociety, they will gratify in behalf of the perfecuted, whether innocent or in fault, are all, contefledly, more or lefs incompatible with a fan guinary guinary difpofition. They have been wrongfully accufed of floth and perfidy. Thele are the bright ftrokes in their character; the Effayift allows, p. 48, "they are certainly, for the moft part, thievifh, lawlefs, difhoneft, and deftitute of a fenfe of equity (except the people of Ulfter); almoft uniformly quarrelfome when drunk, but neither irritable nor phlegmatic when fober; very bigoted, but not more fuperfiitions than other people of the fame rank; reftlefs and licentious, but deftitute of a true fpirit of liberty, except in fome of the Northern counties; rebellious, but, with the fame exception, regardless about the nature of their government. Thefe are fufficient grounds for pronouncing them uncompanied by a due veneration for the grateful, heedlefs in their generofity, extremely improvident, precipitate, and regardless of confequences, immediate or remote; verfatile and accommodating, manifefting an aftonishing degree of confidence, which nothing can abash, coufound, or overawe. They are prone to fuppofe them felves conipetent to the performance of many things which others of the fame rank, equally competent, would diffidently or modeftly confider beyond the co.npals of their powers; and this fuppofition (philofophers will credit the fact) has generally the effect of giving unwonted energy to their abilities, and eventually infuring fuccefs. Upon the whole, the character of this numerous and important clafs of the Irish community, notwithstanding its many reproachable qualities, can by no means be confidered as decidedly and radically bad. On the contrary, I am inclined to think it poffible to render them as ufeful citizens, and as valuable fubjects, as any upon the face of the earth." (pp. 43-50.) "In the middle clafs, dueling, once fo prevalent, has almost totally ceafed. Drunkennefs is no longer a common vice. Frugality has become more general than prodigality. Agriculture and commerce are now favourite purfuits; and politeness is every day more practifed and more admired.” (p. 52.) "In the highelt clafs no qualities or acquifitions are more common than hofpitality, gaiety, affability, and liberality, politenefs without pride, generofity without affectation, charity without oftentation, courage without boating, affurance without effrontery, and learn ing without pedantry. So highly in deed are pride, gravity, parfimony, oftentation, and punctilioufnefs, difre lifhed by this clafs, and by the Irish at large, that he whole character is tinctured with them will always find Ire land, in point of fociety, a moft ineligible refidence. The chief faults of this clafs, which, however, are very far from being fo univerfal as the ami able qualities I have juft mentioned, feem to be, an almott total want of public fpirit and difintereftednefs; a high degree of venality, fupineness, and partiality, in the exercife of all public functions, especially thole of the magiftracy; and an unbecoming and imprudent propensity to intole rance on the fcore of religion, unac religion they profefs; faults to which many are difpofed to afcribe feveral of the bad qualities difcoverable in the characters of the loweft clafs of the rith. Throughout all the claffes of the Irish community, hofpitality, urbanity, confidence, and vivacity, are predominant; courage and fagacity very common and a high degree of intellectual vigour by no means rare. That fach a general character fhould be taruifhed by religious animofity, injuice, political corruption, and political delinquency, cannot be fufficiently. lamented." (p. 54.) Whatever correctnefs may be in this writer's account of the population and foil of Ireland, we hardly ever read fuch contradictions in the character of any people as he has here exhibited in that of its natives. Thefe Ellays were first published in the IVth and VIIth numbers of "The Literary Journal." 21. Turf-Houfe, a Poem; founded on the Success of William Pearce, a poor Mun, who reclaimed Twelve Acres of Swamp to Cultivation and Fertility; for which he received the Silver Medal and Fifteen Guineas from the Society for the Encou ragement of Arts, &c. With an Appendix, containing the Particulars of the intercjing Fact. THE interesting fact here alluded to may be found in the Preface to vol. XXII..of the Society's Tranfactions. Twelve acres of barren down had been taken from the common in the parish of Landeweduach, near Hellion, in Cornwall; feven or eight of which were put by William Pearce into a high ftate of cultivation, and the reft in a very forward fiate of improve far the greater part of whofe inhabitants, who are affeffed, are poor themfelves; "nor do I know on which clafs the preffure bears with the greateft feverity, thofe who are obliged to crave relief, or thofe who are forced to pay." "The poor of this quarter, thongh virtually the poor of the City, ure not, nor can be, relieved; and are completely excluded from the benefits originally intended by the Legiflature, fimply becanfe the geographical boundaries of this parish divide them from their more opulent employers. The number of poor in the house last year, exclufive of the children under seven years of age ment, as noticed by Thomas Humphreys, lieutenant in the Royal Navy. This fpace was divided into eight different fields by feventeen flone fences, interfected by narrow drains to the ditches round each field. In 1803 the land produced ten Cornish bufhels of barley, nine truffes of hav, two hogfheads of oats, ten bushels of wheat, befides pafture for cattle. The owner began in his 50th year, and was eighteen years at work; the walls of his houfe and buildings are of turf; and the rafters and thatch laid on by himfelf. He has travelled in the time 200 miles for manure, at the average quantity of 50 loads, and bringing coals 267 miles, labouring under a violent fwell-kept in the country, amount to 330; ing in the left hand, fo that he can only hold the plough with one, and being now 68 years old, with a wife, fix fous and one daughter, beginning with one mare, and one fhilling a day, to clear the furface less than fix inches on a bed of large ftones, from lb. to 3 cwt. The turf was burnt, and the ftoues removed to form the inclosures. 22. A new Method of brewing Mall Liquors in Small Quantities, for domeftic Ufe. By J. Rawlinfon. DATED from Derby, and dedicated to the Humane Society, containing directions to brew five gallons of beer, or three of ale, without any pernicious ingredients; and how to fave money and preserve health by sobriety. 23. A Letter to Samuel Whitbread, Efq. M. P.; containing Obfervations on the Diftreffes peculiar to the Poor of Spital Fields, arifing from their Local Situation. By William Hale. STATES the very great diftreffes of thefe poor people; and adds, that by Mr. Henry Thornton's attention to ́them, above 20,000l. were granted by warrants made payable to him, and diftributed within the 12 months to the poor of Christ church, Spital-fields, Mile End New Town, and Bethnalgreen; befides the donations, amounting to a confiderable fam, given by the Committee at Lloyd's. The attention of Government was totally ftopped in the end of 1801; and from that period this neighbourhood has dragged on under its former load of parochial difficulty, without the leaft alliftance from thofe quarters which its peculiar fituation fo jufly entitles it to. No relief can be had from the parishes; and the amount of their earnings exceeded 9501. But whereas, in other parishes the fcavenger gives annually S or 4001, for the under duft, here it is burnt fo many times over as to render it of no value, but actually to coft annually 2751. to remove. The money advanced to the wives of militia-men, for the laft four years, amounts to above 5001.; which the county-treafurer in vain calls for, while Mr. Hale, the parifh-treafurer, finds himself unable to pay even in part, from the extreme poverty of the parish. The return of Lord Lauderdale from Paris, without fuccefs, and the confequences of continued war, reminded Mr. Hale that Mr. Whitbread gave notice, in the lafi Parliament, of his intention to propole fome alterations in the Poor Laws of the country. He does tint propofe the remedy, but only offers facts, "in order that they may be embraced in the detail of Mr W's comprehenfive plan, intended to be laid before the new Parliament." 24. A Chemical Catechifm. By S. Parkes, Manufacturing Chemift. THE pre-eminence we enjoy as a manufacturing Nation is attributable, not only to the capital of the merchant and the indefatigable induftry of the manufacturer, but also, in a great mea fure, to the fuperior intelligence of the working artizans, whofe condition in this country is certainly far more defirable than that of the labouring part of the community in any other European kingdom. In order to preferve this fuperiority, and to render it ftillnore apparent, it is neceffary that the men who are employed in the fabrication of our manufactures fhould be in fructed fructed in the nature and properties of the different fubftances on which they operate. On this account we were particuJarly pleated with the perufal of the Chemical Catechifm, which is calculated to abord not only information and amusemem to the fcholar and the gentleman, but, by its fimplicity and perfpicuity, to yield inftruction alfo to the enquiring mechanick and to the unlettered artizán. The work is divided into XIII chapters, each of which is a diftinct tractate pon the fubject on which it treats. The leading chemical facts are through out each chapter explained in the catechedical part of the work; and whereever elucidation or alification was thought teceflary, thefe are thrown into the form of notes. The following arrangement of the fubjects, we are told in the Preface," was adopted in order to afford the ftudent a greater facility in the acquifition of chemical knowledge," and perhaps a more popular claffification could not eafily have been chofen. Chapter I. intituled "Introductory and Miscellaneous," treats of folids and fluids of the caufe of fubftances iwimming in fluids of the nature of fpecific gravity of evaporation-and of the formation of clouds, rain, &c.-II. Of atmospheric air-III. Of caloric, or the matter of heat.-IV. Of water.V. Of earths.-VI. Of the alkalies. VII. Of acids.-VIII. Of falts-IX, Of fimple combuftibles.-X. Of metals. XI. Of oxides.-X. Ci combuftion.-XI. Of attraction, repulfion, and chemical affinity. The Appendix contains a confiderable number of additional notes, fourteen useful chemical tables, fome of which were drawn v. purpofely for the work; a cuapter intituled Select, inftructive, and amuling Experiments;" and a copious vocabulary of chemical terms for the ufe of no who are firangers to the nomenclature of the fcience. The manner in why the Author has executed the tafk he has undertaken is fun es red s on him no nall degree or die. The diftinguishing feature of the work is, that mixes aufersent with inftrueta: and, infiens fperga dull detail mere de, intereg only to the proficut in chemiftry, this volume contains fuch a inafs of curious matter as cannot fail to engage the attention of thofe who are entirely unacquainted with the science. Prefixed to the work is "An Addrefs to Parents, on the Inportance of an early Cultivation of the Undertanding, and of the Advantages of infpiring Youth with a Tafte for Chemical Enquiries." The defign of this paper is, to fhew the connexion of our feveral manufactures with chemiftry, and to point out the advantages which would accrue to that grand fource of our national wealth, if manufacturers in general were to attain a fufficient knowledge of chemiiry to enable them to appreciate the value of the different articles ufed in their feveral trades, and how to put each of them to the best account. A paper of this kind was published fome years ago by Mr. Henry; but the effay before us fhews the fubferviency of chemiftry to the Arts in fuller detail than any thing we have ever feen. In order to justify the remarks we have made, we hall clofe the article with a few extracts from the work. "All kinds of vegetables, when affifted by the rays of the fun, have the power of decompofing water; during which decompofition the hydrogen is abforbed, and goes to the formation of oil and refin in the vegetable; while the oxygen combines with part of the caloric received from the fun, and is given out in the form of oxygen gas; fo that this one operation of nature gives nourishment and provides materials of growth to the vegetable creation, and at the fame time renovates the vital principle in the atmosphere. Nothing short of confummate wifdom could have conceived any thing half fo beautiful in design, or extenfively and fuperlatively ufeful in effect." (p. 97.) "The beautiful colours which are feen upon porcelain are given by metallic oxides. Purple is given by gold; red, by the oxide of iron; yellow, by the oxide of filver; green, by copper, blue, by cobalt; and violet by manganefe." (p. 159.) The following method of diftinguishing the fixed alkalies, we believe, was never before published: "If a little of any alkaline folution be poured into a folution of the ore of platina, a yellow precipitate will be feen, if the alkaline folution contained potash; but if it contained only foda, no precipitate will occur. The peculiar advantage of this teft confifts in its ready applica tion; whereas the old tefts required time to afcertain the nature of the falts formed by their means." (p. 195.) "Sulphurous gas is very abundant in the environs of volcanos. It was the va pour pour of fulphurous acid which fuffocated Pliny the Naturalift, in that eruption of Vefuvius by which Herculaneum was fwallowed up in the year of Chrift 79. Anxious to obferve the effect of the erup terms, not generally known, but indif- . criminately defcribed under the vague terin of Gothic. Alfo, a brief defcription of Goodrich Caftle, with its ten perspective views, the curious fubjects tion, he ftaid in the house of a friend too of s folding print and illuftrative letlong, and paid for his temerity with hister-prefs, which directs the attention life." (p. 225.) "Muriatic acid removes the ftains of common ink; but it does not affect prin ters' ink. It is therefore recommended for cleaning old books and prints. Half an ounce of red lead being added to three ounces of common muriatic acid will render it fit for this purpose. Where writings have been effaced for fraudulent purpofes with this acid, fulphuret of ammonia and pruffiate of potafh will revive the writing, and difcover the artifice. Very old writings may be revived in this way. If indigo and oxide of manganefe be added to common ink, it will prevent its being effaced by oxygenized muriatic acid." (p. 229.) We were firuck with an original communication from Mr. Hume (printed in one of the notes), who conceives that he has difcovered oxygen in a fiate of folidity and purity; but, as we have no room for farther extracts, we must refer the reader to the work itself... 25, Copper Plate Perspective Itinerary. to the remarkable beauties of the country adjacent to the Wye, and are the contents of Numbers III. and IV.; in. which is clearly pointed out, by the ground-plan and perfpective elevations, the feveral parts of an Antient BARONIAL CASTLE, explaining its obfolete, terms, with authentic references, &c. ; which is prefumed to be an original attempt, and a fubject greatly in requeft. For the accommodation of Foreign Antiquaries, elegant French tranflations are added to each of the brief defcriptions, and are to be continued in each pair of numbers. The four firft numbers, with their full contents, ftitched, are ready for delivery. Every two numbers are to terminate the fab ject they treat upon, to prevent apprehenfions of the work being carried on to a difagreeable extent. Every eight numbers will form a volume. A few impreflions are taken on India puper. In 1799 the Reviewers were commendably liberal in their praifes upon By T. Bonnor, Engraver. "the exquifitely delicate and inaferly THIS publication is, "The Exterior execution of the feveral intricate perBeauties of Gloucester Cathedral;" in fpective engravings,"- all from origi⚫ which is introduced a Panoramic De- nal drawings, taken upon the fpot, of feription of the Picturefque Country which this work confifts,the “ profurrounding the Vale of Evesham, as per hiftorical extracts, with due attenviewed from the top of its command-ion to matters of fact, `as contained in ing tower; and a Mifcellaneous Plate of Druidical Remains, &c. recently discovered in the vicinity of Goodrich Cafile, on the banks of the Wye; illofirated with Defcriptions, &c. It is calculated either for a feparate publication, or an Appendix; which hands forward additional Engravings and illuftrative Letter Prefs, to complete a new arrangement of the two original numbers, and to form them into Numbers I. and II.; which pair contain twelve plates, that difplay the whole of the Interior and Exterior; illuftrated by appropriate defcriptions of the engraved fubjects, elegantly printed and hot-preffed. Likewife, a brief de-feription of those twelve Interior, and the letter-prefs contents of thofe two numbers; in which is pointed out the feveral attractive beauties, and different files of architecture, with their proper GENT. MAG. February, 1807. the letter-prefs illuftrations," &c.; and therefore, in juftice to its merit, we take upon us to ftate the real caufe of its long fufpenfion, which the Arift cannot be expected to mention for himself, it being a derangement of his profeflional purfaits by the afflicting. lofs of an amiable daughter, and which occafioned his entering upon other engagements; which he flates he has at length go through, and now purpofes to devote the whole of his exertions to bring forward this his favourite Perfpećtive Itinerary, containing the united efforts of the Pencil, the Graver, and the Pen." And it being well "calculated for a fituation in the cabinets of the Antiquary, ftrict Examiner, and diftant Connoiffeur, for whom it is intended," we cannot but add our best wishes for its faccefs, and recommend it to their notice. From |